Research Article
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EFL Instructors’ Satisfaction with Teaching English Online at Tertiary Level

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 76 - 96, 01.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.17275/per.24.20.11.2

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the satisfaction level of instructors teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL) online at the tertiary level in Türkiye. The mixed-method research design was used to understand the nature of the existing state. In the quantitative part of the study, a total of 106 EFL instructors were included while there were 7 EFL instructors in the qualitative part of the study. The data were obtained through the “Online Instructor Satisfaction Measure (OISM)”, and an interview form consisting of 8 open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of the quantitative data while content analysis was employed for the analysis of qualitative data. The overall satisfaction level of EFL instructors with online teaching was found to be at moderate level. The findings revealed that EFL instructors identified various personal and system-related factors that facilitated their interaction with students in the online learning environment. On the other hand, they stated that student-to-student interaction was limited in online teaching, which poses a challenge for instructors. Additionally, assessment was one of the challenges of online teaching as well as internet loss, lack of interaction. They also stated that online teaching provided flexibility and wide range of resources as well as saving time. This study highlighted the importance of evaluating and enhancing online teaching practices to ensure instructors' satisfaction.

References

  • Adnan, M., & Anwar, K. (2020). Online learning amid the COVID-19 pandemic: Students' Perspectives. Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology, 2(1), 45-51.
  • Aguilera-Hermida, A. P. (2020). College students’ use and acceptance of emergency online learning due to COVID-19. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 1, 100011.
  • Allen, I. E., & Seaman, J. (2015.). Grade level: Tracking online education in the United States. Babson Park, MA: Babson Survey Research Group.
  • Al-Maqbali, A. H., & Raja Hussain, R. M. (2022). The impact of online assessment challenges on assessment principles during COVID-19 in Oman. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 19(2), 73-91.
  • Al-Samiri, R. A. (2021). English language teaching in Saudi Arabia in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and positive outcomes. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 1, 147-159.
  • Amazue, L. O., & Onyishi, I. E. (2016). Stress coping strategies, perceived organizational support and marital status as predictors of work–life balance among Nigerian bank employees. Social Indicators Research, 128(1), 147–159.
  • Ayçiçek, B., & Karafil, B. (2021). Exploring perspectives of secondary school teachers on technology integration in education during pandemic. Journal of Social Sciences of Mus Alparslan University, 9(1), 157-168.
  • Basar, Z. M., Mansor, A. N., Jamaludin, K. A., & Alias, B. S. (2021). The effectiveness and challenges of online learning for secondary school students–A case study. Asian Journal of University Education, 17(3), 119-129.
  • Bolliger, D. U., Inan, F. A., & Wasilik, O. (2014). Development and validation of the online instructor satisfaction measure (OISM). Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 17(2), 183-195.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2020). Scientific research methods (28th Edition). Pegem Academy.
  • Castelli, F. R., & Sarvary, M. A. (2021). Why students do not turn on their video cameras during online classes and an equitable and inclusive plan to encourage them to do so. Ecology and Evolution, 11(8), 3565-3576.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). A concise introduction to mixed methods research. SAGE Publications.
  • Dinh, L. P., & Nguyen, T. T. (2022). convenient and comfortable, yet limited in many ways: advantages and disadvantages of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic from perspectives of social work students in Vietnam. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development, 1-9.
  • Dörnyei, Z. (2007) Research methods in applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Du, W., Liang, R., Zhang, J., & Wang, L. (2023). Factors influencing teachers’ satisfaction and performance with online teaching in universities during the COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. 1120662. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1120662
  • Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of Covid-19 crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 49(1), 5–22.
  • Ece, E., & Kazazoğlu, S. (2021). A study on online EFL instructors’ teaching satisfaction during pandemic. Journal of Computer and Education Research, 9(18), 1084-1097.
  • Eslami, Z. R., & Fatahi, A. (2008). Teachers’ sense of self-efficacy, English proficiency, and instructional strategies: A study of nonnative EFL teachers in Iran. Tesl-Ej, 11(4), 1-19.
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw-hill.
  • Galegane, G. (2018). Group work and classroom interaction in communication and study skills classes (CSS) of the University of Botswana. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 8(12), 1595–1604.
  • Garcia, M. B. (Ed.). (2022). Socioeconomic Inclusion During an Era of Online Education. IGI Global.
  • García-Morales, V. J., Garrido-Moreno, A., & Martín-Rojas, R. (2021). The transformation of higher education After the COVID disruption: Emerging challenges in an online learning scenario. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 196.
  • Gopal, R., Singh, V., & Aggarwal, A. (2021). Impact of online classes on the satisfaction and performance of students during the pandemic period of COVID 19. Education and Information Technologies, 26(6), 6923-6947.
  • Griffee, D. T. (2012). An introduction to second language research methods. TESL-EJ Publications.
  • Hampton, D., Culp-Roche, A., Hensley, A., Wilson, J., Otts, J. A., Thaxton-Wiggins, A., ... & Moser, D. K. (2020). Self-efficacy and satisfaction with teaching in online courses. Nurse Educator, 45(6), 302-306.
  • Han, J., Yin, H., Wang, J., & Bai, Y. (2020). Challenge job demands and job resources to university teacher well-being: the mediation of teacher efficacy. Studies in Higher Education, 45(8), 1771-1785.
  • Heinrich, C. J., Darling-Aduana, J., Good, A., & Cheng, H. (2019). A look inside online educational settings in high school: Promise and pitfalls for improving educational opportunities and outcomes. American Educational Research Journal, 56(6), 2147-2188.
  • Hermanto, Y. B., & Srimulyani, V. A. (2021). The challenges of online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pengajaran, 54(1), 46.
  • Kaarakainen, M. T., & Saikkonen, L. (2021). Multilevel analysis of the educational use of technology: Quantity and versatility of digital technology usage in Finnish basic education schools. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 37, 953–965.
  • Kerres, M. (2020). Against all odds: Education in Germany coping with COVID-19. Postdigital Science and Education, 2(3), 690–694.
  • Kuo, Y.-C., Walker, A. E., Schroder, K. E., & Belland, B. R. (2014). Interaction, Internet selfefficacy, and self-regulated learning as predictors of student satisfaction in online education courses. The Internet and Higher Education, 20(2013), 35-50.
  • Li, M., & Yu, Z. (2022). Teachers’ satisfaction, role, and digital literacy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 14(3), 1121.
  • Lim, J. (2022). Impact of instructors’ online teaching readiness on satisfaction in the emergency online teaching context. Education and Information Technologies, 28, 4109–412.
  • Mishra, L., Gupta, T., & Shree, A. (2020). Online teaching-learning in higher education during lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 1, 100012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2020.100012
  • Mandasari, B. (2020). The impact of online learning toward students’ academic performance on business correspondence course. EDUTEC: Journal of Education and Technology, 4(1), 98-110.
  • Mosquera, P., Albuquerque, P. C., & Picoto, W. N. (2022). Is online teaching challenging faculty well-being?. Administrative Sciences, 12(4), 147.
  • Mupinga, D. M. (2005). Distance education in high schools: Benefits, challenges, and suggestions. The clearing house: a journal of educational strategies, Issues and Ideas, 78(3),105-109.
  • Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Berasategi Santxo, N., Idoiaga Mondragon, N., & Dosil Santamaría, M. (2021). The psychological state of teachers during the COVID-19 crisis: The challenge of returning to face-to-face teaching. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 620718.
  • Öztürk, G., Karamete, A., & Çetin, G. (2020). The relationship between pre-service teachers' cognitive flexibility levels and techno-pedagogical education competencies. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 7(1), 40-53.
  • Patton, Q. M. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Sage.
  • Pham, N. T., & Van Nghiem, H. (2022). Online teaching satisfaction amid the covid-19 pandemic: evidence from a Vietnamese higher education context. International Journal of TESOL & Education, 2(1), 310-326.
  • Rahim, A. F. A. (2020). Guidelines for online assessment in emergency remote teaching during the COVID19 pandemic. Education in Medicine Journal, 12(2), 59–68.
  • Rapanta, C., Botturi, L., Goodyear, P., Guàrdia, L., & Koole, M. (2020). Online university teaching during and after the Covid-19 crisis: Refocusing teacher presence and learning activity. Postdigital science and education, 2, 923-945.
  • Rasmitadila, R., Aliyyah, R. R., Rachmadtullah, R., Samsudin, A., Syaodih, E., Nurtanto, M., & Tambunan, A. R. S. (2020). The perceptions of primary school teachers of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 7(2), 90-109.
  • Samat, M. F., Awang, N. A., Hussin, S. N. A. & Nawi, F. A. M. (2020). Online distance learning amidst covid-19 pandemic among university students: a practicality of partial least squares structural equation modelling approach. Asian Journal of University Education (AJUE), 16(3), 220-233.
  • Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2017). Still motivated to teach? A study of school context variables, stress and job satisfaction among teachers in senior high school. Social Psychology of Education, 20, 15-37.
  • Shuck, B., Reio, T. G., Jr., & Rocco, T. (2011). Employee engagement: An examination of antecedent and outcome variables. Human Resource Development International, 14, 427–445.
  • Slimi, Z. (2020). Online learning and teaching during COVID-19: A case study from Oman. International Journal of Information Technology and Language Studies, 4(2), 44-56.
  • Sokal, L. J., Trudel, L. G. E., & Babb, J. C. (2020). Supporting teachers in times of change: The job demands-resources model and teacher burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Contemporary Education, 3(2), 67–74.
  • Stickney, L. T., Bento, R. F., Aggarwal, A., & Adlakha, V. (2019). Online higher education: Faculty satisfaction and its antecedents. Journal of Management Education, 43(5), 509-542.
  • Supriyatno, T., Susilawati, S., & Hassan, A. (2020). E-learning development in improving students’ critical thinking ability. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 15(5), 1099-1106.
  • Suresh, M., Priya, V., & Gayathri, R. (2018). Effect of e-learning on academic performance of undergraduate students. Drug Invention Today, 10 (9), 1797-1800.
  • Tao, J., & Gao, X. A. (2022). Teaching and learning languages online: Challenges and responses. System, 107, 102819.
  • Teng, M. F., & Wu, J. G. (2021). Tea or tears: Online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Education for Teaching, 47(2), 290–292.
  • Toscu, S. (2023). Exploring classroom interaction in online education. Education and Information Technologies, 1-27.
  • Turan, Z., Küçük, S., & Cilligol Karabey, S. (2022). The university students’ self-regulated effort, flexibility and satisfaction in distance education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19(1), 1-19.
  • Xie, F., & Derakhshan, A. (2021). A conceptual review of positive teacher interpersonal communication behaviors in the instructional context. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 708490.
  • Van Wart, M., Ni, A., Medina, P., Canelon, J., Kordrostami, M., Zhang, J., & Liu, Y. (2020). Integrating students’ perspectives about online learning: a hierarchy of factors. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 17(1), 1-22.
  • Wang, R., Han, J., Liu, C., & Xu, H. (2021). How do university students’ perceptions of the instructor’s role influence their learning outcomes and satisfaction in cloud-based virtual classrooms during the COVID-19 pandemic?. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 627443.
  • Watterston, J., & Zhao, Y. (2023). Rethinking the time spent at school: Could flexibility improve engagement and performance for students and teachers?. Prospects, 1-8.
  • Winter, E., Costello, A., O’Brien, M., & Hickey, G. (2021). Teachers’ use of technology and the impact of Covid-19. Irish Educational Studies, 1-12.
  • Wu, W., Hu, R., Tan, R., & Liu, H. (2022). Exploring factors of middle school teachers’ satisfaction with online training for sustainable professional development under the Impact of COVID-19. Sustainability, 14(20), 13244.
  • Wut, T. M., & Xu, J. (2021). Person-to-person interactions in online classroom settings under the impact of COVID-19: a social presence theory perspective. Asia Pacific Education Review, 22(3), 371-383.
  • Yang, H. H., Zhu, S., & MacLeod, J. (2018). Promoting education equity in rural and underdeveloped areas: Cases on computer-supported collaborative teaching in China. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(6), 2393-2405.
  • Ye, J. H., Lee, Y. S., & He, Z. (2022). The relationship among expectancy belief, course satisfaction, learning effectiveness, and continuance intention in online courses of vocational-technical teachers college students. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 904319. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.904319
  • Yüksel, İ., & Uysal, B. Ç. B. (2021). Foreign language education through online communities of practice. In C. H. Xiang (Ed.), Trends and Developments for The Future of Language Education in Higher Education (pp. 141–165). IGI Global.
Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 76 - 96, 01.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.17275/per.24.20.11.2

Abstract

References

  • Adnan, M., & Anwar, K. (2020). Online learning amid the COVID-19 pandemic: Students' Perspectives. Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology, 2(1), 45-51.
  • Aguilera-Hermida, A. P. (2020). College students’ use and acceptance of emergency online learning due to COVID-19. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 1, 100011.
  • Allen, I. E., & Seaman, J. (2015.). Grade level: Tracking online education in the United States. Babson Park, MA: Babson Survey Research Group.
  • Al-Maqbali, A. H., & Raja Hussain, R. M. (2022). The impact of online assessment challenges on assessment principles during COVID-19 in Oman. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 19(2), 73-91.
  • Al-Samiri, R. A. (2021). English language teaching in Saudi Arabia in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and positive outcomes. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 1, 147-159.
  • Amazue, L. O., & Onyishi, I. E. (2016). Stress coping strategies, perceived organizational support and marital status as predictors of work–life balance among Nigerian bank employees. Social Indicators Research, 128(1), 147–159.
  • Ayçiçek, B., & Karafil, B. (2021). Exploring perspectives of secondary school teachers on technology integration in education during pandemic. Journal of Social Sciences of Mus Alparslan University, 9(1), 157-168.
  • Basar, Z. M., Mansor, A. N., Jamaludin, K. A., & Alias, B. S. (2021). The effectiveness and challenges of online learning for secondary school students–A case study. Asian Journal of University Education, 17(3), 119-129.
  • Bolliger, D. U., Inan, F. A., & Wasilik, O. (2014). Development and validation of the online instructor satisfaction measure (OISM). Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 17(2), 183-195.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2020). Scientific research methods (28th Edition). Pegem Academy.
  • Castelli, F. R., & Sarvary, M. A. (2021). Why students do not turn on their video cameras during online classes and an equitable and inclusive plan to encourage them to do so. Ecology and Evolution, 11(8), 3565-3576.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). A concise introduction to mixed methods research. SAGE Publications.
  • Dinh, L. P., & Nguyen, T. T. (2022). convenient and comfortable, yet limited in many ways: advantages and disadvantages of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic from perspectives of social work students in Vietnam. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development, 1-9.
  • Dörnyei, Z. (2007) Research methods in applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Du, W., Liang, R., Zhang, J., & Wang, L. (2023). Factors influencing teachers’ satisfaction and performance with online teaching in universities during the COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. 1120662. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1120662
  • Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of Covid-19 crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 49(1), 5–22.
  • Ece, E., & Kazazoğlu, S. (2021). A study on online EFL instructors’ teaching satisfaction during pandemic. Journal of Computer and Education Research, 9(18), 1084-1097.
  • Eslami, Z. R., & Fatahi, A. (2008). Teachers’ sense of self-efficacy, English proficiency, and instructional strategies: A study of nonnative EFL teachers in Iran. Tesl-Ej, 11(4), 1-19.
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw-hill.
  • Galegane, G. (2018). Group work and classroom interaction in communication and study skills classes (CSS) of the University of Botswana. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 8(12), 1595–1604.
  • Garcia, M. B. (Ed.). (2022). Socioeconomic Inclusion During an Era of Online Education. IGI Global.
  • García-Morales, V. J., Garrido-Moreno, A., & Martín-Rojas, R. (2021). The transformation of higher education After the COVID disruption: Emerging challenges in an online learning scenario. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 196.
  • Gopal, R., Singh, V., & Aggarwal, A. (2021). Impact of online classes on the satisfaction and performance of students during the pandemic period of COVID 19. Education and Information Technologies, 26(6), 6923-6947.
  • Griffee, D. T. (2012). An introduction to second language research methods. TESL-EJ Publications.
  • Hampton, D., Culp-Roche, A., Hensley, A., Wilson, J., Otts, J. A., Thaxton-Wiggins, A., ... & Moser, D. K. (2020). Self-efficacy and satisfaction with teaching in online courses. Nurse Educator, 45(6), 302-306.
  • Han, J., Yin, H., Wang, J., & Bai, Y. (2020). Challenge job demands and job resources to university teacher well-being: the mediation of teacher efficacy. Studies in Higher Education, 45(8), 1771-1785.
  • Heinrich, C. J., Darling-Aduana, J., Good, A., & Cheng, H. (2019). A look inside online educational settings in high school: Promise and pitfalls for improving educational opportunities and outcomes. American Educational Research Journal, 56(6), 2147-2188.
  • Hermanto, Y. B., & Srimulyani, V. A. (2021). The challenges of online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pengajaran, 54(1), 46.
  • Kaarakainen, M. T., & Saikkonen, L. (2021). Multilevel analysis of the educational use of technology: Quantity and versatility of digital technology usage in Finnish basic education schools. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 37, 953–965.
  • Kerres, M. (2020). Against all odds: Education in Germany coping with COVID-19. Postdigital Science and Education, 2(3), 690–694.
  • Kuo, Y.-C., Walker, A. E., Schroder, K. E., & Belland, B. R. (2014). Interaction, Internet selfefficacy, and self-regulated learning as predictors of student satisfaction in online education courses. The Internet and Higher Education, 20(2013), 35-50.
  • Li, M., & Yu, Z. (2022). Teachers’ satisfaction, role, and digital literacy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 14(3), 1121.
  • Lim, J. (2022). Impact of instructors’ online teaching readiness on satisfaction in the emergency online teaching context. Education and Information Technologies, 28, 4109–412.
  • Mishra, L., Gupta, T., & Shree, A. (2020). Online teaching-learning in higher education during lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 1, 100012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2020.100012
  • Mandasari, B. (2020). The impact of online learning toward students’ academic performance on business correspondence course. EDUTEC: Journal of Education and Technology, 4(1), 98-110.
  • Mosquera, P., Albuquerque, P. C., & Picoto, W. N. (2022). Is online teaching challenging faculty well-being?. Administrative Sciences, 12(4), 147.
  • Mupinga, D. M. (2005). Distance education in high schools: Benefits, challenges, and suggestions. The clearing house: a journal of educational strategies, Issues and Ideas, 78(3),105-109.
  • Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Berasategi Santxo, N., Idoiaga Mondragon, N., & Dosil Santamaría, M. (2021). The psychological state of teachers during the COVID-19 crisis: The challenge of returning to face-to-face teaching. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 620718.
  • Öztürk, G., Karamete, A., & Çetin, G. (2020). The relationship between pre-service teachers' cognitive flexibility levels and techno-pedagogical education competencies. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 7(1), 40-53.
  • Patton, Q. M. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Sage.
  • Pham, N. T., & Van Nghiem, H. (2022). Online teaching satisfaction amid the covid-19 pandemic: evidence from a Vietnamese higher education context. International Journal of TESOL & Education, 2(1), 310-326.
  • Rahim, A. F. A. (2020). Guidelines for online assessment in emergency remote teaching during the COVID19 pandemic. Education in Medicine Journal, 12(2), 59–68.
  • Rapanta, C., Botturi, L., Goodyear, P., Guàrdia, L., & Koole, M. (2020). Online university teaching during and after the Covid-19 crisis: Refocusing teacher presence and learning activity. Postdigital science and education, 2, 923-945.
  • Rasmitadila, R., Aliyyah, R. R., Rachmadtullah, R., Samsudin, A., Syaodih, E., Nurtanto, M., & Tambunan, A. R. S. (2020). The perceptions of primary school teachers of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 7(2), 90-109.
  • Samat, M. F., Awang, N. A., Hussin, S. N. A. & Nawi, F. A. M. (2020). Online distance learning amidst covid-19 pandemic among university students: a practicality of partial least squares structural equation modelling approach. Asian Journal of University Education (AJUE), 16(3), 220-233.
  • Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2017). Still motivated to teach? A study of school context variables, stress and job satisfaction among teachers in senior high school. Social Psychology of Education, 20, 15-37.
  • Shuck, B., Reio, T. G., Jr., & Rocco, T. (2011). Employee engagement: An examination of antecedent and outcome variables. Human Resource Development International, 14, 427–445.
  • Slimi, Z. (2020). Online learning and teaching during COVID-19: A case study from Oman. International Journal of Information Technology and Language Studies, 4(2), 44-56.
  • Sokal, L. J., Trudel, L. G. E., & Babb, J. C. (2020). Supporting teachers in times of change: The job demands-resources model and teacher burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Contemporary Education, 3(2), 67–74.
  • Stickney, L. T., Bento, R. F., Aggarwal, A., & Adlakha, V. (2019). Online higher education: Faculty satisfaction and its antecedents. Journal of Management Education, 43(5), 509-542.
  • Supriyatno, T., Susilawati, S., & Hassan, A. (2020). E-learning development in improving students’ critical thinking ability. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 15(5), 1099-1106.
  • Suresh, M., Priya, V., & Gayathri, R. (2018). Effect of e-learning on academic performance of undergraduate students. Drug Invention Today, 10 (9), 1797-1800.
  • Tao, J., & Gao, X. A. (2022). Teaching and learning languages online: Challenges and responses. System, 107, 102819.
  • Teng, M. F., & Wu, J. G. (2021). Tea or tears: Online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Education for Teaching, 47(2), 290–292.
  • Toscu, S. (2023). Exploring classroom interaction in online education. Education and Information Technologies, 1-27.
  • Turan, Z., Küçük, S., & Cilligol Karabey, S. (2022). The university students’ self-regulated effort, flexibility and satisfaction in distance education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19(1), 1-19.
  • Xie, F., & Derakhshan, A. (2021). A conceptual review of positive teacher interpersonal communication behaviors in the instructional context. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 708490.
  • Van Wart, M., Ni, A., Medina, P., Canelon, J., Kordrostami, M., Zhang, J., & Liu, Y. (2020). Integrating students’ perspectives about online learning: a hierarchy of factors. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 17(1), 1-22.
  • Wang, R., Han, J., Liu, C., & Xu, H. (2021). How do university students’ perceptions of the instructor’s role influence their learning outcomes and satisfaction in cloud-based virtual classrooms during the COVID-19 pandemic?. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 627443.
  • Watterston, J., & Zhao, Y. (2023). Rethinking the time spent at school: Could flexibility improve engagement and performance for students and teachers?. Prospects, 1-8.
  • Winter, E., Costello, A., O’Brien, M., & Hickey, G. (2021). Teachers’ use of technology and the impact of Covid-19. Irish Educational Studies, 1-12.
  • Wu, W., Hu, R., Tan, R., & Liu, H. (2022). Exploring factors of middle school teachers’ satisfaction with online training for sustainable professional development under the Impact of COVID-19. Sustainability, 14(20), 13244.
  • Wut, T. M., & Xu, J. (2021). Person-to-person interactions in online classroom settings under the impact of COVID-19: a social presence theory perspective. Asia Pacific Education Review, 22(3), 371-383.
  • Yang, H. H., Zhu, S., & MacLeod, J. (2018). Promoting education equity in rural and underdeveloped areas: Cases on computer-supported collaborative teaching in China. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(6), 2393-2405.
  • Ye, J. H., Lee, Y. S., & He, Z. (2022). The relationship among expectancy belief, course satisfaction, learning effectiveness, and continuance intention in online courses of vocational-technical teachers college students. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 904319. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.904319
  • Yüksel, İ., & Uysal, B. Ç. B. (2021). Foreign language education through online communities of practice. In C. H. Xiang (Ed.), Trends and Developments for The Future of Language Education in Higher Education (pp. 141–165). IGI Global.
There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Educational Psychology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Burcu Karafil 0000-0001-7297-7871

Özlem Uysal İlbay This is me 0000-0002-9315-5022

Early Pub Date February 29, 2024
Publication Date March 1, 2024
Acceptance Date February 7, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Karafil, B., & Uysal İlbay, Ö. (2024). EFL Instructors’ Satisfaction with Teaching English Online at Tertiary Level. Participatory Educational Research, 11(2), 76-96. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.24.20.11.2