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Nekrotizan Enterokolit

Yıl 2004, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4, 146 - 151, 01.12.2004

Merih Çetinkaya , Nilgün Köksal

Öz

Nekrotizan enterokolit NEK , bağırsakların kısmi veya tam iskemisi ile karakterli önemli bir gastrointestinal hastalıktır. ilk olarak 19. yüzyılda tanımlanmıştır. Tutulum bölgesi sıklıkla terminal ileumdur. İntestinal iskeminin başlamasında tetiği çeken faktörlerin neler olduğu henüz tam açıklık kazanmamıştır; ancak faktörlerin ulaştığı ortak yol intestinal iskemidir 1 .

Kaynakça

  • 1. Oygür N. Nekrotizan Enterokolit. Yurdakök M, Erdem G (eds). Neonato￾loji. 2.Bask›. Alp Ofset I. 2004.p.552-6.
  • 2. Jane S Lee, Richard A Polin. Treatment and prevention of necrotizing enteocolitis. Seminars in Neonatology 2003;8:449-59.
  • 3. Dimmit RA, Lawrance R. Clinical management of necrotizing enteroco￾litis. American Academy of Pediatrics 2001;2:110-7.
  • 4. The Canadian Neonatal Network. Variations in Incidence of Necroti￾zing Enterocolitis in Canadian Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition 2004;39:366-72.
  • 5. Henry MC, Moss RL. Current issues in the management of necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Perinatol 2004;28:221-33.
  • 6. Maayan-Metzger A, Itzchak A, Mazkereth R, Kuint J. Necrotizing ente￾rocolitis in full-term infants: case-control study and review of the lite￾rature. J Perinatol 2004;24:494-9.
  • 7. Wilson R, Kanto WP Jr, McCarthy BJ, Burton T, Lewin P, Terry J, Feld￾man RA. Epidemiologic characteristics of necrotizing enterocolitis: a population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 1981;114:880-7.
  • 8. Vanderhoof JA, Zach TL, AdrianTE. Gastrointestinal disease.In: Avery GB, Fletcher MA, MacDonald MG (eds).Neonatology: Pathophysiology and Management of the Newborn.5nd edition.Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams and Wilkins;1999.p.739-63.
  • 9. Hartman GE, Boyajian MJ, Choi SS et al. General surgery. In: Avery GB, Fletcher MA, MacDonald MG (eds). Neonatology: Pathophysiology and Management of the Newborn.5nd edition. Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams and Wilkins;1999.p.1005-44.
  • 10. Kaul A, Balistreri WF. Necrotising enterocolitis. In: Fanaroff AA, Martin RJ (eds). Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and In￾fant. 7nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002.p.1297-1307.
  • 11. Newell SJ. Gastrointestinal disorders. In: Rennie JM, Roberton NRC (eds). Textbook of Neonatology. 3nd edition. Edinburg: Churchill Li￾vingstone; 1999.p.744-93.
  • 12. Hebra A, Ross II AJ. Necrotizing enterocolitis. In: Spitzer AR (eds). In￾tensive Care of the Fetus and Neonate. St. Louis: Mosby; 1996.p. 865- 74.
  • 13. Stoll BJ, Kanto WP Jr, Glass RI, Nahmias AJ, Brann AW Jr. Epidemi￾ology of necrotizing enterocolitis: a case control study. J Pediatr 1980;96:447-51.
  • 14. Llanos AR, Moss ME, Pinzon MC, Dye T, Sinkin RA, Kendig JW. Epide￾miology of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis: a population-based study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2002;16:342-9.
  • 15. Pickler RH, Terrell BV. Nonnutritive sucking and necrotizing enteroco￾litis. Neonatal Netw 1994;13:15-8.
  • 16. Rowe MI, Reblock KK, Kurkchubasche AG, Healey PJ. Necrotizing en￾terocolitis in the extremely low birth weight infant. J Pediatr Surg 1994;29:987-90.
  • 17. Uauy RD, Fanaroff AA, Korones SB, Phillips EA, Phillips JB, Wright LL. Necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants: biodemog￾raphic and clinical correlates. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. J Pediatr 1991;119:630-8.
  • 18. Neu J. Necrotizing enterocolitis: the search for a unifying pathogenetic theory leading to prevention. Pediatr Clin North Am 1996;43:409-32.
  • 19. Ledbetter DJ, Juul SE. Necrotizing enterocolitis and hemotopoietic cytokines. Clin Perinatol 2000;27:697-716.
  • 20. Covert RF, Neu J, Elliott MJ et al. Factors associated with age of onset of necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Perinatol 1989;6:455-60.
  • 21. Ford HR, Sorrells DL, Knisely AS. Inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide and necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Pediatr Surg 1996;5:155-9.
  • 22. Gonzalez-Crussi F, Hsueh W. Experimental model of ischemic bowel necrosis. The role of platelet-activating factor and endotoxin. Am J Pathol 1983;112:127-35.
  • 23. MacKendrick W, Hill N, Hsueh W, Caplan M. Increase in platelet-acti￾vating factor levels in enterally fed preterm infants. Biol Neonate 1993;64:89-95.
  • 24. Claud EC, Walker WA. Hypotehesis: inappropriate colonization of the premature intestine can cause neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Fa￾seb J 2001;15:1398-1403.
  • 25. Hsueh W, Caplan MS, Tan X et al. Necrotizing enterocolitis of the new￾born: pathogenetic concepts in perspective. Pediatr Dev Pathol 1998;1:2-16.
  • 26. Edelson MB, Bagwell CE, Rozycki HJ. Circulating pro and counterinf￾lammatory cytokine levels and severity in necrotizing enterocolitis. Pe￾diatrics 1999;103:766-71.
  • 27. Ng PC, Li K, Wong RP et al. Proinflammatory cytokine responses in pre￾term infants with systemic infections. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003;88:209-13.
  • 28. Stoll BJ. Epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis. Clin Perinatol 1994;21:205-18.
  • 29. Lucas A, Cole TJ. Breast milk and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Lancet 1990;336:1519-23.
  • 30. Updegrove K. Necrotizing enterocolitis: the evidence for use of human milk in prevention and treatment. J Hum Lact 2004;20:335-9.
  • 31. Minekawa R, Takeda T, Sakata M, Hayashi M, Isobe A, Yamamoto T, Tasaka K, Murata Y. Human breast milk suppresses the transcriptional regulation of IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB signaling in human intesti￾nal cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004;287:1404-11.
  • 32. Reber KM, Nankervis CA. Necrotizing enterocolitis: preventative stra￾tegies. Clin Perinatol 2004;3:157-67.
  • 33. Lee JS, Polin RA. Treatment and prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Neonatol. 2003;8:449-59.
  • 34. Claud EC, Savidge T, Walker WA. Modulation of human intestinal epit￾helial cell IL-8 secretion by human milk factors. Pediatr Res 2003;53:419-25.
  • 35. McGuire W, Anthony MY. Donor human milk versus formula for preven￾ting necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants: systematic review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal 2003;88:11-4.
  • 36. Raghuveer TS, McGuire EM, Martin SM, Wagner BA, Rebouche CJ, Buettner GR, Widness JA. Lactoferrin in the preterm infants' diet at￾tenuates iron-induced oxidation products. Pediatr Res 2002;52:964-72.
  • 37. Caplan MS, Miller-Catchpole R, Kaup S, Russell T, Lickerman M, Amer M, Xiao Y, Thomson R Jr. Bifidobacterial supplementation reduces the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonatal rat model. Gastro￾enterology 1999;117:577-83.
  • 38. Carrion V, Egan EA. Prevention of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1990;11:317-23.
  • 39. Caplan MS, Jilling T. The Pathophysiology of Necrotizing Enterocolitis. American Academy of Pediatrics 2001;2:103-9.
  • 40. Kosloske AM. Epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis. Acta Pediatr 1994;396:2-7.
  • 41. Van Camp JM, Tomaselli V, Coran AG. Bacterial translocation in the neonate. Curr Open Pediatr 1994;6:327-33.
  • 42. Caplan MS, Hedlund E, Adler L, Hsueh W. Role of asphyxia and feeding in a neonatal rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Pathol 1994;14:1017-28.
  • 43. Grosfeld JL, Chaet M, Molinari F, Engle W, Engum SA, West KW, Res￾corla FJ, Scherer LR 3rd. Increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus treated with indomet￾hacin. Ann Surg 1996;224:350-5.
  • 44. Tatli MM, Kumral A, Duman N, Demir K, Gurcu O, Ozkan H. Spon￾taneous intestinal perforation after oral ibuprofen treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in two very-low-birthweight infants. Acta Paediatr 2004;93:999-1001.
  • 45. Hanna N, Graboski S, Laskin DL, Weinberger B. Effects of Ibuprofen and Hypoxia on Neutrophil Apoptosis in Neonates. Biol Neonate 2004;86:235-9.
  • 46. Sehdev HM, Abbasi S, Robertson P, Fisher L, Marchiano DA, Gerdes JS. The effects of the time interval from antenatal corticosteroid ex￾posure todelivery on neonatal outcome of very low birth weight in￾fants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:1409-13.
  • 47. Bar-Lev MR, Maayan-Metzger A, Matok I, Heyman Z, Sivan E, Kuint J. Short-term outcomes in low birth weight infants following antenatal exposure to betamethasone versus dexamethasone. Obstet Gynecol 2004;104:484-8.
  • 48. Smrcek JM, Schwartau N, Kohl M, Berg C, Geipel A, Krapp M, Diedrich K, Ludwig M. Antenatal corticosteroid therapy in premature infants. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2004 Aug 10 [Epub ahead of print].
  • 49. Wang YJ, Shian WJ, Chang WT, Chen HC, Chi CS. Clinical observation of neonatal gastrointestinal perforation. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 1994;53:215-9.
  • 50. Musemeche C, Caplan M, Hsueh W, Sun X, Kelly A. Experimental nec￾rotizing enterocolitis: the role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. J Pediatr Surg 1991;26:1047-50.
  • 51. Hutter JJ Jr, Hathaway WE, Wayne ER. Hematologic abnormalities in severe neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr1976;88:1026-31.
  • 52. Kleigman RM, Fanaroff AA. Necrotizing enterocolitis. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1093-103.
  • 53. Uauy RD, Fanaroff AA, Korones SB et al. Necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants: biodemographic and clinical correlates. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. J Pediatr 1991;119:630-8.
  • 54. Morrison SC, Reid JR, Harrison M, Golz S. Systemic arterial pneumato￾sis in a neonate with necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Radiol 2004;34:337-9.
  • 55. Hormann M, Pumberger W, Puig S, Kreuzer S, Metz VM. Necrotizing enterocolitis NEC in the newborn Radiologe 2000;40:58-62.
  • 56. Pickworth FE, Franklin K. Case report: ultrasound diagnosis of unsus￾pected necrotizing enterocolitis. Clin Radiol 1994;49:649-51.
  • 57. Barr LL. Sonography in the infant with acute abdominal symptoms. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 1994;15:275-89.
  • 58. Bell MJ, Ternberg JL, Feigin RD, Keating JP, Marshall R, Barton L, Brot￾herton T. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Therapeutic decisions based upon clinical staging. Ann Surg 1978;187:1-7.
  • 59. Walsh MC, Kliegman RM. Necrotizing enterocolitis: treatment based on staging criteria. Ped Clin North Am 1986;33:179-201.
  • 60. http://www.neonatology.org/syllabus/nec.html
  • 61. Foglia RP. Necrotizing enterocolitis. Curr Probl Surg 1995;32:757-823.
  • 62. Cass DL, Wesson DE. Advances in fetal and neonatal surgery for gast￾rointestinal anomalies and disease. Clin Perinatol 2002;29:23-39.
  • 63. Butter A, Flageole H, Laberge JM. The changing face of surgical in￾dications for necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:496-9.
  • 64. Pierro A, Hall N. Surgical treatments of infants with necrotizing en￾terocolitis. Semin Neonato. 2003;8:223-32.
  • 65. Michel JL, Harper L, Alessandri JL, Jacquemot L, De Napoli-Cocci S, Pilorget H, Samperiz S. Peritoneal needle suction for intestinal per￾foration in the preterm neonate. Peritoneal needle suction for intes￾tinal perforation in the preterm neonate. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2004;14:85- 8.
  • 66. Sharma R, Tepas JJ 3rd, Mollitt DL, Pieper P, Wludyka P. Surgical man￾agement of bowel perforations and outcome in very low-birth-weight infants (< or =1,200 g). J Pediatr Surg 2004;39:190-4.
  • 67. Gollin G, Abarbanell A, Baerg JE. Peritoneal drainage as definitive man￾agement of intestinal perforation in extremely low-birth-weight in￾fants. Pediatr Surg. 2003;38:1814-7.
  • 68. Demestre X, Ginovart G, Figueras-Aloy J, Porta R, Krauel X, Garcia-Alix A, Raspall F. Peritoneal drainage as primary management in nec￾rotizing enterocolitis: a prospective study. Pediatr Surg 2002;37:1534-9.
  • 69. Noble HG, Driessnack M. Bedside peritoneal drainage in very low birth weight infants. Am J Surg 2001;181:416-9.

Yıl 2004, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4, 146 - 151, 01.12.2004

Merih Çetinkaya , Nilgün Köksal

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Oygür N. Nekrotizan Enterokolit. Yurdakök M, Erdem G (eds). Neonato￾loji. 2.Bask›. Alp Ofset I. 2004.p.552-6.
  • 2. Jane S Lee, Richard A Polin. Treatment and prevention of necrotizing enteocolitis. Seminars in Neonatology 2003;8:449-59.
  • 3. Dimmit RA, Lawrance R. Clinical management of necrotizing enteroco￾litis. American Academy of Pediatrics 2001;2:110-7.
  • 4. The Canadian Neonatal Network. Variations in Incidence of Necroti￾zing Enterocolitis in Canadian Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition 2004;39:366-72.
  • 5. Henry MC, Moss RL. Current issues in the management of necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Perinatol 2004;28:221-33.
  • 6. Maayan-Metzger A, Itzchak A, Mazkereth R, Kuint J. Necrotizing ente￾rocolitis in full-term infants: case-control study and review of the lite￾rature. J Perinatol 2004;24:494-9.
  • 7. Wilson R, Kanto WP Jr, McCarthy BJ, Burton T, Lewin P, Terry J, Feld￾man RA. Epidemiologic characteristics of necrotizing enterocolitis: a population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 1981;114:880-7.
  • 8. Vanderhoof JA, Zach TL, AdrianTE. Gastrointestinal disease.In: Avery GB, Fletcher MA, MacDonald MG (eds).Neonatology: Pathophysiology and Management of the Newborn.5nd edition.Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams and Wilkins;1999.p.739-63.
  • 9. Hartman GE, Boyajian MJ, Choi SS et al. General surgery. In: Avery GB, Fletcher MA, MacDonald MG (eds). Neonatology: Pathophysiology and Management of the Newborn.5nd edition. Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams and Wilkins;1999.p.1005-44.
  • 10. Kaul A, Balistreri WF. Necrotising enterocolitis. In: Fanaroff AA, Martin RJ (eds). Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and In￾fant. 7nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002.p.1297-1307.
  • 11. Newell SJ. Gastrointestinal disorders. In: Rennie JM, Roberton NRC (eds). Textbook of Neonatology. 3nd edition. Edinburg: Churchill Li￾vingstone; 1999.p.744-93.
  • 12. Hebra A, Ross II AJ. Necrotizing enterocolitis. In: Spitzer AR (eds). In￾tensive Care of the Fetus and Neonate. St. Louis: Mosby; 1996.p. 865- 74.
  • 13. Stoll BJ, Kanto WP Jr, Glass RI, Nahmias AJ, Brann AW Jr. Epidemi￾ology of necrotizing enterocolitis: a case control study. J Pediatr 1980;96:447-51.
  • 14. Llanos AR, Moss ME, Pinzon MC, Dye T, Sinkin RA, Kendig JW. Epide￾miology of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis: a population-based study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2002;16:342-9.
  • 15. Pickler RH, Terrell BV. Nonnutritive sucking and necrotizing enteroco￾litis. Neonatal Netw 1994;13:15-8.
  • 16. Rowe MI, Reblock KK, Kurkchubasche AG, Healey PJ. Necrotizing en￾terocolitis in the extremely low birth weight infant. J Pediatr Surg 1994;29:987-90.
  • 17. Uauy RD, Fanaroff AA, Korones SB, Phillips EA, Phillips JB, Wright LL. Necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants: biodemog￾raphic and clinical correlates. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. J Pediatr 1991;119:630-8.
  • 18. Neu J. Necrotizing enterocolitis: the search for a unifying pathogenetic theory leading to prevention. Pediatr Clin North Am 1996;43:409-32.
  • 19. Ledbetter DJ, Juul SE. Necrotizing enterocolitis and hemotopoietic cytokines. Clin Perinatol 2000;27:697-716.
  • 20. Covert RF, Neu J, Elliott MJ et al. Factors associated with age of onset of necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Perinatol 1989;6:455-60.
  • 21. Ford HR, Sorrells DL, Knisely AS. Inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide and necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Pediatr Surg 1996;5:155-9.
  • 22. Gonzalez-Crussi F, Hsueh W. Experimental model of ischemic bowel necrosis. The role of platelet-activating factor and endotoxin. Am J Pathol 1983;112:127-35.
  • 23. MacKendrick W, Hill N, Hsueh W, Caplan M. Increase in platelet-acti￾vating factor levels in enterally fed preterm infants. Biol Neonate 1993;64:89-95.
  • 24. Claud EC, Walker WA. Hypotehesis: inappropriate colonization of the premature intestine can cause neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Fa￾seb J 2001;15:1398-1403.
  • 25. Hsueh W, Caplan MS, Tan X et al. Necrotizing enterocolitis of the new￾born: pathogenetic concepts in perspective. Pediatr Dev Pathol 1998;1:2-16.
  • 26. Edelson MB, Bagwell CE, Rozycki HJ. Circulating pro and counterinf￾lammatory cytokine levels and severity in necrotizing enterocolitis. Pe￾diatrics 1999;103:766-71.
  • 27. Ng PC, Li K, Wong RP et al. Proinflammatory cytokine responses in pre￾term infants with systemic infections. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003;88:209-13.
  • 28. Stoll BJ. Epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis. Clin Perinatol 1994;21:205-18.
  • 29. Lucas A, Cole TJ. Breast milk and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Lancet 1990;336:1519-23.
  • 30. Updegrove K. Necrotizing enterocolitis: the evidence for use of human milk in prevention and treatment. J Hum Lact 2004;20:335-9.
  • 31. Minekawa R, Takeda T, Sakata M, Hayashi M, Isobe A, Yamamoto T, Tasaka K, Murata Y. Human breast milk suppresses the transcriptional regulation of IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB signaling in human intesti￾nal cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004;287:1404-11.
  • 32. Reber KM, Nankervis CA. Necrotizing enterocolitis: preventative stra￾tegies. Clin Perinatol 2004;3:157-67.
  • 33. Lee JS, Polin RA. Treatment and prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Neonatol. 2003;8:449-59.
  • 34. Claud EC, Savidge T, Walker WA. Modulation of human intestinal epit￾helial cell IL-8 secretion by human milk factors. Pediatr Res 2003;53:419-25.
  • 35. McGuire W, Anthony MY. Donor human milk versus formula for preven￾ting necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants: systematic review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal 2003;88:11-4.
  • 36. Raghuveer TS, McGuire EM, Martin SM, Wagner BA, Rebouche CJ, Buettner GR, Widness JA. Lactoferrin in the preterm infants' diet at￾tenuates iron-induced oxidation products. Pediatr Res 2002;52:964-72.
  • 37. Caplan MS, Miller-Catchpole R, Kaup S, Russell T, Lickerman M, Amer M, Xiao Y, Thomson R Jr. Bifidobacterial supplementation reduces the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonatal rat model. Gastro￾enterology 1999;117:577-83.
  • 38. Carrion V, Egan EA. Prevention of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1990;11:317-23.
  • 39. Caplan MS, Jilling T. The Pathophysiology of Necrotizing Enterocolitis. American Academy of Pediatrics 2001;2:103-9.
  • 40. Kosloske AM. Epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis. Acta Pediatr 1994;396:2-7.
  • 41. Van Camp JM, Tomaselli V, Coran AG. Bacterial translocation in the neonate. Curr Open Pediatr 1994;6:327-33.
  • 42. Caplan MS, Hedlund E, Adler L, Hsueh W. Role of asphyxia and feeding in a neonatal rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Pathol 1994;14:1017-28.
  • 43. Grosfeld JL, Chaet M, Molinari F, Engle W, Engum SA, West KW, Res￾corla FJ, Scherer LR 3rd. Increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus treated with indomet￾hacin. Ann Surg 1996;224:350-5.
  • 44. Tatli MM, Kumral A, Duman N, Demir K, Gurcu O, Ozkan H. Spon￾taneous intestinal perforation after oral ibuprofen treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in two very-low-birthweight infants. Acta Paediatr 2004;93:999-1001.
  • 45. Hanna N, Graboski S, Laskin DL, Weinberger B. Effects of Ibuprofen and Hypoxia on Neutrophil Apoptosis in Neonates. Biol Neonate 2004;86:235-9.
  • 46. Sehdev HM, Abbasi S, Robertson P, Fisher L, Marchiano DA, Gerdes JS. The effects of the time interval from antenatal corticosteroid ex￾posure todelivery on neonatal outcome of very low birth weight in￾fants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:1409-13.
  • 47. Bar-Lev MR, Maayan-Metzger A, Matok I, Heyman Z, Sivan E, Kuint J. Short-term outcomes in low birth weight infants following antenatal exposure to betamethasone versus dexamethasone. Obstet Gynecol 2004;104:484-8.
  • 48. Smrcek JM, Schwartau N, Kohl M, Berg C, Geipel A, Krapp M, Diedrich K, Ludwig M. Antenatal corticosteroid therapy in premature infants. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2004 Aug 10 [Epub ahead of print].
  • 49. Wang YJ, Shian WJ, Chang WT, Chen HC, Chi CS. Clinical observation of neonatal gastrointestinal perforation. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 1994;53:215-9.
  • 50. Musemeche C, Caplan M, Hsueh W, Sun X, Kelly A. Experimental nec￾rotizing enterocolitis: the role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. J Pediatr Surg 1991;26:1047-50.
  • 51. Hutter JJ Jr, Hathaway WE, Wayne ER. Hematologic abnormalities in severe neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr1976;88:1026-31.
  • 52. Kleigman RM, Fanaroff AA. Necrotizing enterocolitis. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1093-103.
  • 53. Uauy RD, Fanaroff AA, Korones SB et al. Necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants: biodemographic and clinical correlates. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. J Pediatr 1991;119:630-8.
  • 54. Morrison SC, Reid JR, Harrison M, Golz S. Systemic arterial pneumato￾sis in a neonate with necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Radiol 2004;34:337-9.
  • 55. Hormann M, Pumberger W, Puig S, Kreuzer S, Metz VM. Necrotizing enterocolitis NEC in the newborn Radiologe 2000;40:58-62.
  • 56. Pickworth FE, Franklin K. Case report: ultrasound diagnosis of unsus￾pected necrotizing enterocolitis. Clin Radiol 1994;49:649-51.
  • 57. Barr LL. Sonography in the infant with acute abdominal symptoms. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 1994;15:275-89.
  • 58. Bell MJ, Ternberg JL, Feigin RD, Keating JP, Marshall R, Barton L, Brot￾herton T. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Therapeutic decisions based upon clinical staging. Ann Surg 1978;187:1-7.
  • 59. Walsh MC, Kliegman RM. Necrotizing enterocolitis: treatment based on staging criteria. Ped Clin North Am 1986;33:179-201.
  • 60. http://www.neonatology.org/syllabus/nec.html
  • 61. Foglia RP. Necrotizing enterocolitis. Curr Probl Surg 1995;32:757-823.
  • 62. Cass DL, Wesson DE. Advances in fetal and neonatal surgery for gast￾rointestinal anomalies and disease. Clin Perinatol 2002;29:23-39.
  • 63. Butter A, Flageole H, Laberge JM. The changing face of surgical in￾dications for necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:496-9.
  • 64. Pierro A, Hall N. Surgical treatments of infants with necrotizing en￾terocolitis. Semin Neonato. 2003;8:223-32.
  • 65. Michel JL, Harper L, Alessandri JL, Jacquemot L, De Napoli-Cocci S, Pilorget H, Samperiz S. Peritoneal needle suction for intestinal per￾foration in the preterm neonate. Peritoneal needle suction for intes￾tinal perforation in the preterm neonate. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2004;14:85- 8.
  • 66. Sharma R, Tepas JJ 3rd, Mollitt DL, Pieper P, Wludyka P. Surgical man￾agement of bowel perforations and outcome in very low-birth-weight infants (< or =1,200 g). J Pediatr Surg 2004;39:190-4.
  • 67. Gollin G, Abarbanell A, Baerg JE. Peritoneal drainage as definitive man￾agement of intestinal perforation in extremely low-birth-weight in￾fants. Pediatr Surg. 2003;38:1814-7.
  • 68. Demestre X, Ginovart G, Figueras-Aloy J, Porta R, Krauel X, Garcia-Alix A, Raspall F. Peritoneal drainage as primary management in nec￾rotizing enterocolitis: a prospective study. Pediatr Surg 2002;37:1534-9.
  • 69. Noble HG, Driessnack M. Bedside peritoneal drainage in very low birth weight infants. Am J Surg 2001;181:416-9.
Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Collection
Yazarlar

Merih Çetinkaya

Nilgün Köksal Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2004
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2004 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Çetinkaya, M., & Köksal, N. (2004). Nekrotizan Enterokolit. Güncel Pediatri, 2(4), 146-151.
AMA Çetinkaya M, Köksal N. Nekrotizan Enterokolit. Güncel Pediatri. Aralık 2004;2(4):146-151.
Chicago Çetinkaya, Merih, ve Nilgün Köksal. “Nekrotizan Enterokolit”. Güncel Pediatri 2, sy. 4 (Aralık 2004): 146-51.
EndNote Çetinkaya M, Köksal N (01 Aralık 2004) Nekrotizan Enterokolit. Güncel Pediatri 2 4 146–151.
IEEE M. Çetinkaya ve N. Köksal, “Nekrotizan Enterokolit”, Güncel Pediatri, c. 2, sy. 4, ss. 146–151, 2004.
ISNAD Çetinkaya, Merih - Köksal, Nilgün. “Nekrotizan Enterokolit”. Güncel Pediatri 2/4 (Aralık 2004), 146-151.
JAMA Çetinkaya M, Köksal N. Nekrotizan Enterokolit. Güncel Pediatri. 2004;2:146–151.
MLA Çetinkaya, Merih ve Nilgün Köksal. “Nekrotizan Enterokolit”. Güncel Pediatri, c. 2, sy. 4, 2004, ss. 146-51.
Vancouver Çetinkaya M, Köksal N. Nekrotizan Enterokolit. Güncel Pediatri. 2004;2(4):146-51.