Yetişkinlerde Travma Sonrası Stres ve Öz Duyarlılığın Travma Sonrası Büyüme Üzerindeki Yordayıcı Rolü

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 20, 621 - 642, 31.12.2019

Neslihan Arıcı Özcan

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.594006

Cited By: 2

Öz

Bu araştırmada amaç, yetişkin bireylerde görülen travma sonrası stres,
travma sonrası büyüme ve öz duyarlılık arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir.
Araştırmada veri toplamak için Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Ölçeği, Öz Duyarlılık
Ölçeği ve Travma Sonrası Büyüme Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma
grubunu, İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Sosyal
Hizmet Bölümü öğrencileri ve onların yetişkin aile bireyleri oluşturmaktadır.
Çalışma grubunda 426 kadın (%75,9), 135 erkek (%24,1) toplam 561 katılımcı yer
almaktadır ve katılımcıların yaşları 18-67 (X̄=25.26)
aralığında değişmektedir. Araştırmanın verilerinin analizinde korelasyon ve
regresyon analizi yöntemlerinden faydalanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçları,
travma sonrası stresin ve öz duyarlılığın travma sonrası büyüme ile anlamlı
düzeyde ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca travma sonrası stresin ve öz
duyarlılığın travma sonrası büyümeyi anlamlı ve pozitif yönde yordadığı bulunmuştur. Bulgular ilgili alanyazı doğrultusunda tartışılmış ve çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur. Son yıllarda dünyada giderek artmakta olan
giderek artan travmatik yaşantılar karşısında travma sonrası stresin ve öz duyarlılığın
travma sonrası büyümeyi açıklaması ile bu çalışmanın, literatüre önemli bir
katkı sağladığı öne sürülebilir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Travma Sonrası Stres, Öz Duyarlılık, Travma Sonrası Büyüme, Yetişkinler

The Predictive Role of Posttraumatic Stress and Self Compassion on Posttraumatic Growth

Öz

The aim of this study is to investigate the
relationship among posttraumatic stress, posttraumatic growth and
self-compassion in adult individuals. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale,
Self-Compassion Scale and Post-traumatic Growth Scale have been used to collect
data. The study group has been  gathered
from the students at Faculty of Health Sciences in Istanbul Medeniyet
University and their adult family members. The study group included total 561
participants, 426 women (75.9%) and 135 men (24.1%). The study group ranged in
age from 18 to 67 years (X̄=25.26). Correlation and regression analysis methods
have been used in the analysis of the data. As a result of the study,
post-traumatic stress and self-compassion have been significantly correlated
with post-traumatic growth. In addition, post-traumatic stress and
self-compassion have a predictor role in post-traumatic growth, significantly
and positively. The findings have been discussed in accordance with the related
literature and various suggestions were presented. This study may have an
important contribution to the literature by indicating that in the face of
increasing traumatic experiences in the world, post-traumatic stress and
post-traumatic growth explains self-compassion.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Post-Traumatic Stress, Self-Compassion, Post-Traumatic Growth, Adults

Kaynakça

• Akın, U., Akın, A. ve Abaci, R. (2007). Öz-duyarlık ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(33), 1-10.
• Allen, A. B. ve Leary, M. R. (2010). Self-Compassion, stress, and coping. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(2), 107-118.
• Antonakis, J., Bendahan, S., Jacquart, P. ve Lalive, R. (2010). On making causal claims: A review and recommendations. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(6), 1086-1120.
• APA, A. P. B. (2013). Mental Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı (DSM-5) (K. E, Çev. 5. Baskı). Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
• Armeli, S., Gunthert, K. C. ve Cohen, L. H. (2001). Stressor appraisals, coping, and post-event outcomes: The dimensionality and antecedents of stress-related growth. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20(3), 366-395.
• Barnard, L. K. ve Curry, J. F. (2011). Self-compassion: Conceptualizations, correlates and interventions. Review of General Psychology, 15(4), 289-303.
• Benight, C. C., Freyaldenhoven, R. W., Hughes, J., Ruiz, J. M., Zoschke, T. A. ve Lovallo, W. R. (2000). Coping Self‐Efficacy and Psychological Distress Following the Oklahoma City Bombing 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(7), 1331-1344.
• Bleich, A., Gelkopf, M. ve Solomon, Z. (2003). Exposure to terrorism, stress related mental health symptoms, and coping behaviors among a nationally representative sample in Israel. Jama, 290(5), 612-620.
• Bomyea, J., Risbrough, V. ve Lang, A. J. (2012). A consideration of select pre-trauma factors as key vulnerabilities in PTSD. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(7), 630-641.
• Brewin, C. R. ve Holmes, E. A. (2003). Psychological theories of post-traumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(3), 339-376.
• Butler, L. D., Blasey, C. M., Garlan, R. W., McCaslin, S. E., Azarow, J., Chen,X. A. ve ark. (2005). Post-traumatic growth following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001: Cognitive, coping, and trauma symptom predictors in an internet convenience sample. Traumatology, 11, 247–26.
• Calhoun, L. G. ve Tedeschi, R. G. (2014). The foundations of post-traumatic growth: An expanded framework. In Handbook of post-traumatic growth (s. 17-37). New York, NY: Routledge.
• Clark, D. M. ve Ehlers, A. (2004). Post-traumatic stress disorder: From Cognitive Theory to Therapy. In (R. L. Leahy Ed.), Contemporary cognitive therapy: Theory, Research, and Practice (s. 141-160). New York: The Guilford Press.
• Colville, G. ve Cream, P. (2009). Post-traumatic growth in parents after a child’s admission to intensive care: maybe Nietzsche was right? Intensive Care Medicine, 35(5), 919-923.
• Dalgleish, T. (2004). Cognitive approaches to posttraumatic stress disorder: The evolution of multi-representational theorizing. Psychological Bulletin, 130(2), 228.
• Dekel, R. ve Hobfoll, S. (2007). The impact of resource loss on Holocaust survivors facing war and terrorism in Israel. Aging and Mental Health, 11(2), 159-167.
• Dürü, C. (2006). Travma sonrası stres belirtileri ve travma sonrası büyümenin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi ve bir model önerisi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• Ehlers, A. ve Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of post-traumatic stress disorder.Behavioral Research Therapy, 38(4), 319-345.
• Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L. ve Perry, K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychological Assessment, 9(4), 445.
• Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D. ve Cahill, S. P. (2006). Emotional processing theory: An Update. In B. O. Rothbaum (Ed.), Pathological anxiety: Emotional processing in etiology and treatment (s. 3-24). New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press.
• Germer, C. K. ve Neff, K. D. (2015). Cultivating self-compassion in trauma survivors. In( V. M. Follette, J. Briere, D. Rozelle, J. W. Hopper, and D. I. Rome Ed.), Mindfulness-oriented interventions for trauma: Integrating contemplative practices (s. 43-58). New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press.
• Gilbert, P. ve Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self‐criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory and Practice, 13(6), 353-379.
• Helgeson, V. S., Reynolds, K. A. ve Tomich, P. L. (2006). A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 797.
• Hobfoll, S. E., Tracy, M. ve Galea, S. (2006). The impact of resource loss and traumatic growth on probable PTSD and depression following terrorist attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 19(6), 867-878.
• Ironson, G., Wynings, C., Schneiderman, N., Baum, A., Rodriguez, M., Greenwood, D., . . ., Huang, H.-S. ve ark. (1997). Post-traumatic stress symptoms, intrusive thoughts, loss, and immune function after Hurricane Andrew. Psychosomatic Medicine, 59(2), 128-141.
• Janoff-Bulman, R. (2006). Schema-change perspectives on post-traumatic growth handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice. (s. 81-99). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
• Janoff-Bulman, R. (2006). Schema-change perspectives on post-traumatic growth. In (L. G. Calhoun and R. G. Tedeschi Ed.), Handbook of post-traumatic growth: Research and practice (s. 81-99). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
• Joseph, S. ve Linley, P. A. (2005). Positive adjustment to threatening events: An organismic valuing theory of growth through adversity. Review of General Psychology, 9(3), 262-280.
• Joseph, S., Murphy, D. ve Regel, S. (2012). An affective–cognitive processing model of post‐traumatic growth. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 19(4), 316-325.
• Joseph, S., Williams, R. ve Yule, W. (1997). Understanding post-traumatic stress: A psychosocial perspective on PTSD and treatment. Wiley.
• Karasar, N. (2012). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi (22. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
• Kessler, R. C. (2000). Post-traumatic stress disorder: the burden to the individual and to society. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61, 4-12.
• Kessler, R. C., Rose, S., Koenen, K. C., Karam, E. G., Stang, P. E., Stein, D. J., ... Viana, M. C. (2014). How well can post-traumatic stress disorder be predicted from pre-trauma risk factors? An exploratory study in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. World Psychiatry, 13(3), 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20150
• Kross, E. ve Ayduk, O. (2011). Making meaning out of negative experiences by self-distancing. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(3), 187-191.
• Kunst, M. (2010). Peri-traumatic distress, post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, and posttraumatic growth in victims of violence. Journal of Trauma Stress, 23(4), 514-518.
• Laufer, A. ve Solomon, Z. (2006). Post-traumatic symptoms and post-traumatic growth among Israeli youth exposed to terror incidents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(4), 429-447.
• Maheux, A. ve Price, M. (2016). The indirect effect of social support on post-trauma psychopathology via self-compassion. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 102-107.
• Neff, K. D. (2003a). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250.
• Neff, K. D. (2003b). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101.
• Neff, K. D. (2004). Self-compassion and psychological well-being. Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 9(2), 27.
• Neff, K. D. ve McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225-240.
• Neff, K. D. ve Vonk, R. (2009). Self‐compassion versus global self‐esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality, 77(1), 23-50.
• O'Leary, V. E. ve Ickovics, J. R. (1995). Resilience and thriving in response to challenge: an opportunity for a paradigm shift in women's health. Womens Health, 1(2), 121-142.
• Park, C. L., Mills, M. A. ve Edmondson, D. (2012). PTSD as meaning violation: Testing a cognitive worldview perspective. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4(1), 66.
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y. ve Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879.
• Raes, F. (2010). Rumination and worry as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and depression and anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(6), 757-761.
• Rauch, S. ve Foa, E. (2006). Emotional processing theory (EPT) and exposure therapy for PTSD. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 36(2), 61.
• Seligowski, A. V., Miron, L. R. ve Orcutt, H. K. (2015). Relations among self-compassion, PTSD symptoms, and psychological health in a trauma-exposed sample. Mindfulness, 6(5), 1033-1041.
• Tabachnick, B. G. and Fidell, L. S. (2015). Çok değişkenli istatistiklerin kullanımı (Çev. Ed. M. Baloğlu). Ankara: Nobel.
• Tedeschi, R. G. ve Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Post-traumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Trauma Stress, 9(3), 455-471.
• Tedeschi, R. G. ve Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Post-traumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18.
• Tedeschi, R. G. ve Calhoun, L. G. (2006). Handbook of post-traumatic growth: Research and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Tedeshi, R. G. ve Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma and transformation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Thompson, B. L. ve Waltz, J. (2008). Self-compassion and PTSD symptom severity. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 21(6), 556-558.
• Waysman, M., Schwarzwald, J. ve Solomon, Z. (2001). Hardiness: An examination of its relationship with positive and negative long-term changes following trauma. Journal of Trauma Stress, 14(3), 531-548.
• Wong, C. C. Y. ve Yeung, N. C. (2017). Self-compassion and post-traumatic growth: Cognitive processes as mediators. Mindfulness, 8(4), 1078-1087.
• Zatzick, D. F., Rivara, F. P., Nathens, A. B., Jurkovich, G. J., Wang, J., Fan, M.-Y., ve ark. (2007). A nationwide US study of post-traumatic stress after hospitalization for physical injury. Psychological Medicine, 37(10), 1469-1480.
• Zeller, M., Yuval, K., Nitzan-Assayag, Y. ve Bernstein, A. (2015). Self-compassion in recovery following potentially traumatic stress: Longitudinal study of at-risk youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(4), 645-653.