Farklı cihaz ve yöntemler ile belirlenen Shore sertlik değerlerinin karbonatlı kayaçların gevreklik değerlerinin tahmininde kullanılabilirliğinin incelenmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 441 - 448, 09.06.2021

Deniz Akbay Gökhan Ekincioğlu Raşit Altındağ Nazmi Şengün

Öz

Yeraltı veya yer üstü mühendislik projeleri öncesinde kayaçların kesilebilirlik ve delinebilirlik özelliklerini etkileyen sertlik ve gevreklik değerlerinin belirlenmesi çok önemlidir. Kayaçların kesilebilirlik ve delinebilirlik özelliklerini belirlemek, bazı diğer fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerini doğrudan belirlemek için uygulanan testler gibi pahalı ve zaman alıcı olabilmektedir. Kayaçların sertlik değerlerinin belirlemesi nispeten diğer özelliklerine göre daha ekonomik ve hızlı olmaktadır. Ayrıca sertlik değerleri, kayaçların fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerinin tahmininde güvenilir bir şekilde kullanılabilmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, 13 farklı karbonatlı kayacın Shore sertlik değerleri üç farklı cihaz (C-2 tipi Shore Scleroscope’u, dijital durometre ve dijital Shore sertliği ölçüm cihazı) kullanılarak aynı numuneler üzerinde belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler sonucunda farklı ölçüm cihazlarının klasik yöntem yerine kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca kazı mekaniği açısından önemli bir kayaç özelliği olan ve literatürde basınç ve çekme dayanımı değerleri dikkate alınarak önerilen dört farklı gevreklik değerinin tahmin edilmesinde kullanılabilecek en uygun yüzey sertliği ölçme yönteminin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Üç farklı cihazdan elde edilen Shore sertlik değerleriyle dört farklı gevreklik değeri arasındaki ilişkiler basit regresyon analizleri ile irdelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak dijital Shore sertliği ölçüm cihazlarının klasik C-2 tipi Shore Scleroscope’u yerine güvenli bir şekilde kullanılabileceği görülmüştür. Shore sertlik değerinin literatürde çokça kullanılan dört farklı gevreklik değerinden iki tanesini tahmin etmede güvenilir olduğu iki tanesini tahmin etmede ise kullanılamayacağı belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Shore sertliği, Gevreklik, Doğal taş, Fiziksel ve mekanik özellikler

Investigation of the usability of Shore hardness values determined by different devices and methods to estimate the brittleness values of carbonated rocks

Öz

It is very important to determine the hardness and brittleness values of rocks, which affect the cuttability and drillability properties of underground or aboveground engineering projects. Determining cuttability and drillability properties of rocks can be expensive and time consuming, such as tests applied to directly determine some other physical and mechanical properties. The determination of the hardness values of rocks is relatively economical and faster than other properties. In addition, hardness values can be used reliably to estimate the physical and mechanical properties of rocks. In this study, Shore Hardness values of 13 different carbonated rocks were determined on the same samples using three different devices (C-2 type Shore Scleroscope, digital durometer and digital Shore Hardness device). As a result of the data obtained, the availability of different measuring instruments instead of the classical method was investigated. In addition, it was aimed to determine the most suitable surface hardness measurement method, which is an important rock property in terms of excavation mechanics, and which can be used to estimate the four different brittleness values recommended by considering the pressure and tensile strength values in the literature. Relationships between Shore Hardness values obtained from three different devices and four different brittleness values were examined with simple regression analysis. As a result, it has been seen that digital Shore Hardness measurement devices can be used safely instead of the classic C-2 type Shore Scleroscope. It has been determined that Shore Hardness value is reliable in predicting two of four different brittleness values, which are widely used in the literature, and cannot be used in estimating two.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Shore hardness, Brittleness, Natural stone, Physical and mechanical properties

Kaynakça

• [1] Shalabi FI, Cording, EJ, Al-Hattamleh, OH. “Estimation of rock engineering properties using hardness tests”. Engineering Geology, 90(3-4), 138-147, 2007.
• [2] Yagiz S. Development of rock Fracture and Brittleness Indices to Quantify the Effects of Rock Mass Features and Toughness in the CSM Model Basic Penetration for Hard Rock Tunneling Machines. PhD Thesis, Colorado School of Mines, Illinois, United States, 2002.
• [3] Yagiz, S. “Utilizing rock mass properties for predicting TBM performance in hard rock condition”. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology, 23(3), 326-339, 2008.
• [4] Yagiz, S. “Assessment of brittleness using rock strength and density with punch penetration test”. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 24(1), 66-74, 2009.
• [5] Handewith, HJ. “Predicting the economic success of continuous”. CIM Bulletin, 63, 595–9, 1970.
• [6] Dollinger GL, Handewith HJ, Breeds CD. “Use of the punch test for estimating TBM performance”. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 13(4), 403-408, 1998.
• [7] Szwedzicki, T. “Draft ISRM suggested method for determining the indentation hardness index of rock materials”. International Journal of Rock Mechanics Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 35(6), 831-835, 1998.
• [8] Dollinger GL, Raymer JH. “Rock mass conditions as baseline values for TBM perfor- mance evaluation”. North American Tunneling Conference, Seattle, USA, 18-22 May 2002.
• [9] Copur H, Bilgin N, Tuncdemir H, Balci C. “A set of indices based on indentation test for assessment of rock cutting performance and rock properties”. Journal of South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 103(9), 589-600, 2003.
• [10] Xia Y, Zhou H, Zhang C, He S, Gao Y, Wang P. “The evaluation of rock brittleness and its application: a review study”. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2019.1655485.
• [11] Altındağ R, Güney A. “Predicting the relationships between brittleness and mechanical properties (UCS, TS and SH) of rocks”. Scientific Research and Essays, 5(16), 2107-2118, 2010.
• [12] Yagiz S, Gokceoglu C. “Application of fuzzy inference system and nonlinear regression models for predicting rock brittleness”. Expert Systems with Applications, 37(3), 2265-2272, 2010.
• [13] Yagiz S, Karahan H. “Application of various optimization techniques and comparison of their performances for predicting TBM penetration rate in rock mass”. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 80, 308-315, 2015.
• [14] Tarasov B, Potvin Y. “Universal criteria for rock brittleness estimation under triaxial compression”. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 59, 57-69, 2013.
• [15] Meng F, Zhou H, Zhang C, Xu R, Lu J. “Evaluation methodology of brittleness of rock based on post-peak stressestrain curves”. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 48(5), 1787-1805, 2015.
• [16] Hucka V, Das B. “Brittleness determination of rocks by different methods”. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 11(10), 389-92, 1974.
• [17] Altindag R. “The evaluation of rock brittleness concept on rotary blast hole drills”. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 102(1), 61-66, 2002.
• [18] Yagiz S. “A model for prediction of tunnel boring machine performance. Substructures and underground space. Engineering geology for tomorrow’s cities”. The 10th International Association of Engineering Geologists Congress, Nottingham, United Kingdom, 6-10 September 2006.
• [19] Kaunda RB, Asbury B. “Prediction of rock brittleness using nondestructive methods for hard rock tunneling”. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 8(4), 533-540, 2016.
• [20] Altindag R. “Assessment of some brittleness indices in rock-drilling efficiency”. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 43(3), 361-370, 2010.
• [21] Bishop AW. “Progressive failure with special reference to the mechanism causing it”. Proceedings of the Geotechnical Conference, Oslo, Norway, 19-22 September 1961.
• [22] Altindag R. “Reply to H.G. Denkhaus ‘Brittleness and drillability’ in the Journal of Alloys and Compounds”. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 40, 675-678, 2003.
• [23] Sehgal J, Nakao Y, Takahashi H, Ito S. “Brittleness of glasses by indentation”. Journal of Materials Science Letters, 14(3), 167-169, 1995.
• [24] Çelik MY, Yeşilkaya L, Ersoy M, Turgut T. “Karbonat kökenlı̇ doğaltaşlarda tane boyu ı̇le knoop sertlı̇k değerı̇ arasindaki ı̇lı̇şkı̇nı̇n ı̇ncelenmesı̇”. Madencilik, 50(2), 29-40, 2011.
• [25] ISRM. “Suggested Methods for Determining Hardness and Abrasiveness of rocks”. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 15(3), 89-97, 1978.
• [26] Çelik SF, Çobanoğlu, İ. “Comparative investigation of Shore, Schmidt, and Leeb hardness tests in the characterization of rock materials”. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(554), 1-16, 2019.
• [27] Su O, Momayez M. “Kayaçların Equotip sertlik indeksi ile mekanik özellikleri ve delinebilirliği arasındaki ilişkiler”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi-Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 19(56), 519-531, 2017.
• [28] Protodyakonov MM. “Mechanical properties and drillability of rocks”. Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium Rock Mechanics, Minnesota, USA, 5 May 1963.
• [29] George EA. Brittle Failure of Rock Materials: Test Results and Constitutive Models. Rotterdam, Netherlands, AA Balkema, 1995.
• [30] Blindheim OT, Bruland A. “Boreability testing, Norwegian TBM tunneling 30 years of experience with TBMs in Norwegian Tunneling”. Norwegian Soil and Rock Engineering Association, 11, 29-34, 1998.
• [31] Yaral O, Soyer E. The effect of mechanical rock properties and brittleness on drillability. Scientific Research and Essays, 6(5), 1077-1088, 2011.
• [32] McFeat-Smith I. Rock property testing for the assessment of tunnelling machine performance. Tunnels Tunnelling, 9(2), 29-33, 1977.
• [33] Güney A, Altındağ R, Kibici Y. "Mermerlerin anizotropik karekteristiğinin Shore sertliği üzerine etkisi". 5. Endüstriyel Hammaddeler Sempozyumu, İzmir, Türkiye, 13-14 Mayıs 2004.
• [34] International Society for Rock Mechanics. The complete ISRM Suggested Methods for Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring: 1974-2006. Editors: Ulusay R and Hudson JA. Ankara, Turkey, 2007.
• [35] Ekincioğlu G, Güney A, Akbay D, Altındağ R. “Dairesel Testereli Kesme Makinelerinin Saatlik Üretim Miktarının Mermer Yüzey Sertliğine Bağlı Olarak Yapay Sinir Ağı (YSA) ve Regresyon Analizleri (RA) ile Tahmin Edilmesi”. Türkiye 9. Uluslararası Mermer ve Doğaltaş Kongresi ve Sergisi, Antalya, Türkiye, 13-15 Aralık 2017.
• [36] Altindag R, Guney A. "ISRM suggested method for determining the Shore Hardness value for rock". International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 43, 19-22, 2006.
• [37] Türk Standartları Enstitüsü. “Doğal Taşlar-Deney Yöntemleri-Tek Eksenli Basinç Dayanimi Tayini”. Ankara, Türkiye, TS EN 1926, 2013.