Terör, Otonomi ve Aktörlük: PYD ve Sivil Savaş Kaynaklı Siyasal Fırsatların Kullanımı

Turgay Demir

doi:10.47932/ortetut.1129996

Araştırma Makalesi

Terror, Autonomy and Actorship: The PYD and Utilization of the Political Opportunities of A Civil War

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 149 - 177, 14.02.2023

Turgay Demir

https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1129996

Öz

particularly before the Syrian civil war. Following the outbreak of the conflict, the Kurds had some unprecedented opportunities. The purpose of this article is to assess these opportunities, which led the Democratic Union Party (PYD), the Syrian affiliate of the terrorist organisation, the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), to become a political actor, in the concept of the political opportunities. The article argues that there were three critical political opportunities for the PYD during the first five years of the civil war and by seizing these opportunities, the PYD almost became a political actor in Syria. They were the outbreak of the Syrian conflict in March 2011, the withdrawal of the Syrian government forces from northern Syria in July 2012 and the DAESH siege on Kobane in September 2014. By empirically analysing these developments and conceptualising them in the context of the political opportunities, the article aims to contribute to the academic literature in Turkey, which discusses the reasons how the PYD became a political actor in Syria.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Political Opportunities, Syrian Civil War, PYD, PKK, DAESH

Kaynakça

Allsopp, Harriet, and Wladimir van Wilgenburg. The Kurds of Northern Syria: Governance, Diversity and Conflicts, I.B. Tauris, 2019.
Allsopp, Harriet. The Kurds of Syria: Political Parties and Identity in the Middle East, I.B. Tauris, 2015.
Allsopp, Harriet. “The Kurdish Autonomy Bid in Syria: Challenges and Reactions”, In Ahmed, M.M., and Gunter, M.M. (eds.), The Kurdish Spring: Geopolitical Changes and the Kurds, Mazda Publishers: Costa Mesa, California, 2013, 218-249.
Balanche, Fabrice. “Sectarianism in Syria's civil war”, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01702640/document, Erişim Tarihi: 26 Mart 2021.
Barfi, Barack. “Ascent of the PYD and the SDF”, Research Notes, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, (April 2016), https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/ResearchNote32-Barfi.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 6 Temmuz 2020).
Bingöl, Nevzat. Suriye’nin Kimliksizleri: Kürtler, İstanbul: Doya Yayınları, 2013.
Brockett, Charles. Political Movements and Violence in Central America, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Brockett, Charles. “The Structure of Political Opportunities and Peasant Mobilisation in Central America”. Comparative Politics, Vol 23, No 3, 1991, 253-274.
Caves, John. “Syrian Kurds and the Democratic Union Party (PYD)”, Institute for the Study of War, 6 December 2012, http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Backgrounder_SyrianKurds.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Ağustos 2016).
Çotu, Cuma. “Rusya’nın Suriye Politikasında Kürtlerin Yeri”, Erzincan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı 2, 2017, 291-304.
Demirel, Gözde. “Terör Örgütlerinin Kimlik İnşasında Etkisi: PYD-YPG ve Suriye'de Kürt Kimliği”, Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı, 1, 2017, 25-41.
Eisinger, Peter. “The Conditions of Protest Behavior in American Cities”, American Political Science Review, Vol 67, No 1, 1973, 11-28.
Erkmen, Serhat. “Türkiye ve Suriyeli Kürtler: Güven Bunalımı, Tıkanmışlık ve Bir Arada Yaşama”, Ortadoğu Analiz, Cilt 4, Sayı 47, 2012, 18-29.
Erol, M. Seyfettin ve K. Ertaç Çelik. “ABD’nin Suriye Politikasında Vekil Aktör Olarak Terör Örgütleri: YPG Örneği”, Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt 2, Sayı 2, 2018, 14-45.
Federici, Vittoria. “The Rise of Rojava: Kurdish Autonomy in the Syrian Conflict”, SAIS Review of International Affairs, Vol 35, No 2, 2015, 81-90.
Goodwin, J, James M. Jasper and Jaswinder Khattra. “Caught in a Winding, Snarling Vine: The Structural Bias of Political Process Theory”, Sociological Forum, Vol 14, No 1, March 1999, 27-54.
Gökcan, Özkan. “Suriye’nin Kürt Meselesinin Tarihsel Seyri (1946-2011)”, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı 2, 2018, 159-189.
Gunter, Michael. “Iraq, Syria, ISIS and the Kurds: Geostrategic Concerns for the USA and Turkey”, Middle East Policy, Vol 22, No 1, Spring 2015, 102-111.
Gunter, Michael. Out of nowhere: The Kurds of Syria in peace and war, London: Hurst Publishers, 2014.
İşyar, Ö. Göksel. “Suriye İç Savaşı’nda PYD’nin Aktörleşmesinin Başlıca Nedenleri”, Bilge Strateji, Cilt 9, Sayı 16, Bahar 2017, 33-67.
Kaya, Recep. “Harekâtlar Ekseninde Türkiye’nin Suriye’de Terörle Mücadelesi”, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 2, Sayı, 2, 2020, 143-165.
Kaya, Zeynep and Robert Lowe, The Curious Question of the PYD-PKK Relationship. In: Stanfield, G., and Shareef, M. eds. The Kurdish Question (Revisited), Hurst & Company: London, 2017, 275-287.
Kayhan Pusane, Özlem. “Türkiye’nin Kürt Sorunu: Arap Baharı ile Değişen Yurtiçi ve Bölgesel Dinamikler”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 11, Sayı 41, Bahar 2014, 115-138.
Kerman, İbrahim ve Ertan Efegil. “Terör Örgütü PKK/PYD’nin Suriye’de İzlediği İç Savaş Stratejisinin Değerlendirilmesi”, Uluslararası Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı 2, 2017, 162-198.
Koopmans, Ruud. “Political. Opportunity. Structure. Some Splitting to Balance the Lumping”, Sociological Forum, Vol 14, No 1, 1999, 93-105.
Kurt, Veysel. “Trump ve Suriye Krizi”, SETA Analiz, (Nisan 2019), Sayı 275.
Kusilek, Connor. “The Larger Battle for Aleppo: The Removal of US Troops from Syria and the Struggle for Provincial Aleppo”, Shattuck Center, CEU School of Public Policy, June 2019, https://www.thealeppoproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/KusilekTheLargerBattleforAleppo2019.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 25 Mart 2021)
McAdam, Doug. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency 1930-1970, The University of Chicago Press: Chicago and London, 1982.
Opp, Karl Dieter. Theories of Political Protest and Social Movements: A Multidisciplinary Introduction, Critique, and Synthesis, Routledge, 2009.
Orhan, Mehmet. “Transborder Violence: the PKK in Turkey, Syria and Iraq”, Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, Vol 7, No 1, 2014, 30-48.
Paasche, Till and Michael Gunter. “Revisiting Western Strategies against the Islamic States in Iraq and Syria”, The Middle East Journal, Vol 70, No 1, 2016, 9-29.
Philips, Christopher. The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East, Yale University Press: New Haven and London, 2018.
Plakoudas, Spyridon. “The Syrian Kurds and the Democratic Union Party: The Outsider in the Syrian War”, Mediterranean Quarterly, Vol 28, No 1, March 2017, 99-116.
Polat, D. Şafak. “Türkiye’nin Suriye’nin Kuzeyindeki Askerî Harekâtının Amaçları ve Sonuçları”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, Cilt 16, Sayı 33), 2020, 53-96.
Reese, Ellen, and Elvia Ramirez. “The New Ethnic Politics of Welfare: Struggles Over Legal Immigrants’ Rights to Welfare in California”, Journal of Poverty, Vol 6, No 3, 2002, 29-62.
Rhodes, Ben. The World As It Is: A Memoir of the Obama White House, Penguin Random House LLC: New York, 2018.
Rubin, Michael. “The U.S. Gets the Kurds Wrong”, Wall Street Journal, 14 February 2014, https://search.proquest.com/docview/1498054325/38113E711117479BPQ/49?accountid=14664, (Erişim Tarihi: 4 Aralık 2019).
Savelsberg, Eva and Jordi Tejel, “The Syrian Kurds in ‘Transition to Somewhere’”, In Ahmed, M.M., and Gunter, M.M. (Eds.), The Kurdish Spring: Geopolitical Changes and the Kurds, Mazda Publishers: Costa Mesa, California, 2013, 189-217.
Tarrow, Sidney. “States and opportunities: The political structuring of social movements.” In: McAdam, D. McCharty, J. and Zald, M.N. ed. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing, and Cultural Framings, Cambridge University Press, 1996, 41-61.
Tejel, Jordi. Syria’s Kurds: History, Politics and Society, Abingdon: Routledge, 2009.
The Transcript of Speech. The Crisis in Syria from the Perspective of Syrian Kurds”, 20 May 2014, Chatham House: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, https://www.chathamhouse.org/event/crisis-syria-perspective-syrian-kurds, (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Şubat 2016)
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الإرهاب والحكم الذاتي ولعب دور فاعل: حزب الاتحاد الديمقراطي واستغلال الفرص السياسية الناجمة عن الحرب الأهلية

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 149 - 177, 14.02.2023

Turgay Demir

https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1129996

Öz

Suriye Kürtleri sivil savaşa kadar uluslararası arenada az bilinen bir etnik azınlık konumundadır 2011 yılında patlak veren iç savaş Kürtler açısından bazı fırsatlar ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu makalenin amacı, terör örgütü Kürdistan İşçi Partisi, PKK’nın Suriye kolu olan Demokratik Birlik Partisi, PYD’nin Suriye’de politik bir aktör haline gelmesine katkıda bulunan sivil savaş kaynaklı fırsatları, “siyasal fırsatlar” kavramsal çerçevesi kapsamında değerlendirmektir. Makale temel olarak, Suriye sivil savaşının ilk beş yılında Kürtler için üç kritik siyasal fırsatın ortaya çıktığını ve terör örgütü PKK’nın Suriye kolu olan PYD’nin bu fırsatlar aracılığıyla ülkede politik bir aktör haline gelme yolunda önemli adımlar attığını ortaya koymaya çalışmaktadır. Bu siyasal fırsatlar sırasıyla Mart 2011’de iç çatışmaların başlaması, Temmuz 2012’de Suriye rejim güçlerinin ülkenin kuzeyinden çekilmesi ve Eylül 2014’te DAEŞ’in Kobani’yi (Ayn al Arab) kuşatmasıdır. Makale, Suriye sivil savaşının ilk beş yılında ortaya çıkan fırsatları siyasal fırsatlar kavramsal çerçevesi kapsamında değerlendirmekte ve bu fırsatların PYD’nin politik bir aktör haline gelmesinde oynadığı rolleri ampirik olarak analiz etmektedir. Bu haliyle makale Türkçe akademik literatürde PYD’nin aktörleşmesiyle ilgili yapılan tartışmalara katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Siyasal Fırsatlar, Suriye Sivil Savaşı, PYD, PKK, DAEŞ

Kaynakça

Allsopp, Harriet, and Wladimir van Wilgenburg. The Kurds of Northern Syria: Governance, Diversity and Conflicts, I.B. Tauris, 2019.
Allsopp, Harriet. The Kurds of Syria: Political Parties and Identity in the Middle East, I.B. Tauris, 2015.
Allsopp, Harriet. “The Kurdish Autonomy Bid in Syria: Challenges and Reactions”, In Ahmed, M.M., and Gunter, M.M. (eds.), The Kurdish Spring: Geopolitical Changes and the Kurds, Mazda Publishers: Costa Mesa, California, 2013, 218-249.
Balanche, Fabrice. “Sectarianism in Syria's civil war”, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01702640/document, Erişim Tarihi: 26 Mart 2021.
Barfi, Barack. “Ascent of the PYD and the SDF”, Research Notes, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, (April 2016), https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/ResearchNote32-Barfi.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 6 Temmuz 2020).
Bingöl, Nevzat. Suriye’nin Kimliksizleri: Kürtler, İstanbul: Doya Yayınları, 2013.
Brockett, Charles. Political Movements and Violence in Central America, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Brockett, Charles. “The Structure of Political Opportunities and Peasant Mobilisation in Central America”. Comparative Politics, Vol 23, No 3, 1991, 253-274.
Caves, John. “Syrian Kurds and the Democratic Union Party (PYD)”, Institute for the Study of War, 6 December 2012, http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Backgrounder_SyrianKurds.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Ağustos 2016).
Çotu, Cuma. “Rusya’nın Suriye Politikasında Kürtlerin Yeri”, Erzincan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı 2, 2017, 291-304.
Demirel, Gözde. “Terör Örgütlerinin Kimlik İnşasında Etkisi: PYD-YPG ve Suriye'de Kürt Kimliği”, Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı, 1, 2017, 25-41.
Eisinger, Peter. “The Conditions of Protest Behavior in American Cities”, American Political Science Review, Vol 67, No 1, 1973, 11-28.
Erkmen, Serhat. “Türkiye ve Suriyeli Kürtler: Güven Bunalımı, Tıkanmışlık ve Bir Arada Yaşama”, Ortadoğu Analiz, Cilt 4, Sayı 47, 2012, 18-29.
Erol, M. Seyfettin ve K. Ertaç Çelik. “ABD’nin Suriye Politikasında Vekil Aktör Olarak Terör Örgütleri: YPG Örneği”, Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt 2, Sayı 2, 2018, 14-45.
Federici, Vittoria. “The Rise of Rojava: Kurdish Autonomy in the Syrian Conflict”, SAIS Review of International Affairs, Vol 35, No 2, 2015, 81-90.
Goodwin, J, James M. Jasper and Jaswinder Khattra. “Caught in a Winding, Snarling Vine: The Structural Bias of Political Process Theory”, Sociological Forum, Vol 14, No 1, March 1999, 27-54.
Gökcan, Özkan. “Suriye’nin Kürt Meselesinin Tarihsel Seyri (1946-2011)”, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı 2, 2018, 159-189.
Gunter, Michael. “Iraq, Syria, ISIS and the Kurds: Geostrategic Concerns for the USA and Turkey”, Middle East Policy, Vol 22, No 1, Spring 2015, 102-111.
Gunter, Michael. Out of nowhere: The Kurds of Syria in peace and war, London: Hurst Publishers, 2014.
İşyar, Ö. Göksel. “Suriye İç Savaşı’nda PYD’nin Aktörleşmesinin Başlıca Nedenleri”, Bilge Strateji, Cilt 9, Sayı 16, Bahar 2017, 33-67.
Kaya, Recep. “Harekâtlar Ekseninde Türkiye’nin Suriye’de Terörle Mücadelesi”, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 2, Sayı, 2, 2020, 143-165.
Kaya, Zeynep and Robert Lowe, The Curious Question of the PYD-PKK Relationship. In: Stanfield, G., and Shareef, M. eds. The Kurdish Question (Revisited), Hurst & Company: London, 2017, 275-287.
Kayhan Pusane, Özlem. “Türkiye’nin Kürt Sorunu: Arap Baharı ile Değişen Yurtiçi ve Bölgesel Dinamikler”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 11, Sayı 41, Bahar 2014, 115-138.
Kerman, İbrahim ve Ertan Efegil. “Terör Örgütü PKK/PYD’nin Suriye’de İzlediği İç Savaş Stratejisinin Değerlendirilmesi”, Uluslararası Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı 2, 2017, 162-198.
Koopmans, Ruud. “Political. Opportunity. Structure. Some Splitting to Balance the Lumping”, Sociological Forum, Vol 14, No 1, 1999, 93-105.
Kurt, Veysel. “Trump ve Suriye Krizi”, SETA Analiz, (Nisan 2019), Sayı 275.
Kusilek, Connor. “The Larger Battle for Aleppo: The Removal of US Troops from Syria and the Struggle for Provincial Aleppo”, Shattuck Center, CEU School of Public Policy, June 2019, https://www.thealeppoproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/KusilekTheLargerBattleforAleppo2019.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 25 Mart 2021)
McAdam, Doug. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency 1930-1970, The University of Chicago Press: Chicago and London, 1982.
Opp, Karl Dieter. Theories of Political Protest and Social Movements: A Multidisciplinary Introduction, Critique, and Synthesis, Routledge, 2009.
Orhan, Mehmet. “Transborder Violence: the PKK in Turkey, Syria and Iraq”, Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, Vol 7, No 1, 2014, 30-48.
Paasche, Till and Michael Gunter. “Revisiting Western Strategies against the Islamic States in Iraq and Syria”, The Middle East Journal, Vol 70, No 1, 2016, 9-29.
Philips, Christopher. The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East, Yale University Press: New Haven and London, 2018.
Plakoudas, Spyridon. “The Syrian Kurds and the Democratic Union Party: The Outsider in the Syrian War”, Mediterranean Quarterly, Vol 28, No 1, March 2017, 99-116.
Polat, D. Şafak. “Türkiye’nin Suriye’nin Kuzeyindeki Askerî Harekâtının Amaçları ve Sonuçları”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, Cilt 16, Sayı 33), 2020, 53-96.
Reese, Ellen, and Elvia Ramirez. “The New Ethnic Politics of Welfare: Struggles Over Legal Immigrants’ Rights to Welfare in California”, Journal of Poverty, Vol 6, No 3, 2002, 29-62.
Rhodes, Ben. The World As It Is: A Memoir of the Obama White House, Penguin Random House LLC: New York, 2018.
Rubin, Michael. “The U.S. Gets the Kurds Wrong”, Wall Street Journal, 14 February 2014, https://search.proquest.com/docview/1498054325/38113E711117479BPQ/49?accountid=14664, (Erişim Tarihi: 4 Aralık 2019).
Savelsberg, Eva and Jordi Tejel, “The Syrian Kurds in ‘Transition to Somewhere’”, In Ahmed, M.M., and Gunter, M.M. (Eds.), The Kurdish Spring: Geopolitical Changes and the Kurds, Mazda Publishers: Costa Mesa, California, 2013, 189-217.
Tarrow, Sidney. “States and opportunities: The political structuring of social movements.” In: McAdam, D. McCharty, J. and Zald, M.N. ed. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing, and Cultural Framings, Cambridge University Press, 1996, 41-61.
Tejel, Jordi. Syria’s Kurds: History, Politics and Society, Abingdon: Routledge, 2009.
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