Araştırma Makalesi
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KENT İKLİMİ ÜZERİNDE YEŞİL ALANLARIN ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 24 - 30, 30.12.2019

Öz

Nüfus artışı ve beraberinde yaşanan
çarpık/plansız kentleşmeyle arazi örtüsü/arazi kullanımında yaşanan değişimler
kent ikliminin de değişimine sebep olmaktadır. Bu değişimler kırsal ve kentsel
alanlar arasında sıcaklık farkını artırmaktadır. Özellikle yeşil alanların
azalması, bütünlük ve yapısının bozulması soğutma etkisinin zarar görmesine
sebep olmaktadır. İklim değişime uyum ve azaltma sürecinde yeşil alanlar önemli
rol üstlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada son yıllarda yoğun yapılaşmanın yaşandığı
Samsun Atakum ilçesinin AK/AÖ sınıf farklıklarının ve yeşil alan leke
konfigürasyonun arazi yüzey sıcaklığını nasıl etkilediği açıklanmaya
çalışılmıştır. AK/AÖ sınıflarını ve mevsimsel olarak yüzey sıcaklığını
tanımlamak amacıyla Landsat 8 OLI uydu görüntüleri Arcgis yazılımı kullanılarak
sınıflandırmış ve sıcaklık haritaları oluşturulmuştur. AK/AÖ her bir sınıfı
için ve her bir yeşil alan lekesi için ortalama yüzey sıcaklık değerleri
tanımlanmıştır. Ayrıca yeşil alan lekelerinin ortalama leke boyutu ve ortalama
şekil indeksine yönelik analizler yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, AK/AÖ açısından
incelendiğinde su yüzeylerin özellikle yaz mevsiminde kentsel alanlarda
soğutmada etkin olduğu, kentsel yeşil alanların kent iklimine soğutma yönünde
katkı sağlayacağı görülmektedir. Yeşil alanlara ilişkin metrik değerleri ve
yüzey sıcaklık değerleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki elde edilememiştir. Bu
nedenle bir sonraki çalışmada yeşil alan lekeleri, yükseklik, yakın çevresinin
yüzey sıcaklığı üzerine olan etkileri araştırılacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Asgarian, A, Jabbarian, A, Sakieh, Y (2015). Assessing the effect of green cover spatial patterns on urban land surface temperature using landscape metrics approach. Urban Ecosystems 18(1): 209–222, DOI 10.1007/s11252-014-0387-7.
  • Avdan U, Jovanovska G (2016). Algorithm for Automated Mapping of Land Surface Temperature Using LANDSAT 8 Satellite Data. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Sensors 1480307: 8, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1480307.
  • Barnoaiea A R (2011). Quantifying landscape fragmentation on orthophotos in Suceava and Neamt Counties Using Fragstats. Journal of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology 15(3): 175- 181, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/84d3/72775882b4921edacb080a1e8fcd779d40a1.pdf, Ziyaret Tarihi: 21.03.2019).
  • Chen A, Yao X. A, Sun, R., Chen L (2014). Effect of urban green patterns on surface urban cool islands and its seasonal variations. Elsevier; Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13: 646–654, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2014.07.006.
  • Connors J P, Galletti C S, Chow W T L (2013). Landscape configuration and urban heat island effects: assessing the relationship between landscape characteristics and land surface temperature in Phoenix, Arizona. Landscape Ecology 28(2): 271–283, DOI 10.1007/s10980-012-9833-1.
  • Dissanayake D, Morimoto T, Murayama Y, Ranagalage M (2019). Impact of Landscape Structure on the Variation of Land Surface Temperature in Sub-Saharan Region: A Case Study of Addis Ababa using Landsat Data (1986–2016). Sustainability, 11, 2257; doi:10.3390/su11082257.
  • Duman Yüksel Ü (2005) Ankara Kentinde Kentsel Isı Adası Etkisinin Yaz Aylarında Uzaktan Algılama ve Meteorolojik Gözlemlere Dayalı Olarak Saptanması ve Değerlendirilmesi Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Estoque R C, Murayama Y, Myint S W (2017). Effects of landscape composition and pattern on land surface temperature: An urban heat island study in the megacities of Southeast Asia. Science of the Total Environment 577: 349–359, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.195.
  • Feng H, Zhao X, Chen F, Wu L (2014). Using land use change trajectories to quantify the effects of urbanization on urban heat island. Advances in Space Research 53 (3): 463–473, DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2013.11.028.
  • Gartland L (2008) Heat Islands; Understanding and Mitigating Heat in Urban Areas. Eartscan, ISBN-13:978-1-84407-250-7.
  • Gerçek D, Türkmenoğlu Bayraktar N (2014). Kentsel Isı Adası Etkisinin Uzaktan Algılama İle Tespiti ve Değerlendirilmesi: İzmit Kenti Örneği. 5. Uzaktan Algılama-CBS Sempozyumu (14-17 Ekim 2014), İstanbul https://www.kongresistemi.com/root/dosyalar/uzalcbs2014/360.pdf.
  • Kim JH, Gu D, Shon W, Kil SH., Kim H, Lee, DK (2016). Neighborhood Landscape Spatial Patterns and Land Surface Temperature: An Empirical Study on Single-Family Residential Areas in Austin, Texas. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13(9): 880, Doi:10.3390/ijerph13090880.
  • Kong F, Yin H, James P, Hutyra L R, He H S (2014). Effects of spatial pattern of greenspace on urban cooling in a large metropolitan area of eastern China. Landscape and Urban Planning 128: 35–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.04.018.Landsberg H E (1981) Urban Climate. Academıc Press, ISBN 0-12-435960-4, London.
  • Landsberg H E (1981) Urban Climate. Academıc Press, ISBN 0-12-435960-4, London.
  • Li J J, Wang X R, Wang X J, Ma W C, Zhang H (2009). Remote sensing evaluation of urban heat island and its spatial pattern of the Shanghai metropolitan area, China. Ecological Complexity 6 (4): 413–420, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.02.002.
  • Li J, Song C, Cao L, Zhu F, Meng X, Wu J (2011). Impacts of landscape structure on surface urban heat islands: A case study of Shanghai, China. Elsevier, Remote Sensing of Environment 115 (12): 3249–3263, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.07.008.
  • Li X, Weiqi Z, Ouyang Z (2013). Relationship between land surface temperature and spatial pattern of greenspace: What are the effects of spatial resolution?. Landscape and Urban Planning 114: 1– 8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.02.005.
  • Li Y Y, Zhang H, Kainz W (2012). Monitoring patterns of urban heat islands of the fast-growing Shanghai metropolis, China: Using time-series of Landsat TM/ETM+ data. Elsevier, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 19: 127–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2012.05.001.
  • Lin W, Yu T, Chang X, Wu W, Zhang Y (2015). Calculating cooling extents of green parks using remote sensing: Method and test. Landscape and Urban Planning 134: 66–75, DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.10.012.
  • Oke T R. Mills G, Christen A, Voogt J A (2017) Urban Climates. University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, DOI: 10.1017/9781139016476, United Kingdom.
  • Peng J, Xie P, Liu Y, Ma J (2016). Urban thermal environment dynamics and associated landscape pattern factors: A case study in the Beijing metropolitan region. Remote Sensing of Environment 173: 145–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.11.027.
  • Shih W (2017). Greenspace patterns and the mitigation of land surface temperature in Taipei metropolis. Habitat International 60: 69-80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.12.006.
  • Sun R, Chen L (2017). Effects of green space dynamics on urban heat islands: Mitigation and diversification. Ecosystem Services 23: 38–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.11.011.
  • USGS (2018). Landsat 8 Data Users Handbook, https://www.usgs.gov/media/files/landsat-8-data-users-handbook. (Access date: 18. 09.2019).
  • Weng Q, Lu D, Schubring J (2004). Estimation of land surface temperature–vegetation abundance relationship for urban heat island studies. Remote Sensing of Environment 89(4): 467– 483, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.005.
  • Wu H, Ye L P, Shi W Z, Clarke K C (2014). Assessing the effects of land use spatial structure on urban heat islands using HJ-1B remote sensing imagery in Wuhan, China. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 32: 67–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2014.03.019.
  • Yılmaz A (2004). Samsun kentinin yeni gelişim alanları: Atakum, Atakent, Kurupelit. Türk Cografya Dergisi, Sayı: 42: 59-72, İstanbul. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/198546 (Ziyaret tarihi: 12.11.2019).
  • Yılmaz İ, Öztürk D (2019). Samsun-Atakum Orman Alanlarının Belirlenmesinde Farklı Bitki İndekslerinin Karşılaştırılması. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies 3(1): 9-13.
  • Yu X, Guo X, Zhaocong W (2014). Land Surface Temperature Retrieval from Landsat 8 TIRS — Comparison between Radiative Transfer Equation-Based Method, Split Window Algorithm and Single Channel Method. Remote Sensing 6(10):9829-9852, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6109829.
  • Yu Z, Guo X, Jongensen G, Vejre H (2017). How can urban green spaces be planned for climate adaptation in subtropical cities?. Ecological Indicators 82: 152–162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.07.002.
  • Yuan F, Bauer M E (2007). Comparison of impervious surface area and normalized difference vegetation index as indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery. Elsevier, Remote Sensing of Environment 106(3):375–386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.09.003.
  • Zhou W, Huang G, Cadenasso M (2011). Does spatial configuration matter? Understanding the effects of land cover pattern on land surface temperature in urban landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 102(1): 54–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.03.009.
Yıl 2019, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 24 - 30, 30.12.2019

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Asgarian, A, Jabbarian, A, Sakieh, Y (2015). Assessing the effect of green cover spatial patterns on urban land surface temperature using landscape metrics approach. Urban Ecosystems 18(1): 209–222, DOI 10.1007/s11252-014-0387-7.
  • Avdan U, Jovanovska G (2016). Algorithm for Automated Mapping of Land Surface Temperature Using LANDSAT 8 Satellite Data. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Sensors 1480307: 8, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1480307.
  • Barnoaiea A R (2011). Quantifying landscape fragmentation on orthophotos in Suceava and Neamt Counties Using Fragstats. Journal of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology 15(3): 175- 181, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/84d3/72775882b4921edacb080a1e8fcd779d40a1.pdf, Ziyaret Tarihi: 21.03.2019).
  • Chen A, Yao X. A, Sun, R., Chen L (2014). Effect of urban green patterns on surface urban cool islands and its seasonal variations. Elsevier; Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13: 646–654, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2014.07.006.
  • Connors J P, Galletti C S, Chow W T L (2013). Landscape configuration and urban heat island effects: assessing the relationship between landscape characteristics and land surface temperature in Phoenix, Arizona. Landscape Ecology 28(2): 271–283, DOI 10.1007/s10980-012-9833-1.
  • Dissanayake D, Morimoto T, Murayama Y, Ranagalage M (2019). Impact of Landscape Structure on the Variation of Land Surface Temperature in Sub-Saharan Region: A Case Study of Addis Ababa using Landsat Data (1986–2016). Sustainability, 11, 2257; doi:10.3390/su11082257.
  • Duman Yüksel Ü (2005) Ankara Kentinde Kentsel Isı Adası Etkisinin Yaz Aylarında Uzaktan Algılama ve Meteorolojik Gözlemlere Dayalı Olarak Saptanması ve Değerlendirilmesi Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Estoque R C, Murayama Y, Myint S W (2017). Effects of landscape composition and pattern on land surface temperature: An urban heat island study in the megacities of Southeast Asia. Science of the Total Environment 577: 349–359, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.195.
  • Feng H, Zhao X, Chen F, Wu L (2014). Using land use change trajectories to quantify the effects of urbanization on urban heat island. Advances in Space Research 53 (3): 463–473, DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2013.11.028.
  • Gartland L (2008) Heat Islands; Understanding and Mitigating Heat in Urban Areas. Eartscan, ISBN-13:978-1-84407-250-7.
  • Gerçek D, Türkmenoğlu Bayraktar N (2014). Kentsel Isı Adası Etkisinin Uzaktan Algılama İle Tespiti ve Değerlendirilmesi: İzmit Kenti Örneği. 5. Uzaktan Algılama-CBS Sempozyumu (14-17 Ekim 2014), İstanbul https://www.kongresistemi.com/root/dosyalar/uzalcbs2014/360.pdf.
  • Kim JH, Gu D, Shon W, Kil SH., Kim H, Lee, DK (2016). Neighborhood Landscape Spatial Patterns and Land Surface Temperature: An Empirical Study on Single-Family Residential Areas in Austin, Texas. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13(9): 880, Doi:10.3390/ijerph13090880.
  • Kong F, Yin H, James P, Hutyra L R, He H S (2014). Effects of spatial pattern of greenspace on urban cooling in a large metropolitan area of eastern China. Landscape and Urban Planning 128: 35–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.04.018.Landsberg H E (1981) Urban Climate. Academıc Press, ISBN 0-12-435960-4, London.
  • Landsberg H E (1981) Urban Climate. Academıc Press, ISBN 0-12-435960-4, London.
  • Li J J, Wang X R, Wang X J, Ma W C, Zhang H (2009). Remote sensing evaluation of urban heat island and its spatial pattern of the Shanghai metropolitan area, China. Ecological Complexity 6 (4): 413–420, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.02.002.
  • Li J, Song C, Cao L, Zhu F, Meng X, Wu J (2011). Impacts of landscape structure on surface urban heat islands: A case study of Shanghai, China. Elsevier, Remote Sensing of Environment 115 (12): 3249–3263, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.07.008.
  • Li X, Weiqi Z, Ouyang Z (2013). Relationship between land surface temperature and spatial pattern of greenspace: What are the effects of spatial resolution?. Landscape and Urban Planning 114: 1– 8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.02.005.
  • Li Y Y, Zhang H, Kainz W (2012). Monitoring patterns of urban heat islands of the fast-growing Shanghai metropolis, China: Using time-series of Landsat TM/ETM+ data. Elsevier, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 19: 127–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2012.05.001.
  • Lin W, Yu T, Chang X, Wu W, Zhang Y (2015). Calculating cooling extents of green parks using remote sensing: Method and test. Landscape and Urban Planning 134: 66–75, DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.10.012.
  • Oke T R. Mills G, Christen A, Voogt J A (2017) Urban Climates. University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, DOI: 10.1017/9781139016476, United Kingdom.
  • Peng J, Xie P, Liu Y, Ma J (2016). Urban thermal environment dynamics and associated landscape pattern factors: A case study in the Beijing metropolitan region. Remote Sensing of Environment 173: 145–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.11.027.
  • Shih W (2017). Greenspace patterns and the mitigation of land surface temperature in Taipei metropolis. Habitat International 60: 69-80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.12.006.
  • Sun R, Chen L (2017). Effects of green space dynamics on urban heat islands: Mitigation and diversification. Ecosystem Services 23: 38–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.11.011.
  • USGS (2018). Landsat 8 Data Users Handbook, https://www.usgs.gov/media/files/landsat-8-data-users-handbook. (Access date: 18. 09.2019).
  • Weng Q, Lu D, Schubring J (2004). Estimation of land surface temperature–vegetation abundance relationship for urban heat island studies. Remote Sensing of Environment 89(4): 467– 483, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.005.
  • Wu H, Ye L P, Shi W Z, Clarke K C (2014). Assessing the effects of land use spatial structure on urban heat islands using HJ-1B remote sensing imagery in Wuhan, China. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 32: 67–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2014.03.019.
  • Yılmaz A (2004). Samsun kentinin yeni gelişim alanları: Atakum, Atakent, Kurupelit. Türk Cografya Dergisi, Sayı: 42: 59-72, İstanbul. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/198546 (Ziyaret tarihi: 12.11.2019).
  • Yılmaz İ, Öztürk D (2019). Samsun-Atakum Orman Alanlarının Belirlenmesinde Farklı Bitki İndekslerinin Karşılaştırılması. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies 3(1): 9-13.
  • Yu X, Guo X, Zhaocong W (2014). Land Surface Temperature Retrieval from Landsat 8 TIRS — Comparison between Radiative Transfer Equation-Based Method, Split Window Algorithm and Single Channel Method. Remote Sensing 6(10):9829-9852, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6109829.
  • Yu Z, Guo X, Jongensen G, Vejre H (2017). How can urban green spaces be planned for climate adaptation in subtropical cities?. Ecological Indicators 82: 152–162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.07.002.
  • Yuan F, Bauer M E (2007). Comparison of impervious surface area and normalized difference vegetation index as indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery. Elsevier, Remote Sensing of Environment 106(3):375–386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.09.003.
  • Zhou W, Huang G, Cadenasso M (2011). Does spatial configuration matter? Understanding the effects of land cover pattern on land surface temperature in urban landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 102(1): 54–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.03.009.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mimarlık
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yeliz Emecen 0000-0002-6498-6804

Nurgül Erdem 0000-0003-3379-2414

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Kasım 2019
Kabul Tarihi 30 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Emecen, Y., & Erdem, N. (2019). KENT İKLİMİ ÜZERİNDE YEŞİL ALANLARIN ETKİLERİ. Peyzaj Araştırmaları Ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 1(2), 24-30.
AMA Emecen Y, Erdem N. KENT İKLİMİ ÜZERİNDE YEŞİL ALANLARIN ETKİLERİ. PAUD. Aralık 2019;1(2):24-30.
Chicago Emecen, Yeliz, ve Nurgül Erdem. “KENT İKLİMİ ÜZERİNDE YEŞİL ALANLARIN ETKİLERİ”. Peyzaj Araştırmaları Ve Uygulamaları Dergisi 1, sy. 2 (Aralık 2019): 24-30.
EndNote Emecen Y, Erdem N (01 Aralık 2019) KENT İKLİMİ ÜZERİNDE YEŞİL ALANLARIN ETKİLERİ. Peyzaj Araştırmaları ve Uygulamaları Dergisi 1 2 24–30.
IEEE Y. Emecen ve N. Erdem, “KENT İKLİMİ ÜZERİNDE YEŞİL ALANLARIN ETKİLERİ”, PAUD, c. 1, sy. 2, ss. 24–30, 2019.
ISNAD Emecen, Yeliz - Erdem, Nurgül. “KENT İKLİMİ ÜZERİNDE YEŞİL ALANLARIN ETKİLERİ”. Peyzaj Araştırmaları ve Uygulamaları Dergisi 1/2 (Aralık 2019), 24-30.
JAMA Emecen Y, Erdem N. KENT İKLİMİ ÜZERİNDE YEŞİL ALANLARIN ETKİLERİ. PAUD. 2019;1:24–30.
MLA Emecen, Yeliz ve Nurgül Erdem. “KENT İKLİMİ ÜZERİNDE YEŞİL ALANLARIN ETKİLERİ”. Peyzaj Araştırmaları Ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, c. 1, sy. 2, 2019, ss. 24-30.
Vancouver Emecen Y, Erdem N. KENT İKLİMİ ÜZERİNDE YEŞİL ALANLARIN ETKİLERİ. PAUD. 2019;1(2):24-30.