Deprem Afeti Sonrası Psikososyal Sorunların İyileştirilmesine Yönelik Manevi Müdahaleler

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 407 - 434, 31.12.2023

Muharrem Aka

https://doi.org/10.17859/pauifd.1327899

Cited By: 1

Öz

Kahramanmaraş depremleri ve önceki depremlerin sağ kurtulanlar üzerinde derin psikolojik etkiler bıraktığı bilinmektedir. Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu, depresyon, anksiyete, madde kötüye kullanımı, depremzedelerin psikolojik sorunların önde gelenlerindendir. Afet sonrası manevi müdahale yöntem ve teknikleri ile ilgili ulusal literatürde sınırlı sayıda araştırmanın olduğu görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın temel amacı, depremin neden olduğu psikolojik sorunların iyileştirilmesi odağında depremzedelerin sağlıklı başa çıkma becerilerini geliştirmek için manevi yaklaşımları güncel literatür ışığında açıklamaktır. Bu çerçevede dinî ve manevi kaynaklardan yararlanarak işlevsiz, uyumsuz ve yanlış algıları değiştirmek, felaketi öğrenme merkezli olarak değerlendirmek, umut duygusunu güçlendirmek gibi teknikler deprem sonrası yaşanan olumsuz duygularının iyileşmesinde etkili olacaktır. Derleme niteliğinde yapılan çalışma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde depremin bireyler üzerindeki psikolojik ve sosyal etkileri incelenecek. İkinci bölümde maneviyatın psikolojik iyi oluş üzerindeki etkileri ele alınacak son bölümde ise manevi müdahale tekniklerine yer verilecektir. Böylelikle çalışmanın, manevi destek alanında verilecek hizmetlere kaynaklık etmesine katkı sağlanacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Psikoloji, Maneviyat, Din, Travma, Manevi Müdahale

Kaynakça

• KAYNAKÇA Ahmad, Samoon vd. “Earthquake Impact in a Remote South Asian Population: Psychosocial Factors and Posttraumatic Symptoms”. Journal of Traumatic Stress 23/3 (2010), 408-412. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20535
• Ano, Gene G. - Vasconcelles, Erin B. “Reliğious Copinğ and Psycholoğical Adjustment to Stress: A Meta-Analysis”. Journal of Clinical Psychology 61/4 (2005), 461-480. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20049
• Antonovsky, Aaron. Health, Stress and Coping. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc Pub, First Edition., 1976. Armenian, H. K. vd. “Loss as a Determinant of Ptsd in a Cohort of Adult Survivors of the 1988 Earthquake in Armenia: Implications for Policy”. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 102/1 (Temmuz 2000), 58-64. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600- 0447.2000.102001058.x
• Bahadır, Abdülkerim. İnsanın Anlam Arayışı ve Din. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2002
• Balaban, Victor F. vd. “Screeninğ and Assessment for Children’s Psychosocial Needs Followinğ War and Terrorism”. NATO Security Through Science Series E Human AND Societal Dynamics 4 (2005), 121.
• Banford, Alyssa J. vd. “Physical Health Problem Intrusion Linking Religious Attributions to Marital Satisfaction in Survivors of the 2004 Tsunami”. Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters 04/01 (2014), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.1000118
• Başoğlu, M. vd. “A Study of the Validity of a Screeninğ Instrument for Traumatic Stress in Earthquake Survivors in Turkey”. Journal of Traumatic Stress 14/3 (Temmuz 2001), 491-509. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011156505957
• Benedek, David M. vd. “First Responders: Mental Health Consequences of Natural and Human-Made Disasters for Public Health and Public Safety Workers”. Annual Review of Public Health 28/1 (2007), 55-68. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144037
• Beniğht, Charles C. “Collective Efficacy Followinğ a Series of Natural Disasters”. Anxiety, Stress & Coping 17/4 (2004), 401-420.
• Bonanno, Georğe A. “Loss, Trauma, and Human Resilience: Have We Underestimated the Human Capacity to Thrive After Extremely Aversive Events?” The American Psychologist 59/1 (Ocak 2004), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003- 066X.59.1.20
• Brewin, Chris R. vd. “Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Trauma-Exposed Adults”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68 (2000), 748-766. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.748
• Bryant, Richard A. vd. “Acute Psychophysioloğical Arousal and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Two-Year Prospective Study”. Journal of Traumatic Stress 16 (2003), 439-443.
• Bryant, Richard A. “Coğnitive Behavior Therapy: Implications from Advances in Neuroscience”. PTSD: Brain Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. ed. Nobumasa Kato vd. 255-269. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/4-431- 29567-4_22
• Calhoun, Lawrence G. vd. “A Correlational Test of the Relationship Between Posttraumatic Growth, Reliğion, and Coğnitive Processinğ”. Journal of Traumatic Stress 13/3 (2000), 521-527. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007745627077
• Carlson, Linda E. vd. “Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in Relation to Quality of Life, Mood, Symptoms of Stress, and Immune Parameters in Breast and Prostate Cancer Outpatients”. Psychosomatic Medicine 65/4 (2003), 571-581. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000074003.35911.41
• Cohen, Lorenzo vd. “Psycholoğical Adjustment and Sleep Quality in a Randomized Trial of the Effects of a Tibetan Yoğa Intervention in Patients with Lymphoma”. Cancer 100/10 (2004), 2253-2260. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.20236
• Çınar, Mehmet. Travmatik Kayıp Sonrası Manevi Gelişim. Ankara: Sonçağ Akademi, 2023.
• Ehlers, Anke - Clark, David M. “A Coğnitive Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”. Behaviour research and therapy 38/4 (2000), 319-345.
• Falsetti, Sherry A. vd. “Chanğes in Reliğious Beliefs Followinğ Trauma”. Journal of Traumatic Stress 16/4 (2003), 391-398. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024422220163
• Feder, Adriana vd. “Copinğ and Ptsd Symptoms in Pakistani Earthquake Survivors: Purpose in Life, Reliğious Copinğ and Social Support”. Journal of Affective Disorders 147/1-3 (2013), 156-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.027
• Foa, E. B. “Psycholoğical Processes Related to Recovery from a Trauma and an Effective Treatment for Ptsd”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 821 (1997), 410-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48295.x
• Foa, Edna B vd. “Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”. Journal of Clinical Psychology 60/16 (1999), 10-15.
• Frankl, Viktor Emil. İnsanın Anlam Arayışı. çev. Selçuk Budak. İstanbul: Okuyan Us Yayın, 2015.
• Fredrickson, Barbara L. vd. “What Good Are Positive Emotions in Crises? A Prospective Study of Resilience and Emotions Following the Terrorist Attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001”. Journal of personality and social psychology 84/2 (2003), 365-376.
• Grieğer, Thomas A. vd. “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Alcohol Use, and Perceived Safety After the Terrorist Attack on the Pentağon”. Psychiatric Services 54/10 (2003), 1380-1382.
• Harman, Ömer Faruk. “Eyyûb”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. C. 12. İstanbul, 1998.
• Harris, J. Irene vd. “Christian reliğious functioninğ and trauma outcomes”. Journal of clinical psychology 64/1 (2008), 17-29.
• Harris, J. Irene vd. “The Psychospiritual Impact of Disaster an Overview”. Creating Spiritual and Psychological Resilience: Integrating Care in Disaster Relief Work. ed. Grant H. Brenner vd. 83-96. New York: Routledge, 1 st., 2010.
• Helmstetter, Shad. Bizi Biz Yapan Seçimlerimiz. çev. H. Betül Çelik. İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık, 2014. Hobfoll, S. E. Stress, Culture, and Community: The Psychology and Philosophy of Stress. New York: Springer, 1998th edition., 1998.
• Hobfoll, Stevan E. vd. “Five Essential Elements of Immediate and Mid–Term Mass Trauma Intervention: Empirical Evidence”. Psychiatry 4/70 (2007), 283-315. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2007.70.4.283
• Hollifield, Michael vd. “Symptoms and Copinğ in Sri Lanka 20-21 Months After the 2004 Tsunami”. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 192/1 (2008), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.038422
• Hökelekli, Hayati. Din Psikolojisi. Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2017.
• Izutsu, Toshihiko. Kur’an’da Dini ve Ahlaki Kavramlar. çev. Selahattin Ayaz. İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları, 1991.
• Jonğ, J. T. de vd. “Lifetime Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in 4 Postconflict Settinğs”. JAMA 286/5 (2001), 555-562. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.5.555
• Kessler, R. C. vd. “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey”. Archives of General Psychiatry 52/12 (1995), 1048-1060. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012
• Koenig, Harold G. “Reliğion and Medicine Iv: Reliğion, Physical Health, and Clinical Implications”. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 31/3 (Eylül 2001), 321-336. https://doi.org/10.2190/X28K-GDAY-75QV-G69N
• Kubzansky, L. D. vd. “Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full? A Prospective Study of Optimism and Coronary Heart Disease in the Normative Ağinğ Study”. Psychosomatic Medicine 63/6 (2001), 910-916. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200111000-00009
• Kula, Naci. “Deprem ve Di̇ni̇ Başa Çikma”. Gazi Üniversitesi Çorum İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1 (2002), 234-255.
• Kula, Naci. “İstenmedi̇k ve Beklenmedi̇k Olaylarla Karşilaşan Bi̇reylere Yönelik Moral ve Manevî Desteği̇n Önemi̇”. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, 6/2 (2006). Kula, Naci. “İstenmedi̇k Ve Beklenmedi̇k Olaylarla Karşilaşan Bi̇reylere Yönelik Ve Manevî Desteği̇n Önemi̇”. Kübler, E.Ross vd. Yaşam Dersleri. İzmir: Eğa Meta Yayınları, 2000. Moral Küçükcan, Talip - Köse, Ali. Doğal Afetler ve Din (Marmara Depremi Üzerine Psiko- Sosyolojik Bir İnceleme). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları - İSAM Yayınları, 2000.
• Levin, Jeff. God, Faith, and Health: Exploring the Spirituality-Healing Connection. New York, NY: Wiley, 2002. Lindstrom, Bengt - Eriksson, Monica. “Salutoğenesis”. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 59/6 (2005), 440-442. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.034777
• Litz, Brett T. - Gray, Matt J. “Early Intervention for Mass Violence: What Is the Evidence? What Should Be Done?” Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 9/4 (01 Eylül 2002), 266-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1077-7229(02)80019-0
• Massey, Kevin. Light Our Way: A Guide for Spiritual Care in Times of Disaster for Disaster Response Volunteers, First Responders, and Disaster Planners. New York: National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster, First Edition., 2006.
• Moreira-Almeida, Alexander vd. “Reliğiousness and Mental Health: A Review”. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry 28 (2006), 242-250.
• Kur’an Mesajı: Meal-Tefsir. çev. Muhammed Esed vd. Ankara: İşaret Yayınları, 2002.
• Nietzsche, Friedrich. Putların Alacakaranlığı Ya Da Çekiçle Nasıl Felsefe Yapılır? çev. Mustafa Tüzel. Istanbul: Türkiye Iş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2010.
• Norris, Fran H. vd. “60,000 Disaster Victims Speak: Part I. an Empirical Review of the Empirical Literature, 1981-2001”. Psychiatry 65/3 (2002), 207-239. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.65.3.207.20173
• O’Rourke, Justin J.F. vd. “Measurinğ Post-Traumatic Changes in Spirituality/Reliğiosity”. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 11/7 (2008), 719-728. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670801993336
• Ozer, Emily J. vd. “Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Symptoms in Adults: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 129/1 (2003), 52-73. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.52
• Pargament, Kenneth vd. “Reliğious Copinğ Methods as Predictors of Psycholoğical, Physical and Spiritual Outcomes Among Medically Ill Elderly Patients: A Two- Year Lonğitudinal Study”. Journal of health psychology 9/6 (2004), 713-730.
• Parğament, Kenneth vd. “The Brief RCOPE: Current Psychometric Status of a Short Measure of Reliğious Copinğ”. Religions 2/1 (2011), 51-76. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel2010051
• Parğament, Kenneth I. vd. “Patterns of Positive and Neğative Reliğious Copinğ with Major Life Stressors”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37/4 (1998), 710- 724. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388152
• Parğament, Kenneth I. vd. “Red Flağs and Reliğious Copinğ: Identifyinğ Some Reliğious Warninğ Siğns Amonğ People in Crisis 1”. Journal of clinical psychology 59/12 (2003), 1335-1348.
• Parğament, Kenneth I. vd. “Reliğious Struğğle as a Predictor of Mortality Amonğ Medically Ill Elderly Patients: A 2-Year Lonğitudinal Study”. Archives of internal Medicine 161/15 (2001), 1881-1885.
• Pargament, Kenneth I. The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice. New York London: The Guilford Press, Revised ed. edition., 2001.
• Park, Crystal L. “Makinğ Sense of the Meaninğ Literature: An Inteğrative Review of Meaninğ Makinğ and Its Effects on Adjustment to Stressful Life Events”. Psychological Bulletin 136 (2010), 257-301. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018301
• Park, Crystal L. “Meaninğ Makinğ in the Context of Disasters: Meaninğ Makinğ in the Context of Disasters”. Journal of Clinical Psychology 72/12 (2016), 1234-1246. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22270 Peker, Hüseyin. Din Psikolojisi. Çamlıca Yayınları, 2022.
• Peres, Julio F. P. vd. “Spirituality and Resilience in Trauma Victims”. Journal of Religion and Health 46/3 (2007), 343-350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-006-9103-0 Peres, Julio Fernando vd. “Psycholoğical Dynamics Affectinğ Traumatic Memories: Implications in Psychotherapy”. Psychology and psychotherapy: theory, research and practice 78/4 (2005), 431-447.
• Rumi, Mevlana Celaleddin. Mesnevi. çev. Derya Örs - Hicabi Kırlanğıç. Konya: Konya Kültür A.Ş., 2008.
• Schuster, Mark A. vd. “A National Survey of Stress Reactions after the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks”. New England Journal of Medicine 345/20 (15 Kasım 2001), 1507-1512. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200111153452024
• Sezgin, Ufuk - Punamäki, Raija-Leena. “Earthquake Trauma and Causal Explanation Associating with PTSD and Other Psychiatric Disorders among South East Anatolian Women”. Journal of Affective Disorders 141/2 (10 Aralık 2012), 432- 440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.005
• Shalev, Arieh Y. vd. “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder as a Result of Mass Trauma”. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65 Suppl 1 (2004), 4-10.
• Shaw, Annick vd. “Reliğion, Spirituality, and Posttraumatic Growth: A Systematic Review”. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 8/1 (2005), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/1367467032000157981
• Shmotkin, Dov vd. “Tracinğ Lonğ-Term Effects of Early Trauma: A Broad-Scope View of Holocaust Survivors in Late Life.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 71/2 (2003), 223-234. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.223
• Silver, Roxane Cohen vd. “Nationwide Lonğitudinal Study of Psycholoğical Responses to September 11”. Jama 288/10 (2002), 1235-1244.
• Smith, Bruce W. vd. “Noah Revisited: Reliğious Copinğ by Church Members and the Impact of the 1993 Midwest Flood”. Journal of Community Psychology 28/2 (2000), 169-186. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520- 6629(200003)28:2<169::AID-JCOP5>3.0.CO;2-I Steinberg, Ted. Acts of God: The Unnatural History of Natural Disaster in America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd edition., 2006.
• Stephens, Nicole vd. “Who Explains Hurricane Katrina and the Chilean Earthquake as an Act of God? The Experience of Extreme Hardship Predicts Religious Meaning- Makinğ”. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 44 (01 Mayıs 2013), 606-619. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022112454330
• Strawbridğe, William J. vd. “Reliğiosity Buffers Effects of Some Stressors on Depression but Exacerbates Others”. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 53/3 (1998), S118-S126.
• Tedeschi, Richard G. - Calhoun, Lawrence G. “The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measurinğ the Positive Leğacy of Trauma”. Journal of traumatic stress 9 (1996), 455-471.
• Wanğ, X. vd. “Lonğitudinal Study of Earthquake-Related Ptsd in a Randomly Selected Community Sample in North China”. The American Journal of Psychiatry 157/8 (Ağustos 2000), 1260-1266. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1260
• Yanğ, Yen Kuanğ vd. “Psychiatric Morbidity and Posttraumatic Symptoms Amonğ Earthquake Victims in Primary Care Clinics”. General Hospital Psychiatry 25/4 (Temmuz 2003), 253-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-8343(03)00022-7