“THE MYSTERY OF CHRIST”: THE BIBLICAL BASIS FOR THE IDEA OF THE SACRAMENTS (ST. PAUL)

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 332 - 375, 30.12.2021

Canan Seyfeli

https://doi.org/10.31834/ortadoguvegoc.1010795

Öz

The subject of the article is St. Paul’s idea of “mystery of Christ”. Paul and his idea of the “mystery of Christ” are discussed as the biblical basis of the Christian idea of sacraments. Although the basic ideas of Christianity are partially based on the Old Testament, mostly on Jesus and the Gospels, it was Paul who first formulated most of them in their current form. Paul was the first to use the expression “mystery of Christ”. This idea is redefinition of the Messianic doctrine over the concept of mystery. Paul used the word “Christ” and “mystery” and the new concept he created with them in a sense loaded with mysticism and symbolism. The clearest expression and manifestation of Christ or “mystery of Christ” in relation to the sacraments in the Bible is the Eucharist (The Last Supper). Paul also expressed this as “being one in Christ”. God’s secret plan is Christ. By revealing the “mystery of Christ” to Paul and others, God's wisdom (Christ) was bestowed upon them. This wisdom is the revelation of the "Christ mystery" and is realized by Baptism in believers. But the Eucharist is the foundation and culmination of oneness in Christ. The Fathers of the Church multiplied the one "Christ mystery" by calling the beliefs about Christ the sacraments. Then, in parallel with the transformation from Greek mysterion to Latin sacramentum, Tertullian was the first to call practices sacrament. He attributed to the "Christ sacrament" the meaning of “the mystery with the sign”. The Eucharist was the first to complete the sacramental process. Subsequently, Baptism and Confirmation, Repentance, Marriage, Holy Orders, and Anointing of the Sick completed their sacramental meaning, respectively. Thus, the idea of sacraments, which was first expressed in Augustine, completed its sacramental process in parallel with the present form of Christianity. In conclusion, Paul’s idea of the mystery of Christ is the biblical basis and starting point of the idea of the sacraments.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Christianity, St. Paul, The Mystery of Christ, Sacraments, Eucharist

“MESİH SIRRI”: SAKRAMENTLER FİKRİNİN KUTSAL KİTAP’TAKİ DAYANAĞI (PAVLUS)

Öz

Makalenin konusu Pavlus’un “Mesih sırrı” fikridir. Pavlus ve “Mesih sırrı” fikri Hıristiyan sakramentler fikrinin Kutsal Kitap’taki dayanağı olarak ele alınmıştır. Hıristiyanlığın temel fikirleri kısmen Eski Antlaşma’ya daha çok İsa ve İncillere dayanmakla beraber çoğunluğunu bugünkü şekliyle ilk formülüze eden Pavlus’tur. “Mesih sırrı” fikri Pavlus’a aittir ve Mesih öğretisinin sır kavramı üzerinden yeniden tanımlanmasıdır. Pavlus Mesih, sır ve “Mesih sırrı” kavramını mistisizm ve sembolizm yüklü bir anlamda kullanmıştır. Mesih veya “Mesih sırrı”nın sakramentlerle ilişkili olarak Kutsal Kitap’taki en açık ifadesi ve göstergesi Evharistiyadır (Son Akşam Yemeği). Bunu Pavlus, “Mesih’te bir olmak” diye de ifade etmiştir. Tanrı’nın sır olan tasarısı Mesih’tir. “Mesih sırrı” Pavlus’a ve başkalarına ifşa olarak onlara Tanrı’nın bilgeliği (Mesih) lütfedilmiştir. Bu bilgelik “Mesih sırrı”nın ifşasıdır ve inananlarda Vaftizle gerçekleşir, ancak Evharistiya Mesih’te bir olmanın temeli ve doruk noktasıdır. Tek olan “Mesih sırrı”nı Kilise Babaları önce Mesih’le ilgili inançları sakrament diye tanımlayarak çoğaltmışlardır. Ardından Yunanca mysteriondan Latince sacramentuma dönüşüme paralel olarak uygulamalara sakrament diyen ilk kişi Tertullian olmuştur. O, “Mesih sakramenti”ne işareti bulunan sır anlamı yüklemiştir. İlk sakramental süreci tamamlayan Evharistiya olmuştur. Ardından sırasıyla Vaftiz ve Konfirmasyon (Mühürleme), Tövbe, Evlilik, Ruhban Takdisi ve Hasta Yağı (Son Yağla Meshetme) sakramental anlamını tamamlamıştır. Böylece ilk defa Augustin’de ifadesini bulan sakramentler fikri, sakramental sürecini Hıristiyanlığın bugünkü biçimine paralel olarak tamamlamıştır. Sonuç olarak Pavlus’un “Mesih sırrı” fikri sakramentler fikrinin Kutsal Kitap’taki dayanağı ve çıkış noktasıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hıristiyanlık, Aziz Pavlus, Mesih Sırrı, Sakramentler, Evharistiya

Kaynakça

• Ambrose. (1881). The Letters of S. Ambrose Bishop of Milan (Members of The English Church, Çev.). The Devonport Society of The Holy Trinity.
• Augustin. (2002). Ten Homilies on the First Epistle of John. İçinde H. Browne (Çev.), NPNF1-07. St. Augustine: Homilies on the Gospel of John; Homilies on the First Epistle of John; Soliloquies (C. 7, ss. 674-792). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Augustin. (2006a). On Marriage and Concupiscence. İçinde P. Holmes, R. E. Wallis, & B. B. Warfield (Çev.), NPNF1-05. St. Augustine: Anti-Pelagian Writings (C. 5, ss. 519-604). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Augustin. (2006b). On the Baptism, Against the Donatist. İçinde J. R. King (Çev.), NPNF1-04. Augustine: The Writings Against the Manichaeans and Against the Donatists (C. 4, ss. 554-729). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Augustin. (2006c). On the Good of Marriage. İçinde C. L. Cornish (Çev.), NPNF1-03. On the Holy Trinity; Doctrinal Treatises; Moral Treatises (C. 3, ss. 582-608). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Aydın, F. (2011). Pavlus Hristiyanlığına Giriş. Eskiyeni Yayınları.
• Barnabas. (2002). The Epistle of Barnabas. İçinde P. Schaff, ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus (C. 1, ss. 208-236). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Borras, M. K. (2013). The Mysteries of the Life of Jesus. Knights of Columbus.
• Caka, E. (2009). Pavlus’un Mektupları [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Uludağ Üniversitesi.
• Candlish, J. S. (1881). The Christian Sacraments. T.&T. Clark.
• Choate, C. E. (Elizabeth). (1889). Modern Science of Body; The Christ Cure; Lectures and Miscellanies. H. H. Carter and Company.
• Clement of Alexandria. (2004a). The Instractor. İçinde P. Schaff, ANF02. Fathers of the Second Century: Hermas, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, and Clement of Alexandria (Entire) (C. 2, ss. 328-484). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Clement of Alexandria. (2004b). The Stromata, or Miscellanies. İçinde P. Schaff, ANF02. Fathers of the Second Century: Hermas, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, and Clement of Alexandria (Entire) (C. 2, ss. 484-980). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Commodianus. (2006). Instructions of Commodianus. İçinde R. E. Wallis (Çev.), ANF04. Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second (C. 4, ss. 369-402). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Cyprian. (2004). Epistles of Cyprian. İçinde R. E. Wallis (Çev.), ANF05. Fathers of the Third Century: Hippolytus, Cyprian, Caius, Novatian, Appendix (C. 5, ss. 488-737). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Donaldson, J. (Ed.). (2004). Constitutions of the Holy Apostles. İçinde P. Schaff, ANF07. Fathers of the Third and
• Fourth Centuries: Lactantius, Venantius, Asterius, Victorinus, Dionysius, Apostolic Teaching and Constitutions, Homily, and Liturgies (C. 7, ss. 573-763). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Eroğlu, A. H. (1999). Ekmek-Şarap Ayini (Evharistiya) Konusunda Katolikler ve Protestanlar Arasındaki Anlayış Farklılıkları. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 39, 439-453.
• Eusebius. (2006). The Church History. İçinde A. C. McGiffert (Çev.), NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine (C. 1, ss. 96-839). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Foley, W. M. (1915). Marriage (Christian). İçinde J. Hastings (Ed.), Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics: C. VIII (ss. 433-443). T&T Clark.
• Gündüz, Ş. (2001). Pavlus Hıristiyanlığın Mimarı. Ankara Okulu Yayınları.
• Hallihan, C. P. (2007). The Latin Vulgate. Quarterly Record, 579, 8-15. Harvey, A. E. (1980). The Use of Mystery Language in The Bible. The Journal of Theological Studies New Series, 31(2), 320-336.
• Ignatius. (2002a). The Epistle of Ignatius to Hero, a Deacon of Antioch. İçinde P. Schaff, ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus (C. 1, ss. 181-185). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Ignatius. (2002b). The Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians. İçinde P. Schaff, ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus (C. 1, ss. 80-98). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Ignatius. (2002c). The Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans. İçinde P. Schaff, ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus (C. 1, ss. 140-151). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Ignatius. (2002d). The Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallians. İçinde P. Schaff, ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus (C. 1, ss. 109-120). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Irenaeus. (2002a). Against Heresies. İçinde P. Schaff, ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus (C. 1, ss. 508-955). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Irenaeus. (2002b). Fragments form the Lost Writings of Irenaeus. İçinde P. Schaff, ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus (C. 1, ss. 955-979). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Jerome. (2006). Treatises. İçinde W. H. Fremantle (Çev.), NPNF2-06. Jerome: The Principal Works of St. Jerome (C. 6, ss. 589-893). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• ,John Chrysostom. (2002a). The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on The Epistle to the Hebrews. İçinde F. Gardiner (Çev.), NPNF1-14. Saint Chrysostom: Homilies on the Gospel of St. John and the Epistle to the Hebrews (C. 14, ss. 575-868). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• John Chrysostom. (2002b). The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom, on The Gospel of Saint Matthew. İçinde G. Prevost (Çev.), NPNF1-10. St. Chrysostom: Homilies on the Gospel of Saint Matthew (C. 10, ss. 575-868). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Justin Martyr. (2002a). Dialogue with Trypho. İçinde P. Schaff (Ed.), ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus (Online Edition, C. 1, ss. 304-443). Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Justin Martyr. (2002b). The First Apology. İçinde P. Schaff, ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus (C. 1, ss. 247-294). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Kanga, R. (2000). Stewards of the Mysteries of God. Affirmation & Critique, V(3), 3-11.
• Katar, M. (1997). Hıristiyanlık, Yahudilik ve İslam’da Tövbe. Töre Yayınları.
• Katolik Kilisesi Din ve Ahlâk İlkeleri (D. Pamir, Çev.). (2000).
• Köstenberger, A. J. (2001). Studies on John and Gender: A Decade of Scholarship. Peter Lang Inc., International Academic Publishers.
• K’rist’ian Dininde Ayn u Adetlerin Zuhuru, (Ermeni Harfli Türkçe). (1857). Şirketi Şarkie Basmahanesi.
• Kutsal Kitap Eski ve Yeni Antlaşma (Tevrat, Zebur, İncil). (2003). Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi.
• Lacey, T. A. (1918). Sacraments (Christian, Western). İçinde J. Hastings (Ed.), Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics: C. X (ss. 903-908). T&T Clark.
• Lee, W. (2000). The Mystery of God Christ. Affirmation & Critique, V(3), 11-17.
• Lehmkuhl, Aug. (1910). Sacrament of Marriage. İçinde C. G. Herbermann (Ed.), The Catholic Encyclopedia (Cd Edition, 2005, C. 9, ss. 1542-1559). Robert Appleton Company.
• Leo the Great. (2004). Letters. İçinde C. L. Feltoe (Çev.), NPNF2-12. Leo the Great, Gregory the Great (C. 12, ss. 16-227). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Maclean, A. J. (1917). Ordination (Christian). İçinde J. Hastings (Ed.), Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics: C. IX (ss. 540-552). T&T Clark.
• Maclean, A. J. (1921). Unction (Christian). İçinde J. Hastings (Ed.), Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics: C. XII (ss. 509-516). T&T Clark.
• Nock, A. D. (1952). Hellenistic Mysteries and Christian Sacraments. Mnemosyne, Fourth Series, 5(3), 177-213.
• Origen. (2006a). Against Celsus. İçinde F. Crombie (Çev.), ANF04. Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second (C. 4, ss. 675-1187). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Origen. (2006b). De Principiis. İçinde F. Crombie (Çev.), ANF04. Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second (C. 4, ss. 422-660). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Pester, J. (2000). Making Known the Mystery in Ephesians. Affirmation & Critique, V(3), 18-26.
• Schaff, P. (1877). The Creeds of Christendom, Volume II, The Greek and Latin Creeds with a History and Critical Notes: C. II. Harper & Brothers, Franklin Squarie.
• Schaff, P. (1907). History of the Christian Church: C. V/I. Charles Scribner’s Sons.
• Schaff, P. (1914). History of the Christian Church: C. II. Charles Scribner’s Sons.
• Schaff, P. (2004). The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. İçinde ANF07. Fathers of the Third and Fourth Centuries: Lactantius, Venantius, Asterius, Victorinus, Dionysius, Apostolic Teaching and Constitutions, Homily, and Liturgies (C. 7, ss. 552-572). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Seyfeli, C. (2015). Ermeni Kilisesi’nde Sakramentler. Çizgi Kitabevi.
• Tarakçı, M. (2011). Protestanlıkta Sakramentler. Emin Yayınları.
• Tertullian. (2006a). Ad Nationes. İçinde A. Menzes (Ed.), & P. Holmes (Çev.), ANF03. Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian (C. 3, ss. 165-238). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Tertullian. (2006b). Against Praxeas. İçinde P. Schaff & A. Menzes (Ed.), & P. Holmes (Çev.), ANF03. Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian (C. 3, ss. 1041-1103). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Tertullian. (2006c). Against the Valentinians. İçinde A. Menzes (Ed.), & Dr. Roberts (Çev.), ANF03. Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian (C. 3, ss. 875-911). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Tertullian. (2006d). An Answer to the Jews. İçinde A. Menzes (Ed.), & S. Thelwall (Çev.), ANF03. Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian (C. 3, ss. 238-280). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Tertullian. (2006e). On Baptism. İçinde A. Menzes (Ed.), & S. Thelwall (Çev.), ANF03. Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian (C. 3, ss. 1162-1183). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Tertullian. (2006f). On Exhortation to Chastity. İçinde S. Thelwall (Çev.), ANF04. Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second (C. 4, ss. 85-100). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Tertullian. (2006g). On Fasting. İçinde S. Thelwall (Çev.), ANF04. Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth;
• Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second (C. 4, ss. 176-200). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Tertullian. (2006h). On Idolatry. İçinde A. Menzes (Ed.), & S. Thelwall (Çev.), ANF03. Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian (C. 3, ss. 89-117). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Tertullian. (2006i). On Modesty. İçinde S. Thelwall (Çev.), ANF04. Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second (C. 4, ss. 126-176). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Tertullian. (2006j). On Monogamy. İçinde S. Thelwall (Çev.), ANF04. Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second (C. 4, ss. 100-126). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Tertullian. (2006k). On Repentance. İçinde A. Menzes (Ed.), & S. Thelwall (Çev.), ANF03. Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian (C. 3, ss. 1142-1161). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Tertullian. (2006l). On the Resurrection of the Flesh. İçinde A. Menzes (Ed.), & P. Holmes (Çev.), ANF03. Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian (C. 3, ss. 952-1041). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Tertullian. (2006m). The Chaplet, or De Corana. İçinde A. Menzes (Ed.), & S. Thelwall (Çev.), ANF03. Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian (C. 3, ss. 140-158). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Tertullian. (2006n). The Five Books Against Marcion. İçinde A. Menzes (Ed.), & P. Holmes (Çev.), ANF03. Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian (C. 3, ss. 432-823). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Tertullian. (2006o). The Prescription Against Heretics. İçinde A. Menzes (Ed.), & P. Holmes (Çev.), ANF03. Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian (C. 3, ss. 383-432). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Tertullian. (2006p). To Scapula. İçinde A. Menzes (Ed.), & S. Thelwall (Çev.), ANF03. Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian (C. 3, ss. 158-164). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• The Penitential of David of Ganjak, Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium 216, Scriptores Armeniaci Tomus 3 (C. J. F. Dowsett, Çev.). (1961).
• Theophilus of Antioch. (2004). Theophilus to Autolycus. İçinde M. Dods (Çev.), ANF02. Fathers of the Second Century: Hermas, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, and Clement of Alexandria (Entire) (C. 2, ss. 133-196). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
• Thurston, H. (1912). Extreme Unction. İçinde J. Hastings (Ed.), Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics: C. V (ss. 671-673). T&T Clark.
• Wirgman, A. T. (1902). The Doctrine of Confirmation. Longmans, Green and Co.
• Գրիգոր Տաթեւացի. (1741). Գիրք Քարոզութեան որ կոչի Ամառան հատոր (Թ. Հրատարակության).
• Մաղաքիա Օրմանեան. (1985). Տեղիկ Աստուածաբանութեան. Տպարան Սրբոց Յակոբեանց.
• Ներսես Շնորհալի. (1853). Ընդհանրական Թուղթք կամ Նամակք. Տպարանի Ն: Աղաւնիոյ.