Boş Zaman Engelleri Ölçeği: Kısa Formunun Yapı Geçerliğinin Test Edilmesi
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 120 - 131, 17.08.2020
Bülent Gürbüz
,
Erman Öncü
,
Esra Emir
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı bireylerin serbest zaman etkinliklerine katılımını sınırlayan ya da engelleyen faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi için geliştirilen ölçeğin (kısa form) psikometrik özelliklerini incelemektir. Boş Zaman Engelleri Ölçeği (BZEÖ) ilk olarak Alexandris ve Carrol (1997) tarafından geliştirilmiş ve Türk kültürüne adaptasyonu Karaküçük ve Gürbüz (2006) tarafından yapılmıştır. BZEÖ’nin Türkçe formu 6 faktör ve 27 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmaya Türkiye’nin farklı üniversitelerinden 294 kadın ve 256 erkek toplam 550 öğrenci katılmıştır. Ölçeğin Türkçe kısa formunun yapı geçerliğini test etmek amacıyla Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. DFA sonuçları, ölçeğin kısa formunun (BZEÖ-KF) 6 faktörlü ve 18 maddeden oluştuğunu ve sınanan modelin oldukça uyum indekslerine sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Ölçeğin 18 maddelik yapısı için madde faktör yük değerleri 0,49 ile 0,89 arasında değişmektedir. Ölçeğin iç tutarlılık katsayıları α = 0,65 (zaman) ile α = 0,86 (bilgi eksikliği) arasında değişmekte olup elde edilen değerler kabul edilebilir düzeydedir. Sonuç olarak, BZEÖ-KF bireylerin serbest zaman etkinliklerine katılımlarını engelleyen faktörlerin belirlemede kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracıdır.
Kaynakça
- 1. Mcleod S. Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Simply psychology, 2007; 1: 1-8.
- 2. Güngörmüş HA, Yenel F, Gürbüz B. Examination of recreational motives of individuals: Demographic differences, International Journal of Human Sciences, 2014; 11 (1): 373-386.
- 3. Jackson EL. In the eye of the beholder: A Comment on Samdahl & Jekubovich,“a critique of leisure constraints: comparative analyses and understandings”, Journal of Leisure Research, 1997; 29 (4): 458-468.
- 4. Serdar E, Demirel M, Güngörmüş HA. Rekreasyonel aktivitelere katılan bireylerin serbest zaman motivasyon düzeylerinin incelenmesi, II. Dünya Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Kongresi, Manisa/Türkiye, 21-24 Mart 2019.
- 5. Jackson EL, Henderson KA. Gender‐based analysis of leisure constraints, Leisure sciences, 1995; 17 (1): 31-51.
- 6. Jackson EL. Activity‐specific barriers to recreation participation, Leisure Sciences, 1983; 6 (1): 47-60.
- 7. Searle MS, Jackson EL. Socioeconomic variations in perceived barriers to recreation participation among would‐be participants, Leisure Sciences, 1985; 7 (2): 227-249.
- 8. Crawford DW, Godbey G. Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure, Leisure Sciences, 1987; 9: 119-127.
- 9. Jackson EL, Crawford DW, Godbey G. Negotiation of leisure constraints, Leisure Sciences, 1993; 15 (1): 1-11.
- 10. Godbey G, Crawford DW, Shen XS. Assessing hierarchical leisure constraints theory after two decades, Journal of Leisure Research, 2010; 42 (1): 111-134.
- 11. Koçak F, Gürbüz B, Doğaner S, Özbek O. Relationship among leisure facilitators, leisure constraints, and leisure involvement: Structural equation modelling study, 16th International Sports Sciences Congress, Antalya/Turkey, 31 October- 03 November 2018.
- 12. Walker GJ, Jackson EL, Deng J. Culture and leisure constraints: A comparison of Canadian and Mainland Chinese university students, Journal of Leisure Research, 2007; 39 (4): 567-590.
- 13. Kim YK, Trail G. Constraints and motivators: A new model to explain sport consumer behavior, Journal of Sport Management, 2010; 24 (2): 190-210.
- 14. Gürbüz B, Henderson KA. Leisure activity preferences and constraints: Perspectives from Turkey, World Leisure Journal, 2014; 56 (4): 300-316.
- 15. Alexandris K, Du J, Funk D, Theodorakis ND. Leisure constraints and the psychological continuum model: a study among recreational mountain skiers, Leisure Studies, 2017; 36 (5): 670-683.
- 16. Chick G, Hsu YC, Yeh CK, Hsieh CM. Leisure constraints, leisure satisfaction, life satisfaction, and self-rated health in six cities in Taiwan, Leisure Sciences, 2015; 37 (3): 232-251.
- 17. Emir E, Gürbüz B, Öncü E. Rekreasyonel egzersize katılımı engelleyen ve güdüleyen faktörlerin algılanmasındaki farklılıklar, 13. Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Kongresi, Konya/Türkiye, 2015.
- 18. Bulut M, Koçak F. Hazırlık öğrenimi gören kadın üniversite öğrencilerinin rekreatif etkinliklere katılmalarını engelleyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi, Spor Ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2016; 7 (2): 61-71.
- 19. Lakot Atasoy K, Öncü E, Küçük Kılıç S. Beden eğitimi öğretmen adaylarının serbest zaman algısı ve engelleri, 3. Rekreasyon Araştırmaları Kongresi, Eskişehir/Türkiye, 2015.
- 20. Alexandris K, Carroll B. Demographic differences in the perception of constraints on recreational sport participation: Results from a study in Greece, Leisure Studies, 1997;16 (2): 107-125.
- 21. Dong E, Chick G. Leisure constraints in six Chinese cities, Leisure Sciences, 2012; 34 (5): 417–435.
- 22. Sarol H, Gürbüz B, Çimen Z, Emir E. Perceived constraints and motivation to physical activity participation 14th International Sports Sciences Congress, Antalya/Turkey, 1-4 November 2016.
- 23. Crawford DW, Jackson EL, Godbey G. A hierarchical model of leisure constraints, Leisure Sciences, 1991; 13(4): 309-320.
- 24. Godbey G, Crawford DW, Shen XS. Assessing hierarchical leisure constraints theory after two decades, Journal of Leisure Research, 2010; 42 (1): 111-134.
- 25. Shaw SM, Henderson KA Gender analysis and leisure constraints: An uneasy alliance, Constraints to Leisure, 2005: 23-34.
- 26. Samdahl DM, Jekubovich NJ. A critique of leisure constraints: Comparative analyses and understandings, Journal of Leisure Research, 1997; 29 (4): 430-452.
- 27. Kleiber D, McGuire FA, Aybar-Damali B, Norman W. Having more by doing less: The paradox of leisure constraints in later life, Journal of Leisure Research, 2008; 40 (3): 343-359.
- 28. Alvarado M, Murphy MM, Guell C. Barriers and facilitators to physical activity amongst overweight and obese women in an Afro-Caribbean population: A qualitative study, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2015; 12 (1): 97.
- 29. Demirel M, Harmandar D. Üniversite öğrencilerinin rekreasyonel etkinliklere katılımlarında engel oluşturabilecek faktörlerin belirlenmesi, Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 2009; 6 (1): 838-846.
- 30. Koçak,F. Leisure constraints and facilitators: Perspectives from Turkey, European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 2017; 3 (10): 32-46.
- 31. Sarol H. Examination of the constraints and facilitators to physical activity participation of individuals, Journal of Human Sciences, 2017; 14 (4): 4354-4364.
- 32. Qiu Y, Lin Y, Mowen AJ. Constraints to Chinese women’s leisure-time physical activity across different stages of participation World Leisure Journal, 2017: 1-16.
- 33. Karakaya İ. Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. A. Tanrıöğen (Ed.), Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri içinde (s. 57-87). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık; 2012.
- 34. Karasar N. Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık; 2012.
- 35. Frankfort-Nachmias C, Nachmias D. Research methods in the social sciences. London, St. 1996.
- 36. Karaküçük S, Gürbüz B. The Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of "Leisure Constraints Questionnaire". 9th International Sport Sciences Congress, Muğla/ Turkey, 2006.
- 37. Kline RB. Software review: Software programs for structural equation modeling: Amos, EQS, and LISREL. Journal of psychoeducational assessment, 1998; 16 (4): 343-364.
- 38. Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Publications; 2006.
- 39. Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives, structural equation modeling, 1999; 6: 1-55.
- 40. Jöreskog KG, Sörbom D. Lisrel 8: Structural equation modeling with the simplis command language, Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International, 1993.
- 41. Büyüköztürk Ş. Veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. Pegem-AKADEMİ, 2008; 31 (37): 167-182.
- 42. Nunnally JC, Bernstein IH. Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1994.
- 43. Sümer N. Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar, Türk psikoloji yazıları, 2000; 3 (6): 49-74.
- 44. Büyüköztürk Ş. Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı [Data analysis handbook for social sciences]. Ankara: Pegem Akademi; 2010.
- 45. Steiger JH. Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling, Personality and Individual Differences, 2007; 42: 893-898.
- 46. Schermelleh-Engel K, Moosbrugger H, Müller H. Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures, Methods of Psychological Research Online, 2003; 8 (2): 23-74.
- 47. Schumacher RE, Lomax RG. A guide to structural equations modeling, Erl-baum, Hillsdale, NJ.[Google Scholar]; 1996.
Leisure Constraints Questionnaire: Testing Structural Validity of Short Form
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 120 - 131, 17.08.2020
Bülent Gürbüz
,
Erman Öncü
,
Esra Emir
Öz
The current study was conducted to examine the psychometric properties of an instrument (short form) developed to assess limiting or constraining factors to participate in leisure. The Leisure Constraints Questionnaire (LCQ) was firstly developed by Alexandris and Carroll (1997) and adapted to Turkish culture by Karaküçük and Gürbüz (2006). The long form of T-LCQ consisted of 6 factors and totally 27 items. A total of 550 participants including 294 female and 256 male university students from different universities in Turkey participated in the study. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed to test the construct validity of short form of the scale. DFA results illustrated significant goodness of fit statistics for the short form of LCQ-SF which consisted of 6 factors and 18 items. Factor loadings of the 18 items ranged from 0.49 to 0.89. The internal consistency of the factors was acceptable and ranged from α = 0.65 (time) to α = 0.86 (lack of knowledge). It can be concluded that the LCQ-SF is a reliable and valid instrument to assess the constraining factors for Turkish individuals’ participating in leisure.
Kaynakça
- 1. Mcleod S. Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Simply psychology, 2007; 1: 1-8.
- 2. Güngörmüş HA, Yenel F, Gürbüz B. Examination of recreational motives of individuals: Demographic differences, International Journal of Human Sciences, 2014; 11 (1): 373-386.
- 3. Jackson EL. In the eye of the beholder: A Comment on Samdahl & Jekubovich,“a critique of leisure constraints: comparative analyses and understandings”, Journal of Leisure Research, 1997; 29 (4): 458-468.
- 4. Serdar E, Demirel M, Güngörmüş HA. Rekreasyonel aktivitelere katılan bireylerin serbest zaman motivasyon düzeylerinin incelenmesi, II. Dünya Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Kongresi, Manisa/Türkiye, 21-24 Mart 2019.
- 5. Jackson EL, Henderson KA. Gender‐based analysis of leisure constraints, Leisure sciences, 1995; 17 (1): 31-51.
- 6. Jackson EL. Activity‐specific barriers to recreation participation, Leisure Sciences, 1983; 6 (1): 47-60.
- 7. Searle MS, Jackson EL. Socioeconomic variations in perceived barriers to recreation participation among would‐be participants, Leisure Sciences, 1985; 7 (2): 227-249.
- 8. Crawford DW, Godbey G. Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure, Leisure Sciences, 1987; 9: 119-127.
- 9. Jackson EL, Crawford DW, Godbey G. Negotiation of leisure constraints, Leisure Sciences, 1993; 15 (1): 1-11.
- 10. Godbey G, Crawford DW, Shen XS. Assessing hierarchical leisure constraints theory after two decades, Journal of Leisure Research, 2010; 42 (1): 111-134.
- 11. Koçak F, Gürbüz B, Doğaner S, Özbek O. Relationship among leisure facilitators, leisure constraints, and leisure involvement: Structural equation modelling study, 16th International Sports Sciences Congress, Antalya/Turkey, 31 October- 03 November 2018.
- 12. Walker GJ, Jackson EL, Deng J. Culture and leisure constraints: A comparison of Canadian and Mainland Chinese university students, Journal of Leisure Research, 2007; 39 (4): 567-590.
- 13. Kim YK, Trail G. Constraints and motivators: A new model to explain sport consumer behavior, Journal of Sport Management, 2010; 24 (2): 190-210.
- 14. Gürbüz B, Henderson KA. Leisure activity preferences and constraints: Perspectives from Turkey, World Leisure Journal, 2014; 56 (4): 300-316.
- 15. Alexandris K, Du J, Funk D, Theodorakis ND. Leisure constraints and the psychological continuum model: a study among recreational mountain skiers, Leisure Studies, 2017; 36 (5): 670-683.
- 16. Chick G, Hsu YC, Yeh CK, Hsieh CM. Leisure constraints, leisure satisfaction, life satisfaction, and self-rated health in six cities in Taiwan, Leisure Sciences, 2015; 37 (3): 232-251.
- 17. Emir E, Gürbüz B, Öncü E. Rekreasyonel egzersize katılımı engelleyen ve güdüleyen faktörlerin algılanmasındaki farklılıklar, 13. Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Kongresi, Konya/Türkiye, 2015.
- 18. Bulut M, Koçak F. Hazırlık öğrenimi gören kadın üniversite öğrencilerinin rekreatif etkinliklere katılmalarını engelleyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi, Spor Ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2016; 7 (2): 61-71.
- 19. Lakot Atasoy K, Öncü E, Küçük Kılıç S. Beden eğitimi öğretmen adaylarının serbest zaman algısı ve engelleri, 3. Rekreasyon Araştırmaları Kongresi, Eskişehir/Türkiye, 2015.
- 20. Alexandris K, Carroll B. Demographic differences in the perception of constraints on recreational sport participation: Results from a study in Greece, Leisure Studies, 1997;16 (2): 107-125.
- 21. Dong E, Chick G. Leisure constraints in six Chinese cities, Leisure Sciences, 2012; 34 (5): 417–435.
- 22. Sarol H, Gürbüz B, Çimen Z, Emir E. Perceived constraints and motivation to physical activity participation 14th International Sports Sciences Congress, Antalya/Turkey, 1-4 November 2016.
- 23. Crawford DW, Jackson EL, Godbey G. A hierarchical model of leisure constraints, Leisure Sciences, 1991; 13(4): 309-320.
- 24. Godbey G, Crawford DW, Shen XS. Assessing hierarchical leisure constraints theory after two decades, Journal of Leisure Research, 2010; 42 (1): 111-134.
- 25. Shaw SM, Henderson KA Gender analysis and leisure constraints: An uneasy alliance, Constraints to Leisure, 2005: 23-34.
- 26. Samdahl DM, Jekubovich NJ. A critique of leisure constraints: Comparative analyses and understandings, Journal of Leisure Research, 1997; 29 (4): 430-452.
- 27. Kleiber D, McGuire FA, Aybar-Damali B, Norman W. Having more by doing less: The paradox of leisure constraints in later life, Journal of Leisure Research, 2008; 40 (3): 343-359.
- 28. Alvarado M, Murphy MM, Guell C. Barriers and facilitators to physical activity amongst overweight and obese women in an Afro-Caribbean population: A qualitative study, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2015; 12 (1): 97.
- 29. Demirel M, Harmandar D. Üniversite öğrencilerinin rekreasyonel etkinliklere katılımlarında engel oluşturabilecek faktörlerin belirlenmesi, Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 2009; 6 (1): 838-846.
- 30. Koçak,F. Leisure constraints and facilitators: Perspectives from Turkey, European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 2017; 3 (10): 32-46.
- 31. Sarol H. Examination of the constraints and facilitators to physical activity participation of individuals, Journal of Human Sciences, 2017; 14 (4): 4354-4364.
- 32. Qiu Y, Lin Y, Mowen AJ. Constraints to Chinese women’s leisure-time physical activity across different stages of participation World Leisure Journal, 2017: 1-16.
- 33. Karakaya İ. Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. A. Tanrıöğen (Ed.), Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri içinde (s. 57-87). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık; 2012.
- 34. Karasar N. Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık; 2012.
- 35. Frankfort-Nachmias C, Nachmias D. Research methods in the social sciences. London, St. 1996.
- 36. Karaküçük S, Gürbüz B. The Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of "Leisure Constraints Questionnaire". 9th International Sport Sciences Congress, Muğla/ Turkey, 2006.
- 37. Kline RB. Software review: Software programs for structural equation modeling: Amos, EQS, and LISREL. Journal of psychoeducational assessment, 1998; 16 (4): 343-364.
- 38. Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Publications; 2006.
- 39. Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives, structural equation modeling, 1999; 6: 1-55.
- 40. Jöreskog KG, Sörbom D. Lisrel 8: Structural equation modeling with the simplis command language, Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International, 1993.
- 41. Büyüköztürk Ş. Veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. Pegem-AKADEMİ, 2008; 31 (37): 167-182.
- 42. Nunnally JC, Bernstein IH. Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1994.
- 43. Sümer N. Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar, Türk psikoloji yazıları, 2000; 3 (6): 49-74.
- 44. Büyüköztürk Ş. Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı [Data analysis handbook for social sciences]. Ankara: Pegem Akademi; 2010.
- 45. Steiger JH. Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling, Personality and Individual Differences, 2007; 42: 893-898.
- 46. Schermelleh-Engel K, Moosbrugger H, Müller H. Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures, Methods of Psychological Research Online, 2003; 8 (2): 23-74.
- 47. Schumacher RE, Lomax RG. A guide to structural equations modeling, Erl-baum, Hillsdale, NJ.[Google Scholar]; 1996.