Determination of the Middle Income Trap for Turkey and Its Sub-Regions
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 253 - 278, 15.01.2020
Ali İlhan
,
Coşkun Akdeniz
Öz
The aim of this study is to analyse whether there is the middle income trap for general level and sub-regions of Turkey. In this study, the existence of the middle income trap was analysed for the country level through traditional and structural break unit root tests based on Robertson and Ye's (2013) approach, on the other hand the statistical classifications -mainly Catch-Up Index (CUI)- were employed for the sub-regions. According to the results of the econometric analysis discussed in the 1960-2018 period, the middle income trap is not exist for the Turkish economy. However, CUI values for the period 2004-2017 show that a large part of the sub-regions are in the low income group and some of the regions which reached to the middle income level have lost their places in recent years. In this context, it becomes difficult to explain that Turkey’s hasn’t been stuck in middle income trap with convergence towards to the high income group.
Kaynakça
- Agenor, P. R. ve Canuto, O. (2012). Middle-income growth traps, The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 6210.
- Aiyar, S., Duval, R., Puy, D., Wu, Y. ve Zhang, L. (2013). Growth slowdowns and the middle income trap, IMF Working Paper, 71.
- Akbulut, G. ve Yıldız, B. (2017). Orta gelir tuzağından çıkışta teşvik politikalarının etkililiği: Türkiye örneği, The Journal of International Scientific Researches, 2(4), 54-71.
- Alkan, H. I. ve Ümit, A. Ö. (2018). Orta gelir tuzağının Türkiye açısından incelenmesi ve tuzaktan çıkış stratejileri, Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(4), 97-112.
- Ay, A., Akar, G. ve Akar, T. (2016). Middle income trap: a comparision between BRICS countries and Turkey, Economic and Environmental Studies, 16(2), 279-301.
- Bal, H., Algan, N., Manga, M. ve Ballı, E. (2016). Orta gelir tuzağının belirleyenleri üzerine bir deneme: Tayland, Türkiye ve Çin örneği, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(3), 347-360.
- Banerjee, A., Lumsdaine, R. L. ve Stock, J. H. (1992). Recursive and sequential tests of the unit-root and trend-break hypotheses: theory and international evidence, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10(3), 271-288.
- Barro, R. J. ve Sala-i-Martin, X. (1997). Technological diffusion, convergence, and growth, Journal of Economic Growth, 2(1), 1-26.
- Bulman, D., Eden, M. ve Nguyen, H. (2014). Transitioning from low-income growth to high-income growth: is there a middle-income trap?, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 7104.
- Cai, F. (2012). Is there a “middle-income trap”? theories, experiences and relevance to China, China & World Economy, 20(1), 49-61.
- Daude, C. ve Fernandez-Arias, E. (2010). On the role of productivity and factor accumulation in economic development in latin america and the caribbean, IDB Working Paper, 155.
- Dickey, D.A. ve Fuller W.A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistiscs for autoregressive time series with a unit root, Econometrica, 49(4), 105-1072.
- Egawa, A. (2013). Will income inequality cause a middle-income trap in Asia?, In Bruegel Working Paper, 06.
- Eichengreen, B., Park, D. ve Shin, K. (2012). When fast-growing economies slow down: international evidence and implications for China, Asian Economic Papers, 11(1), 42-87.
- Eichengreen, B., Park, D. ve Shin, K. (2013). Growth slowdowns redux: new evidence on the middle-income trap, NBER Working Paper, 18673. Felipe, J. Abdon, A. ve Kumar, U. (2012). Tracking the middle-income trap: what is it, who is in it, and why?, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 715.
- Garrett, G. (2004). Globalization’s missing middle. Foreign Affairs, 83(6), 84-96.
- Gill, I. ve Kharas, H. (2007). An East Asian renaissance: ideas for economic growth, World Bank Publications, Washington: The World Bank.
- Glawe, L. ve Wagner, H. (2016). The middle-income trap: definitions, theories and countries concerned – a literature survey, Comparative Economic Studies, 58, 507-538.
- Hawksworth, J. ve Chan, D. (2015). The world in 2050, [Çevrim-içi: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/the-economy/assets/world-in-2050-february-2015.pdf], Erişim tarihi: 02.03.2019
- Im, F. ve Rosenblatt, D. (2013). Middle-income traps: a conceptual and empirical survey, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 6594.
- Koçak, E. ve Bulut, Ü. (2014). Orta gelir tuzağı: teorik çerçeve, ampirik yaklaşımlar ve Türkiye üzerine ekonometrik bir uygulama, Maliye Dergisi, 167, 1-21.
- Konya, S., Karaçor, Z. ve Yardımcı, P. (2017). The middle income trap: an assessment in terms of Turkish Economy, Dubrovnik International Economic Meeting, 3(1), 270-287.
- Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P.C.B., Schmidt, P. ve Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root: how sure are we that economic time series have a unit root?, Journal of Econometrics, 54, 159-178.
- Lee, J. ve Strazicich, M.C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089.
- Lumsdaine, R.L. ve Papell, D.H. (1997). Multiple trend breaks and the unit root hypothesis, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 79(2), 212-218.
- Mert, M. (2014). Türkiye’de ve dünyada orta gelir tuzağının talep yönlü boyutuna ilişkin bir tartışma, Maliye Dergisi, 167, 93-115.
- Ozturk, A. (2016). Examining the economic growth and the middle-income trap from the perspective of the middle class, International Business Review, 25, 726-738.
- Öz, S. (2012). Orta gelir tuzağı, EAF Politika Notu, 12-06.
- Perron, P. (1989). The great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis, Econometrica, 57(6), 1361-1401.
- Phillips, P. C. B. ve Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series Regression, Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
- Pruchnik, K. ve Zowczak, J. (2017). Middle-income trap: review of the conceptual framework, ADBI Working Paper Series, 760.
- Robertson, P. E. ve Ye, L. (2013) On the existence of a middle income trap, University of Western Australia Economics Discussion Paper, 13(12).
- Sarıbaş, H. ve Ursavaş, U. (2017). Orta gelir tuzağı: ampirik bir çalışma, AİBU Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(2), 37-51.
- Tiftikçigil, B. Y., Güriş, B. ve Yaşgül, Y. S. (2018). Does middle income trap exist?: evidence from emerging economies: E7 countries for 1969-2015, Revista Galega de Economia, 27(1), 145-162.
- Tıraşoğlu, M. ve Karasaç, F. (2018). Orta gelir tuzağı: yapısal kırılmalar altında E7 ülkeleri için ampirik bir inceleme, Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 13(2), 337-361.
- Woo, W., Lu, M. Sachs, J. D. ve Chen, Z. (2012). A new economic growth engine for China: escaping the middle-income trap by not doing more of the same, Londra: World Scientific Publishing Company.
- Yeldan, E., Taşçı, K. Voyvoda, E. ve Özsan, M. E. (2012). Orta gelir tuzağından çıkış: hangi Türkiye, Cilt 1, İstanbul: Sis Matbaacılık.
- Yılancı, V. (2009). Yapısal kırılmalar altında Türkiye için işsizlik histerisinin sınanması, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 10(2), 324-335.
- Yılmaz, G. (2014). Turkish middle income trap and less skilled human capital, CBRT Working Paper, 14/30.
- Zivot, E. ve Andrews, D. (1992). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil-price shock, and the unit root hypothesis, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 10(3): 251-270.
Orta Gelir Tuzağının Türkiye Geneli ve Düzey Alt Bölgeleri İçin Tespiti
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 253 - 278, 15.01.2020
Ali İlhan
,
Coşkun Akdeniz
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı, orta gelir tuzağının Türkiye’nin geneli ve düzey alt bölgeleri için var olup olmadığını incelemektedir. Çalışmada ülke geneli için orta gelir tuzağının varlığı Robertson ve Ye’nin (2013) yaklaşımından hareketle geleneksel ve yapısal kırılmaya izin veren birim kök testleri vasıtasıyla analiz edilirken, düzey alt bölgeleri için başta Yakalama Endeksi (Catch-Up Index, CUI) olmak üzere istatistiki sınıflandırmalar kullanılmıştır. 1960-2018 döneminin ele alındığı ekonometrik analiz sonuçlarına göre, Türkiye ekonomisinde orta gelir tuzağı mevcut değildir. Bununla birlikte 2004-2017 dönemindeki CUI değerleri, düzey alt bölgelerinin çok büyük bir kısmının düşük gelir grubunda yer aldıklarını ve orta gelir seviyesine yükselen bazı bölgelerin de son yıllarda konumlarını kaybettiklerini göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda, Türkiye’nin orta gelir tuzağında yer almamasını yüksek gelir grubuna doğru yakınsama ile açıklamanın güçleştiğini ifade etmek mümkündür.
Kaynakça
- Agenor, P. R. ve Canuto, O. (2012). Middle-income growth traps, The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 6210.
- Aiyar, S., Duval, R., Puy, D., Wu, Y. ve Zhang, L. (2013). Growth slowdowns and the middle income trap, IMF Working Paper, 71.
- Akbulut, G. ve Yıldız, B. (2017). Orta gelir tuzağından çıkışta teşvik politikalarının etkililiği: Türkiye örneği, The Journal of International Scientific Researches, 2(4), 54-71.
- Alkan, H. I. ve Ümit, A. Ö. (2018). Orta gelir tuzağının Türkiye açısından incelenmesi ve tuzaktan çıkış stratejileri, Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(4), 97-112.
- Ay, A., Akar, G. ve Akar, T. (2016). Middle income trap: a comparision between BRICS countries and Turkey, Economic and Environmental Studies, 16(2), 279-301.
- Bal, H., Algan, N., Manga, M. ve Ballı, E. (2016). Orta gelir tuzağının belirleyenleri üzerine bir deneme: Tayland, Türkiye ve Çin örneği, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(3), 347-360.
- Banerjee, A., Lumsdaine, R. L. ve Stock, J. H. (1992). Recursive and sequential tests of the unit-root and trend-break hypotheses: theory and international evidence, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10(3), 271-288.
- Barro, R. J. ve Sala-i-Martin, X. (1997). Technological diffusion, convergence, and growth, Journal of Economic Growth, 2(1), 1-26.
- Bulman, D., Eden, M. ve Nguyen, H. (2014). Transitioning from low-income growth to high-income growth: is there a middle-income trap?, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 7104.
- Cai, F. (2012). Is there a “middle-income trap”? theories, experiences and relevance to China, China & World Economy, 20(1), 49-61.
- Daude, C. ve Fernandez-Arias, E. (2010). On the role of productivity and factor accumulation in economic development in latin america and the caribbean, IDB Working Paper, 155.
- Dickey, D.A. ve Fuller W.A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistiscs for autoregressive time series with a unit root, Econometrica, 49(4), 105-1072.
- Egawa, A. (2013). Will income inequality cause a middle-income trap in Asia?, In Bruegel Working Paper, 06.
- Eichengreen, B., Park, D. ve Shin, K. (2012). When fast-growing economies slow down: international evidence and implications for China, Asian Economic Papers, 11(1), 42-87.
- Eichengreen, B., Park, D. ve Shin, K. (2013). Growth slowdowns redux: new evidence on the middle-income trap, NBER Working Paper, 18673. Felipe, J. Abdon, A. ve Kumar, U. (2012). Tracking the middle-income trap: what is it, who is in it, and why?, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 715.
- Garrett, G. (2004). Globalization’s missing middle. Foreign Affairs, 83(6), 84-96.
- Gill, I. ve Kharas, H. (2007). An East Asian renaissance: ideas for economic growth, World Bank Publications, Washington: The World Bank.
- Glawe, L. ve Wagner, H. (2016). The middle-income trap: definitions, theories and countries concerned – a literature survey, Comparative Economic Studies, 58, 507-538.
- Hawksworth, J. ve Chan, D. (2015). The world in 2050, [Çevrim-içi: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/the-economy/assets/world-in-2050-february-2015.pdf], Erişim tarihi: 02.03.2019
- Im, F. ve Rosenblatt, D. (2013). Middle-income traps: a conceptual and empirical survey, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 6594.
- Koçak, E. ve Bulut, Ü. (2014). Orta gelir tuzağı: teorik çerçeve, ampirik yaklaşımlar ve Türkiye üzerine ekonometrik bir uygulama, Maliye Dergisi, 167, 1-21.
- Konya, S., Karaçor, Z. ve Yardımcı, P. (2017). The middle income trap: an assessment in terms of Turkish Economy, Dubrovnik International Economic Meeting, 3(1), 270-287.
- Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P.C.B., Schmidt, P. ve Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root: how sure are we that economic time series have a unit root?, Journal of Econometrics, 54, 159-178.
- Lee, J. ve Strazicich, M.C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089.
- Lumsdaine, R.L. ve Papell, D.H. (1997). Multiple trend breaks and the unit root hypothesis, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 79(2), 212-218.
- Mert, M. (2014). Türkiye’de ve dünyada orta gelir tuzağının talep yönlü boyutuna ilişkin bir tartışma, Maliye Dergisi, 167, 93-115.
- Ozturk, A. (2016). Examining the economic growth and the middle-income trap from the perspective of the middle class, International Business Review, 25, 726-738.
- Öz, S. (2012). Orta gelir tuzağı, EAF Politika Notu, 12-06.
- Perron, P. (1989). The great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis, Econometrica, 57(6), 1361-1401.
- Phillips, P. C. B. ve Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series Regression, Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
- Pruchnik, K. ve Zowczak, J. (2017). Middle-income trap: review of the conceptual framework, ADBI Working Paper Series, 760.
- Robertson, P. E. ve Ye, L. (2013) On the existence of a middle income trap, University of Western Australia Economics Discussion Paper, 13(12).
- Sarıbaş, H. ve Ursavaş, U. (2017). Orta gelir tuzağı: ampirik bir çalışma, AİBU Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(2), 37-51.
- Tiftikçigil, B. Y., Güriş, B. ve Yaşgül, Y. S. (2018). Does middle income trap exist?: evidence from emerging economies: E7 countries for 1969-2015, Revista Galega de Economia, 27(1), 145-162.
- Tıraşoğlu, M. ve Karasaç, F. (2018). Orta gelir tuzağı: yapısal kırılmalar altında E7 ülkeleri için ampirik bir inceleme, Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 13(2), 337-361.
- Woo, W., Lu, M. Sachs, J. D. ve Chen, Z. (2012). A new economic growth engine for China: escaping the middle-income trap by not doing more of the same, Londra: World Scientific Publishing Company.
- Yeldan, E., Taşçı, K. Voyvoda, E. ve Özsan, M. E. (2012). Orta gelir tuzağından çıkış: hangi Türkiye, Cilt 1, İstanbul: Sis Matbaacılık.
- Yılancı, V. (2009). Yapısal kırılmalar altında Türkiye için işsizlik histerisinin sınanması, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 10(2), 324-335.
- Yılmaz, G. (2014). Turkish middle income trap and less skilled human capital, CBRT Working Paper, 14/30.
- Zivot, E. ve Andrews, D. (1992). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil-price shock, and the unit root hypothesis, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 10(3): 251-270.