COVID-19 Kontrol Önlemleri Hava Kalitesi Parametrelerini Etkiledi mi? 35 Ülkede Hava Kirleticileri Değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 4, 562 - 568, 01.12.2021

Seher Palanbek Yavaş , Caner Baysan , Ayşe Emel Önal

https://doi.org/10.26453/otjhs.933314

Öz

Amaç: Çalışmada, COVID-19 salgını nedeniyle dünya çapında hükümetler tarafından oluşturulan geçici insan hareketliliği kısıtlamalarının hava kirleticileri değerleri üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır.

Materyal ve Metot: Çalışma ekolojik tipte tasarlanmıştır. 2019 ve 2020 Ocak-Mayıs tarihleri ​​arasında “Hava Kalitesi Açık Veri Platformu” web sitesinde bulunan 35 ülke için dört hava kirletici (CO, NO2, O3, SO2) ölçümleri çalışmanın verileri oluşturmaktadır.

Bulgular: Tüm ülkeler için medyan NO2 seviyeleri 2019'a göre 1-3,6 µg/m³ arasında azalmıştır. Azalma her ay için istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olarak bulunmuştur (Ocak, p=0,024; Şubat, p=0,001; Mart, Nisan ve Mayıs, p<0,001). Ayrıca, 35 ülkenin medyan O3 seviyelerinin 2020 Nisan ayının 2019 Nisan ayına göre değişimi değerlendirildiğinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir artış gözlenmiştir (medyan fark: 1,80 µg/m³; p=0,017).

Sonuç: Mevcut bulgularımız ışığında, insan faaliyetlerinin hava kalitesi üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğu sonucuna varılabilir. İleride yapılacak çalışmalarda ülkelerin hava kirletici seviyeleri meteorolojik koşulları dikkate alınarak daha detaylı değerlendirilebilir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nitrik Oksit, COVID-19, Karbonmonoksit, Kükürtdioksit, Ozon

Have Quarantine Measures Affected the Air Quality Parameters? Condition Assessment in 35 Countries

Öz

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the effects of the temporary human mobility restrictions established worldwide by governments due to the COVID-19 pandemic on criteria air pollutants.

Materials and Methods: Our study is designed in an ecological type measurements of four air pollutants (CO, NO2, O3, SO2) for 35 countries collected between January-May in 2019 and 2020 and available in the Air “Quality Open Data Platform” website were included.

Results: Median NO2 levels for all countries decreased between 1-3.6 µg/m³ compared to 2019, and this decrease was statistically significant in each month (January, p=0.024; February, p=0.001; March, April and May, p<0.001). Furthermore, a statistically significant increase was observed in median O3 levels for all 35 countries between April 2020 and April 2019 (median difference: 1.80 µg/m³; p=0,017).

Conclusion: Based on the findings reported here, it can be concluded that human activities have a significant influence on air quality. In future studies, air pollutants levels of countries may be evaluated in more detail considering their meteorological conditions. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Carbon Monoxide, COVID-19, Nitric Oxide, Sulphur Dioxide, Ozone

Kaynakça

• Contini C, Di Nuzzo M, Barp N, Bonazza A, De Giorgio R, Tognon M et al. The novel zoonotic COVID-19 pandemic: An expected global health concern. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2020;14(3):254-264. doi:10.3855/jidc.12671
• Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nature Microbiolgy. 2020;5(4):536-544. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z
• Malık YA. Properties of Coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2. Malaysian Journal of Pathology. 2020;42(1):3-11
• World Health Organization (WHO). Rolling updates on coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen. Accessed 14 January 2021.
• World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak situation. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019. Accessed 14 January 2021.
• Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health. Scientific Advisory Board. COVID-19 General Information, Epidemiology and Diagnosis. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/39551/0/co vid-19rehberigenelbilgilerepidemiyolojive tanip df. pdf. Accessed 29 January 2021.
• Tobias A, Carnerero C, Reche C et al. Changes in air quality during the lockdown in Barcelona (Spain) one month into the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;726:138540.
• Menut L, Bessagnet B, Siour G, Mailler S, Pennel R, Cholakian A. Impact of lockdown measures to combat Covid-19 on air quality over western Europe. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;741:140426. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140426
• Sharma S, Zhang M, Anshika Gao J, Zhang H, Kota SH. Effect of restricted emissions during COVID-19 on air quality in India. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;728:138878. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138878
• Bao R, Zhang A. Does lockdown reduce air pollution? Evidence from 44 cities in northern China. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;731:139052.
• World Health Organization (WHO). Air Pollution. https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution.Accessed 29 June 2020.
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Criteria Air Pollutants. https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants. Accessed 29 June 2020.
• Sharma S, Jain S, Khirwadkar P, Kulkarn S. The Effects of air pollution on the Environment and human health. Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology. 2013:1(3);391-96.
• Sicard P, Marco AD, Agathokleous E, et al. Amplified ozone pollution in cities during the COVID-19 lockdown. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;735:139542. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139542
• Otmani A, Benchrif A, Tahri M, et al. Impact of Covid-19 lockdown on PM10, SO2 and NO2 concentrations in Salé City (Morocco.) Science of the Total Environment. 2020;(735):139541. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139541
• Nakada LYK, Urban RC. COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on the air quality during the partial lockdown in São Paulo state, Brazil. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;(730):139087. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020
• Chen QX, Huang CL, Yuan Y, Tan HP. Influence of COVID-19 Event on Air Quality and their Association in Mainland China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2020;20(7):1541-1551.
• Kanniah KD, Zaman NAFK, Kaskaoutis DG, Latif MT. COVID-19's impact on the atmospheric environment in the Southeast Asia region. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;736:139658.
• Air Quality Open Data Platform. https://aqicn.org/data-platform/covid19/ Accessed 7 August 2020.
• Dantas G, Siciliano B, França BB, Silva CM, Arbillaa G. The impact of COVID-19 partial lockdown on the air quality of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;729:139085. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139085
• Siciliano B, Dantas G, Silva CM, Arbilla G. Increased ozone levels during the COVID-19 lockdown: Analysis for the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;737:139765. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139765
• Kerimray A, Baimatova N, Ibragimova OP et al. Assessing air quality changes in large cities during COVID-19 lockdowns: The impacts of traffic-free urban conditions in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Sci Total Environ. 2020;730:139179. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139179