Standart süreli yağış şiddetlerinin eğilim analizi yöntemleriyle incelenmesi
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 24 Sayı: 6, 974 - 1004, 18.12.2018
Utku Zeybekoğlu
,
Halil Karahan
Öz
Dünya
ekosistemindeki olumsuzluklar ve küresel ısınma günümüzde insanlığın en önemli
sorunlarından birini oluşturmaktadır. Küresel ısınma, buzulların erimesi, deniz
suyu seviyesinde yükselme ve yağışlardaki düzensizlikler bu problemlerin varlığını
gözler önüne sermektedir. Yağışlardaki düzensizlikler mevcut ve planlanan su
yapıları açısından büyük önem arz etmektedir. Ülkemizde son zamanlarda; uzun
yıllarda ölçülen yağış ortalaması verilerindeki düzensizlikler, azalmalar ve
yağış şiddetlerindeki düzensizlikler sık sık görülmektedir. Bu bulgular
Türkiye’nin de ekosistemden ve küresel ısınmadan farklı boyutlarda
etkilendiğini göstermektedir. Çalışmada, Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü’nden temin
edilen gözlem süresi 20 yıldan fazla olan Türkiye’deki 207 gözlem istasyonuna
ait Standart Sürelerde Gözlenen Maksimum Yağış Verilerinden elde edilen
Standart Süreli Yağış Şiddeti Verileri kullanılarak istasyonlardaki yağış
şiddetlerinin eğilimleri tespit edilmiştir. Eğilim tespit edilirken Mann
Kendall ve Spearman’ın Rho, baskınlık belirlemede ise Yenilikçi Eğilim
Çözümlemesi yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. İstasyonlara ait
verilerdeki her bir standart süre için Mann-Kendall ve Spearman’ın Rho eğilim
belirleme yöntemleri ile eğilimler, yenilikçi eğilim çözümlemesi kullanılarak
veri setlerindeki baskınlık belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen sonuçlar eşliğinde her
bir standart süre için kullanılan istasyonların eğilim ve baskınlık
haritaları hazırlanmıştır.
Kaynakça
- Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. “2014 Yılı Alansal Yağış Değerlendirmesi”. Ankara, Türkiye, 2015.
- Gümüş V. Fırat Havzası Akımlarının Trend Analizi İle Değerlendirilmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Harran Üniversitesi, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye, 2006.
- Abtew W, Obeysekera J, Shih. “Spatial analysis for monthly rainfall in south florida”. Water Resources Bulletin, 29(2), 179-188, 1993.
- Aydın O, Çiçek İ. “Ege Bölgesi’nde yağışın mekânsal dağılımı”. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 101-120, 2010.
- Bastin G, Lorent B, Duque C, Gevers M. “Optimal estimation of the average areal rainfall and optimal selection of raingage locations". Water Resources Research, 20(4), 463-470, 1984.
- Bonaccorso B, Cancelliere A, Rossi G. “Detecting trends of extreme rainfall series in sicily”. Advances in Geosciences, 2, 7-11, 2005.
- Bostan PA, Heuvelink GBM, Akyurek SZ. “Comparison of regression and kriging techniques for mapping the average annual precipitation of Turkey”. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 19, 115-126, 2012.
- Brunetti M, Colacino M, Maugeri M, Nanni T. “Trends in the daily intensity of precipitation in ıtaly from 1951 to 1996”. International Journal of Climatology, 21, 299-316, 2001a.
- Buffoni L, Maugeri M, Nanni T. “Precipitation in Italy from 1833 to 1996”. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 63(1-2), 33-40, 1999.
- Buishand TA. “Some methods for testing the homogeneity of rainfall records”. Journal Hydrology, 58(1-2), 11-27, 1982.
- Gong Dao, Yi, Shi Pei, Jun, Wang Jing, Ai. “Daily precipitation changes ın the semi- arid region over northern China”. Journal of Arid Environment, 59(4), 771-784, 2004.
- Kadıoğlu M. “Regional variability of seasonal precipitation over Turkey”. International Journal of Climatology, 20(14), 1743-1760, 2000.
- Partal T, Kahya E. “Trend analysis in Turkish precipitation data”. Hydrology Process, 20(9), 2011-2026, 2006.
- Türkeş M. “Spatial and temporal analysis of annual rainfall variations in Turkey”. International Journal of Climatology, 16, 1057-1076, 1996.
- Liuzzo L, Freni G. “Analysis of extreme rainfall trends in Sicily fort he evaluation of depth-duration-frequency curves in climate change scenarios” . Journal Hydrological Engineering, 20(12),1-12, 2015.
- Jones PD. Wigley TML, Wright PB. “Global temperature variations between 1861 and 1984”. Nature, 322, 430-434, 1986.
- Kadıoğlu M. “Trends in surface air temperature data over Turkey”. International Journal of Climatology, 17(5), 511-520, 1997.
- Rio S, Herrero L, Pinto-Gomes C, Penas A. “Spatial analysis of mean temperature trends in Spain over the period 1961-2006”. Global and Planetary Change, 78(1), 65-75, 2011.
- Tabari H, Talaee P. “Analysis of trends in temperature data in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran”. Global and Planetary Change, 79(1), 1-10, 2011.
- Türkeş M, Sümer UM, Kılıç G. “Variations and trends in annual mean air temperatures in Turkey with respect to climatic variability”. International Journal of Climatology, 15, 557-569, 1995.
- Dogan M, Ulke A, Cigizoglu HK. “Trend direction changes of turkish tempereture series in the first half of 1990’s”. Theoretical Applied Climatology, 121(1-2), 23-39, 2015.
- Karabörk Ç. “Trends in drought patterns of Turkey”. Journal of Environmental Engineering Science, 6(1), 45-52, 2007.
- Türkeş M. Türkiye’de Kurak Bölgeler ve Önemli Kurak Yıllar, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye, 1990.
- Yue S, Pilon P, Phinney B. “Canadian streamflow trend detection: Impacts of serial correlation”. Hydrological Process, 48(1), 51-63, 2003.
- Yıldırım YE, Türkes M, Tekiner M. “Time-series analysis of longterm variations in stream-flow data of some stream-flow stations over the Gediz Basin and in precipitation of the Akhisar Station”. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(1), 17-24, 2003.
- Zhang X, Harvey KD, Hogg WD, Yuzyk TR. “Trends in Canada streamflow”. Water Resources Research, 37(4), 987-998, 2001.
- Hirsch RM, Slack JR, Smith RA. “Techniques of trend for monthly water quality data”. Water Resources Research, 18(1), 107-121, 1982.
- İçağa Y. Analysis of Trends in Water Quality Using Nonparametric Methods, Dokuz Eylül University, MSc Thesis, İzmir, Turkey, 174, 1994.
- İçağa Y, Harmancıoğlu N. “Yeşilırmak havzasında su kalitesi eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi”. Türkiye İnşaat Mühendisliği XIII. Teknik Kongresi, Ankara, Türkiye, 20-22 Aralık 1995.
- Kalaycı S, Kahya E. “Susurluk havzası nehirlerinde su kalitesi trendlerinin belirlenmesi”. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 22, 503-514, 1998.
- Larson RS.”Water Quality Trends of the Illinois Waterway System Upstream of Peoria Including the Chicago Metropolitan Area, prepared for the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, Contract Report 2001-03”. Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, Illinois, USA, 215, 2001.
- Önöz B, Beyazıt M.”The power of statistical tests for trend detection”. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 27, 247- 251, 2003.
- Aydın F, Topaloğlu F. “Türkiye buharlaşma verilerinin gidiş analizi”. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(2), 173-184, 2010.
- Dalezios NR, Loukas A, Bampzelis D. “Spatial variability of reference evapotranspiration in Greece”. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 27, 1031-1038, 2002.
- Zeybekoğlu U. Standart Süreli Yağış Şiddetlerinin Eğilim Analizi Yöntemleriyle İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Denizli, Türkiye, 2016.
- Sen Z. “Innovative trend analysis methodology”. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 17(9), 1042-1046, 2012.
- Karahan H. “Bölgesel Yağış-Şiddet-Süre-Frekans Bağıntılarının Diferansiyel Gelişim Algoritması Kullanılarak Elde Edilmesi”. TÜBİTAK (108Y299), Sonuç Raporu, Ankara, Türkiye, 2011.
- Mann HB. “Non-Parametric tests against trend”. Econometrica, 13, 163-171, 1945.
- Kendall MG. Rank Correlation Methods, Griffin, London, 1975.
- Sen Z. “Trend identification simulation and application”. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 19(3), 635-642, 2013.
Investigation of rainfall intensity series of standard duration with trend analysis methods
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 24 Sayı: 6, 974 - 1004, 18.12.2018
Utku Zeybekoğlu
,
Halil Karahan
Öz
Emerging
changes in the ecosystem and global warming are among the humanity’s most
important issues in today’s world. Global warming, melting of glaciers, rising
sea water levels and irregularities in rainfall show the existence of these
problems. The irregularities in rainfall are of great importance in terms of
existing and planned water structures. Recently in our country; irregularities
in averaged rainfall data measured over many years, declines and irregularities
in the intensity of precipitation are frequently observed. These findings show
that Turkey is also affected by ecosystem and global warming in different
dimensions. Trends in rainfall intensity at stations were determined by using
the standard duration rainfall intensity data obtained from the Maximum
Rainfall Data observed in standard durations by 207 observation stations in
Turkey, the observation period being over 20 years. The data was obtained from
the General Directorate of Meteorology. Mann Kendall and Spearman's Rho were
used to identify trends, while Innovative Trend Analysis methods were used to determine
dominance. Trends were determined by using Mann-Kendall and Spearman's Rho
trend testing methods for each standard time of station data, and the dominance
of data sets were determined by using innovative trend analysis. Trend and
dominance maps of the stations used for each standard duration are prepared in
the context of the determined results.
Kaynakça
- Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. “2014 Yılı Alansal Yağış Değerlendirmesi”. Ankara, Türkiye, 2015.
- Gümüş V. Fırat Havzası Akımlarının Trend Analizi İle Değerlendirilmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Harran Üniversitesi, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye, 2006.
- Abtew W, Obeysekera J, Shih. “Spatial analysis for monthly rainfall in south florida”. Water Resources Bulletin, 29(2), 179-188, 1993.
- Aydın O, Çiçek İ. “Ege Bölgesi’nde yağışın mekânsal dağılımı”. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 101-120, 2010.
- Bastin G, Lorent B, Duque C, Gevers M. “Optimal estimation of the average areal rainfall and optimal selection of raingage locations". Water Resources Research, 20(4), 463-470, 1984.
- Bonaccorso B, Cancelliere A, Rossi G. “Detecting trends of extreme rainfall series in sicily”. Advances in Geosciences, 2, 7-11, 2005.
- Bostan PA, Heuvelink GBM, Akyurek SZ. “Comparison of regression and kriging techniques for mapping the average annual precipitation of Turkey”. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 19, 115-126, 2012.
- Brunetti M, Colacino M, Maugeri M, Nanni T. “Trends in the daily intensity of precipitation in ıtaly from 1951 to 1996”. International Journal of Climatology, 21, 299-316, 2001a.
- Buffoni L, Maugeri M, Nanni T. “Precipitation in Italy from 1833 to 1996”. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 63(1-2), 33-40, 1999.
- Buishand TA. “Some methods for testing the homogeneity of rainfall records”. Journal Hydrology, 58(1-2), 11-27, 1982.
- Gong Dao, Yi, Shi Pei, Jun, Wang Jing, Ai. “Daily precipitation changes ın the semi- arid region over northern China”. Journal of Arid Environment, 59(4), 771-784, 2004.
- Kadıoğlu M. “Regional variability of seasonal precipitation over Turkey”. International Journal of Climatology, 20(14), 1743-1760, 2000.
- Partal T, Kahya E. “Trend analysis in Turkish precipitation data”. Hydrology Process, 20(9), 2011-2026, 2006.
- Türkeş M. “Spatial and temporal analysis of annual rainfall variations in Turkey”. International Journal of Climatology, 16, 1057-1076, 1996.
- Liuzzo L, Freni G. “Analysis of extreme rainfall trends in Sicily fort he evaluation of depth-duration-frequency curves in climate change scenarios” . Journal Hydrological Engineering, 20(12),1-12, 2015.
- Jones PD. Wigley TML, Wright PB. “Global temperature variations between 1861 and 1984”. Nature, 322, 430-434, 1986.
- Kadıoğlu M. “Trends in surface air temperature data over Turkey”. International Journal of Climatology, 17(5), 511-520, 1997.
- Rio S, Herrero L, Pinto-Gomes C, Penas A. “Spatial analysis of mean temperature trends in Spain over the period 1961-2006”. Global and Planetary Change, 78(1), 65-75, 2011.
- Tabari H, Talaee P. “Analysis of trends in temperature data in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran”. Global and Planetary Change, 79(1), 1-10, 2011.
- Türkeş M, Sümer UM, Kılıç G. “Variations and trends in annual mean air temperatures in Turkey with respect to climatic variability”. International Journal of Climatology, 15, 557-569, 1995.
- Dogan M, Ulke A, Cigizoglu HK. “Trend direction changes of turkish tempereture series in the first half of 1990’s”. Theoretical Applied Climatology, 121(1-2), 23-39, 2015.
- Karabörk Ç. “Trends in drought patterns of Turkey”. Journal of Environmental Engineering Science, 6(1), 45-52, 2007.
- Türkeş M. Türkiye’de Kurak Bölgeler ve Önemli Kurak Yıllar, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye, 1990.
- Yue S, Pilon P, Phinney B. “Canadian streamflow trend detection: Impacts of serial correlation”. Hydrological Process, 48(1), 51-63, 2003.
- Yıldırım YE, Türkes M, Tekiner M. “Time-series analysis of longterm variations in stream-flow data of some stream-flow stations over the Gediz Basin and in precipitation of the Akhisar Station”. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(1), 17-24, 2003.
- Zhang X, Harvey KD, Hogg WD, Yuzyk TR. “Trends in Canada streamflow”. Water Resources Research, 37(4), 987-998, 2001.
- Hirsch RM, Slack JR, Smith RA. “Techniques of trend for monthly water quality data”. Water Resources Research, 18(1), 107-121, 1982.
- İçağa Y. Analysis of Trends in Water Quality Using Nonparametric Methods, Dokuz Eylül University, MSc Thesis, İzmir, Turkey, 174, 1994.
- İçağa Y, Harmancıoğlu N. “Yeşilırmak havzasında su kalitesi eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi”. Türkiye İnşaat Mühendisliği XIII. Teknik Kongresi, Ankara, Türkiye, 20-22 Aralık 1995.
- Kalaycı S, Kahya E. “Susurluk havzası nehirlerinde su kalitesi trendlerinin belirlenmesi”. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 22, 503-514, 1998.
- Larson RS.”Water Quality Trends of the Illinois Waterway System Upstream of Peoria Including the Chicago Metropolitan Area, prepared for the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, Contract Report 2001-03”. Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, Illinois, USA, 215, 2001.
- Önöz B, Beyazıt M.”The power of statistical tests for trend detection”. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 27, 247- 251, 2003.
- Aydın F, Topaloğlu F. “Türkiye buharlaşma verilerinin gidiş analizi”. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(2), 173-184, 2010.
- Dalezios NR, Loukas A, Bampzelis D. “Spatial variability of reference evapotranspiration in Greece”. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 27, 1031-1038, 2002.
- Zeybekoğlu U. Standart Süreli Yağış Şiddetlerinin Eğilim Analizi Yöntemleriyle İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Denizli, Türkiye, 2016.
- Sen Z. “Innovative trend analysis methodology”. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 17(9), 1042-1046, 2012.
- Karahan H. “Bölgesel Yağış-Şiddet-Süre-Frekans Bağıntılarının Diferansiyel Gelişim Algoritması Kullanılarak Elde Edilmesi”. TÜBİTAK (108Y299), Sonuç Raporu, Ankara, Türkiye, 2011.
- Mann HB. “Non-Parametric tests against trend”. Econometrica, 13, 163-171, 1945.
- Kendall MG. Rank Correlation Methods, Griffin, London, 1975.
- Sen Z. “Trend identification simulation and application”. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 19(3), 635-642, 2013.