Effects of Propofol and Ketamine Anesthesia on Local Temperature Changes Determined in Different Regions by Infrared Thermographic Imaging and Reflexes in Rats

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 399 - 406, 01.09.2022

Mehmet Zeki Yılmaz Deveci , Cafer Tayer İşler , Halil Alakuş

https://doi.org/10.26453/otjhs.1055661

Öz

Objective: This study aimed to investigate Infrared thermography (IRT) temperature measurements in rats administered two different anesthetics in terms of anesthetics and localizations.

Materials and Methods: Twenty Wistar rats were used in the study. After sedation with xylazine hydrochloride, the rats were divided into two groups (n=10). Group 1 was anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride and Group 2 with propofol. The disappearance of movements and reflexes during the anesthesia and their return times during the awakening period were recorded. IRT recorded local temperatures before, during, and after anesthesia, including the mouth, nose, eye, ear, and rectum regions.

Results: It was determined that the return times in sense, movement, and reflexes were significantly longer in Group 2 than in Group 1 during the awakening period (p<0.05). IRT measurements during anesthesia revealed significant differences between groups (p<0.05). Statistically significant differences were found between all regions of both groups in-group comparison (p<0.05). 

Conclusion: In rats, varying local temperatures and differences were determined during anesthesia and awakening with IRT. Both groups' data showed that the ocular region was the most suitable local IRT area. Further studies are needed to examine different pathological lesions by IRT in the diagnosis and healing processes.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anesthesia, heat, infrared thermographic imaging, rat, recovery

Ratlarda Propofol ve Ketamin Anestezisinin Kızılötesi Termografik Görüntüleme ile Farklı Bölgelerde Belirlenen Lokal Sıcaklık Değişimlerine ve Reflekslere Etkileri

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada iki farklı genel anestezik uygulanan ratlarda indüksiyon ve uyanma dönemlerinde hareket ve reflekslerin, ayrıca farklı vücut bölgelerinde Kızılötesi termografik görüntüleme (KTG) ile lokal sıcaklık ölçümlerinin anestezikler ve lokalizasyonlar açısından incelenmesi amaçlandı.

Materyal ve Metot: Çalışmada 20 adet Wistar rat kullanıldı. Ksilazin hidroklorür ile sedasyon uygulamasından sonra ratlar iki gruba (n=10) ayrılarak Grup 1 ketamin hidroklorür, Grup 2 ise propofol ile genel anesteziye alındı. Anestezi süresince hareket ve reflekslerin kayboluşu, uyanma döneminde ise bunların dönüş süreleri kaydedildi. KTG incelemesinde ağız, burun, göz, kulak ve rektum bölgelerinde anestezi öncesi, sırası ve sonrasında belirli sürelerde lokal sıcaklıklar kaydedildi.

Bulgular: Uyanma döneminde Grup 2’de duyu, hareket ve reflekslerde dönüş süreleri Grup 1’e göre anlamlı derecede fazla bulundu (p<0,05). KTG ölçümlerinde anestezi sırasında lokal sıcaklıklarda gruplar arasında anlamlı istatistiksel farklılıklar bulundu (p<0,05). Grup içi lokal sıcaklık karşılaştırmasında her iki grupta tüm bölgeler arasında önemli istatistiksel farklar bulundu (p<0,05).

Sonuç: Ratlarda KTG ile anestezi ve uyanma sürecinde değişen lokal sıcaklık dereceleri ve farklılıklar belirlendi. Her iki grup verilerine dayanarak en uygun lokal KTG alanının oküler bölge olduğu değerlendirildi. Gelecek çalışmalarda farklı patolojik lezyonların tanı ve iyileşme süreçlerinde KTG ile incelenmesinin faydalı olacağı düşünüldü. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anestezi, ısı, uyanma, kızılötesi termografik görüntüleme, rat

Kaynakça

• Düzgün D, Or M. Termal kameraların tıpta veteriner hekimlikte kullanımı. TÜBAV Bilim Derg. 2009;2(4):468-475.
• Khaksari K, Nguyen T, Hill BY, ve ark. Review of the efficacy of infrared thermography for screening infectious diseases with applications to COVID-19. J Med Imaging (Bellingham). 2021;8(Suppl 1):010901. doi:10.1117/1.JMI.8.S1.010901
• Mota-Rojas D, Olmos-Hernández A, Verduzco-Mendoza A, ve ark. Infrared thermal imaging associated with pain in laboratory animals. Exp Anim. 2021;70(1):1-12. doi:10.1538/expanim.20-0052
• Mike R, Dunbar MS. Use of infrared thermography to detect thermographic changes in Mule Deer (Odocoileus Hemionus) experimentally infected with foot and mouth disease. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2009;40(2):296-301. doi:10.1638/2008-0087.1
• Alan A. Termografi ve veteriner hekimliğinde kullanımı. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2012;9(2):33-140.
• Cai F, Jiang X, Hou X, ve ark. Application of infrared thermography in the early warning of pressure injury: A prospective observational study. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2021;30(3-4):559-571. doi:10.1111/jocn.15576
• Brookes ZL, Reilly CS, Brown NJ. Differential effects of propofol, ketamine, and thiopental anaesthesia on the skeletal muscle microcirculation of normotensive and hypertensive rats in vivo. Br J Anaesth. 2004;93(2):249-256. doi:10.1093/bja/aeh190
• Shiga Y, Minami K, Uezono Y, ve ark. Effects of the intravenously administered anaesthetics ketamine, propofol, and thiamylal on the cortical renal blood flow in rats. Pharmacology. 2003;68(1):17-23. doi:10.1159/000068728
• Tung A, Herrera S, Fornal CA, Jacobs BL. The effect of prolonged anesthesia with isoflurane, propofol, dexmedetomidine, or ketamine on neural cell proliferation in the adult rat. Anesth Analg. 2008;106(6):1772-1777. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e31816f2004
• Molina AM, Moyano MR, Serrano-Rodriguez JM, Ayala N, Lora AJ, Serrano-Caballero JM. Analyses of anaesthesia with ketamine combined with different sedatives in rats. Vet Med (Praha). 2015;60(7):368-375. doi:10.17221/8384-VETMED
• Holmes LC, Gaughan EM, Gorondy DA, Hogge S, Spire MF. The effect of perineural anesthesia on ınfrared thermographic ımages of the forelimb digits of normal horses. Can Vet J. 2003;44(5):392-396.
• Küls N, Blissittb KJ, Shaw DJ, Schoffmannb G, Clutton RE. Thermography as an early predictive measurement for evaluating epidural and femorale sciatic block success in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2017;44(5):1198-1207. doi:10.1016/j.vaa.2016.11.009
• Bruins AA, Kistemaker KRJ, Boom A, ve ark. Thermographic skin temperature measurement compared with cold sensation in predicting the efficacy and distribution of epidural anesthesia. J Clin Monit Comput. 2018;32(2):335-341. doi:10.1007/s10877-017-0026-y
• Kotrba R, Knizkova I, Kunc P, Bartosa L. Comparison between the coat temperature of the eland and dairy cattle by infrared thermography. J Therm Biol. 2007;32(6):355-359. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2007.05.006
• Fiebig K, Jourdan T, Kock MH, Merle R, Thöne-Reineke C. Evaluation of infrared thermography for temperature measurement in adult male nmri nude mice. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2018;57(6):715-724. doi:10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-17-000137
• Vogel B, Wagner H, Gmoser J, ve ark. Touch-Free measurement of body temperature using close-up thermography of the ocular surface. MethodsX. 2016;3:407-416. doi:10.1016/j.mex.2016.05.002
• Luzi F, Carenzi C, Gargano M, Verga M, Ludwig N. Applicability of ınfrared thermography as a non ınvasive measurements of stress in rabbit. World Rabbit Sci. 2007;15(4):199-206.
• English J, Johnson A, Stalder K, Karriker L, Pairis-Garcia M, Bruns C. Evaluation of how anesthesia affect body temperature in sows using infrared thermography. Animal Industry Report. 2018;15(1). doi:10.31274/ans_air-180814-399
• Childs C, Soltani H. Abdominal cutaneous thermography and perfusion mapping after caesarean section: a scoping review. In J Environ Res. 2020;17(22):8693. doi:10.3390/ijerph17228693
• Narayan E, Perakis A, Meikle W. Using thermal imaging to monitor body temperature of koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) in a zoo setting. Animals. 2019;9(12):1094. doi:10.3390/ani9121094
• Mccafferty DJ. The value of infrared thermography for research on mammals: previous applications and future directions. Mammal Review. 2007;37(3):207-223. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2007.00111.x
• Westermann S, Buchner HHF, Schramel JP, Tichy A, Stanek C. Effects of infrared camera angle and distance on measurement and reproducibility of thermographically determined temperatures of the distolateral aspects of the forelimbs in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2013;242(3):388-395. doi:10.2460/javma.242.3.388
• Durrant BS, Ravida N, Spady T, Cheng A. New technologies for the study of carnivore reproduction. Theriogenology. 2006;66(6-7):1729-1736. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.02.046
• Capraro GA, Coughlin BF, Mader TJ, Smithline HA. Testicular cooling associated with testicular torsion and its detection by infrared thermography: an experimental study in sheep. J Urol. 2008;180(6):2688-2693. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2008.08.004
• Casas-Alvarado A, Mota-Rojas D, Hernández-Ávalos I, ve ark. Advances in ınfrared thermography: surgical aspects, vascular changes, and pain monitoring in veterinary medicine. J Therm Biol. 2020;92:102664. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102664
• Freise H, Meissner A, Lauer S, ve ark. Thoracic epidural analgesia with low concentration of bupivacaine induces thoracic and lumbar sympathetic block: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Anesthesiology. 2008;109(6):1107-1112. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31818db16c
• Larsson J, Gordh TE. Testing whether the epidural works: too time consuming? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54(6):761-763. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.02189.x
• Travain T, Colombo ES, Heinzl E, Bellucci D, Previde, EP, Valsecchi, P. Hot dogs: thermography in the assessment of stress in dogs (canis familiaris)—a pilot study. J Vet Behav. 2015;10(1):17-23. doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2014.11.003
• Datsenko AV, Kazmin VI. Use of a remote infrared thermography in experimental medicine at extreme influences (review). Saratov J Med Sci Research. 2016;12(4):685-691.
• Travain T, Valsecchi P. Infrared thermography in the study of animals’ emotional responses: a critical review. Animals. 2021;11(9):2510. doi:10.3390/ani11092510