Kanserli Çocuklarda Travma Sonrası Gelişim Posttraumatic Growth in Children with Cancer

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 58 - 66, 01.08.2017

Figen İşık Esenay , Sevcan Atay

Öz

Kanser,
kişinin yaşayabileceği en travmatik deneyimlerden biridir. Kanser ve neden
olduğu travma ile ilgili araştırmalar, genellikle olumsuz sonuçlara odaklanır.
Ancak çalışmalar, kanser tedavisi biten bireylerde travmatik stresle birlikte
kişisel gelişimin de oluştuğunu göstermektedir. Son yıllarda, çalışmalar bu
olumlu değişimlere, özellikle de travma sonrası gelişime (TSG) odaklanmaya
başlamıştır. Travma sonrası gelişim, kişinin yüksek stres yaratan durum ve
olaylar sonucu olumlu kişisel gelişim yaşamasını ifade eder. Bu derlemede, çocukluk
çağı kanseri geçirmiş ergenlerde travma sonrası gelişim ve etkileyen faktörler
incelenmiştir.

ABSTRACT

Stress
and trauma research has traditionally focused on negative sequelae of
adversity. Cancer is one of the most traumatic experience. Cancer survivors
report that cancer can elicit symptoms of traumatic stress, but also personal
growth. Recently, research has begun to focus on positive outcomes,
specifically posttraumatic growth (PTG) which described as emphasizes the
positive transformative potential of one's experiences with highly stressful
events and circumstances. This review examines concept of posttraumatic growth
among cancer survivors of childhood cancer and affecting factors.

Anahtar Kelimeler

çocukluk çağı kanseri, sağ kalan, travma sonrası gelişim, childhood cancer, survivor, posttraumatic growth

Kaynakça

• 1. Stanton AL, Bower JE, Low CA. Posttraumatic Growth after Cancer. In: Calhoun LG, Tedeschi, RG (Eds). Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice. New York:Routledge. 2014. p138-156.
• 2. Eiser C. Making sense of chronic disease. The elev¬enth Jack Tizard Memorial Lecture. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1994; 35: 1373-1389.
• 3. Parry C, Chesler MA. Thematic evidence of psychosocial thriving in childhood cancer survivors. Qual Health Res 2005;15:1055-1073.
• 4. Linden W, Vodermaier A, MacKenzie R, Greig D. Anxiety and depression after cancer diagnosis: Prevalence rates by cancer type, gender, and age. J Affect Disord 2012;141: 343-351.
• 5. Mitchell AJ, Ferguson DW, Gill J, Paul J, Symonds P. Depression and anxiety in long-term cancer survivors compared with spouses and healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2013; 14: 721-732.
• 6. Allen R, Newman SP, Souhami RL. Anxiety and depression in adolescent cancer: findings in patients and parents at the time of diagnosis. Eur J Cancer 1997;33:1250-1255.
• 7. Zebrack BJ, Gurney JG, Oeffinger K, Whitton J, Packer RJ, Mertens A, et al. Psychological outcomes in long-term survivors of childhood brain cancer: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. J Clin Oncol 2004;22: 999-1006.
• 8. Wenninger K, Helmes A, Bengel J, Lauten, M, Völkel S, Niemeyer CM. Coping in long-term survivors of childhood cancer: relations to psychological distress. Psychooncology 2013; 22: 854-861.
• 9. Meyerson DA, Grant KE, Carter JS, Kilmer RP. Posttraumatic growth among children and adolescents: a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2011; 31: 949-64.
• 10. Love C, Sabiston CM. Exploring the links between physical activity and posttraumatic growth in young adult cancer survivors. Psychooncology 2011;20: 278-286.
• 11. Elçigil A, Tuna S. Kanser tedavisi biten çocukların yaşadıkları sorunlar ve bakımlarında hemşirenin rolü. Turk Onkol Derg 2011;26: 134-141.
• 12. Barakat LP, Alderfer MA, Kazak AE. Posttraumatic growth in adolescent survivors of cancer and their mothers and fathers. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2006;31:413-9.
• 13. Grant J, Cranston A, Horsman J, Furlong W, Barr N, Findlay S, et al. Health status and health-related quality of life in adolescent survivors of cancer in childhood. J Adolesc Health 2006;38:504-10.
• 14. Kangas M, Milross C, Bryant RA. A Brief, early cognitive-behavioral program for cancer-related PTSD, anxiety, and comorbid depression. Cogn Behav Pract 2014;21: 416-431.
• 15. Goldenberg B, Libov, J.S. Nevid, D. Pelcovitz, T.M. Carmony Posttraumatic stress symptomatology in mothers of pediatric cancer survivors. Psychol Health 2002;17: 501–511.
• 16. Boman K, Bodegard G. Life after cancer in childhood: Social adjustment and educational and vocational status young-adult survivors. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2004;26: 354–362.
• 17. Bruce M. A systematic and conceptual review of posttraumatic stress in childhood cancer survivors and their parents. Clin Psychol Rev 2006; 26:233–256.
• 18. Duran B. Posttraumatic growth as experienced by childhood cancer survivors and their families a narrative synthesis of qualitative and quantitative research. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 2013;30: 179-197.
• 19. Linley PA, Joseph S. Meaning in life and posttraumatic growth. J Loss Trauma 2011;16: 150-159.
• 20. Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG. Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychol Inq 2004;15: 1-18.
• 21. Calhoun LG, Tedeschi RG. Posttraumatic Growth in Clinical Practice. New York:Routledge, 2012.
• 22. Özden Ö. Türk Atasözlerinde İnsan. Atatürk Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 2001;15: 75-105.
• 23. Cowen EL, Kilmer RP. Positive Psychology: some plusses and some open issues. J Community Psychol 2002;30: 449–460.
• 24. Milam JE, Ritt-Olson A, Unger JB. Posttraumatic Growth Among Adolescents. J Adolescent Res 2004;19:192-204.
• 25. Cryder CH, Kilmer RP, Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG. An exploratory study of posttraumatic growth in children for natural disaster. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2006; 26:65-69.
• 26. McMillen C, Zuravin S, Rideout G. Perceived Benefit From Child Sexual Abuse. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995; 63: 1037-1043.
• 27. Kamibeppu K, Sato I, Honda M, Ozono S, Sakamoto N, Iwai T, et al. Mental health among young adult survivors of childhood cancer and their siblings including posttraumatic growth. J Cancer Surviv 2010;4:303–312.
• 28. Park CL, Folkman S. Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Rev Gen Psychol 1997;1:115–144.
• 29. Park CL. Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychol Bull 2010;136: 257–301.
• 30. Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG. The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. J Trauma Stress 1996;9:455– 471.
• 31. Arpawong T, Richeimer SH, Weinstein F, Elghamrawy A, Milam JE. Posttraumatic growth, quality of life, and treatment symptoms among cancer chemotherapy outpatients. Health Psychol 2013;32: 397.
• 32. Ullrich PM, Lutgendorf SK. Journaling about stressful events: Effects of cognitive processing and emotional expression. Ann Behav Med 2002;24: 244-250.
• 33. Pendley JS, Dahlquist LM, Dreyer Z. Body image and psychosocial adjustment in adolescent cancer survivors. J Pediatr Psychol 1997;22: 29-43.
• 34. Richardson RC, Nelson MB, Meeske K. Young adult survivors of childhood cancer: attending to emerging medical and psychosocial needs. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 1999;16: 136-144.
• 35. Barakat LP, Kazak AE, Meadows AT, Casey R, Meeske K, Stuber ML. Families Surviving Childhood Cancerf: A Comparison of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms with Families of Healthy Children. J Pediatr Psychol 1997;22:843-859.
• 36. Eiser C, Hill JJ, Vance YH. Examining the psychological consequences of surviving childhood cancer: systematic review as a research method in pediatric psychology. J Pediatr Psychol 2000;25:449-460.
• 37. Kupst MJ, Natta MB, Richardson CC, Schulman JL, Lavigne JV, Das L. Family coping with pediatric leukemia: Ten years after treatment. J Pediatr Psychol 1995; 20: 601-617.
• 38. Parry C, Chesler MA. Thematic evidence of psychosocial thriving in childhood cancer survivors. Qual Health Res 2005; 15: 1055-1073.
• 39. Jim HSL, Jacobsen PB. Posttraumatic Stress and Posttraumatic Growth in Cancer Survivorship: A Review. Cancer J 2008; 14: 414-419.
• 40. Hasan N, Power TG. Children's Appraisal of Major Life Events. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2004;74: 26-32.
• 41. Klosky JL, Krull KR, Kawashima T, Leisenring W, Randolph ME, Zebrack, B, et al. Relations Between Posttraumatic Stress and Posttraumatic Growth in LongTerm Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report From the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Health Psychol 2014; 33: 878 – 882.
• 42. Yi J, Kim MA. Postcancer Experiences of Childhood Cancer Survivors: How Is Posttraumatic Stress Related to Posttraumatic Growth? J Trauma Stress 2014;27: 461–467.
• 43. Devine KA, Reed-Knight B, Loiselle KA, Fenton N, Blount RL. Posttraumatic growth in young adults who experienced serious childhood illness: A mixed-methods approach. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2010;17: 340-348.
• 44. Turner-Sack AM, Menna R, Setchell SR. Posttraumatic growth, coping strategies, and psychological distress in adolescent survivors of cancer. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 2012;29: 70-79.
• 45. Zebrack BJ, Stuber ML, Meeske KA, Phipps S, Krull KR, Liu Q, et al. Perceived positive impact of cancer among long-term survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. Psycho-Oncology 2012; 21: 630–639.