Profiles of Academic Procrastination in Higher Education: A Cross-Cultural Study Using Latent Profile Analysis

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 150 - 160, 25.07.2021

Eren Halil Özberk , Tuğba Türk Kurtça

Öz

Procrastination behaviour occurs when the person is obligated to do an activity, even they are not motivated to carry out the activity within the expected time frame. Literature studies define four types of procrastination: academic, decisional, life routines, and neurotic. This study focuses on academic procrastination in higher education. Academic procrastination is mainly related to delaying academic tasks such as handing in assignments and term papers or preparing for the exams at the last moment. This study compares Turkish and international students' academic and general procrastination profiles using latent profile analysis. For this purpose, latent profiles were estimated to reveal how students from different cultures are grouped according to academic and general procrastination behaviour. A total of 691 undergraduate students, 52.4% (361) Turkish and 47.6% (330) of international students registered for an academic program in higher education participated in the study. Results indicated that while Turkish students for three latent profiles defined as Tending to enjoyable Works, Neither Lessons nor Other Works and Ambition for Academic Success. On the other hand, International students only fit two latent profiles, which are defined as Academic Procrastination Tending to Enjoyable Works and Prioritizing Academic Tasks.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Latent profile analysis, procrastination, cross-cultural

Kaynakça

• Afzal, S., & Jami, H. (2018). Prevalence of academic procrastination and reasons for academic procrastination in university students. Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 28(1), 51-69.
• Akogul, S., & Erisoglu, M. (2017). An Approach for Determining the Number of Clusters in a Model Based Cluster Analysis. Entropy, 19(9), 452–0. https://doi.org/10.3390/e19090452
• Ashkanasy,N., Gupta, V., Mayfield, M. and Trevor-Roberts,E. (2004), “Futureorientation”, in House,R.J., Hanges, P.J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P.W. and Gupta, V. (Eds), Culture, Leadership andOrganizations: The Globe Study of 62 Societies, (pp. 723-732). Sage.
• Berlin, K. S., Williams, N. A., & Parra, G. R. (2014). An introduction to latent variable mixture modeling (part 1): Overview and cross-sectional latent class and latent profile analyses. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 39(2), 174-187. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jst084.
• Beswick, G., Rothblum, E. D., & Mann, L. (1988). Psychological antecedents of student procrastination. Australian Psychologist, 23(2), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050068808255605.
• Burka, J.B. & Yule, L. M. (2008). Procrastination: Why you do it, what to do about it now (2nd edition). Da Capo Lifelong Books.
• Burnam, A., Komarraju, M., Hamel, R., & Nadler, D. R. (2014). Do adaptive perfectionism and self-determined motivation reduce academic procrastination?. Learning and Individual Differences, 36, 165-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.10.009
• Carden, R., Bryant, C., & Moss, R. (2004). Locus of control, test anxiety, academic procrastination, and achievement among college students. Psychological Reports, 95(2), 581-582. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.2.581-582
• Choi, J. N. & Moran, S. V. (2009) Why not procrastinate? Development and validation of a New Active Procrastination Scale, The Journal of Social Psychology, 149:2, 195-212, https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.149.2.195-212
• Chu, A. H. C., & Choi, J. N. (2005). Rethinking procrastination: Positive effects of "active" procrastination behavior on attitudes and performance. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145, 245–264. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.145.3.245-264.
• Collins, L.M., Lanza, S.T., 2010. Latent class and latent transition analysis: with applications in the social, behavioral, and health sciences. John Wiley & Sons, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470567333.
• Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Çakıcı, D. Ç. (2003). Lise ve üniversite öğrencilerinde genel erteleme ve akademik erteleme davranışının incelenmesi . [An Examination of the general procrastination behavior and academic procrastination behavior in high-school and university] [In Turkish] [Unpublished Master’s disertation]. Ankara University.
• Day, V., Mensink, D. & O'Sullivan, M. (2000). Patterns of Academic Procrastination. Journal of College Reading and Learning, 30(2), 120–134. https://doi.org/0.1080/10790195.2000.10850090.
• Ferrari, J. R., & Scher, S. J. (2000). Toward an understanding of academic and nonacademic tasks procrastinated by students: The use of daily logs. Psychology in the Schools, 37(4), 359-366. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6807(200007)37:4<367::AID-PITS7>3.0.CO;2-Y
• Ferrari, J. R., & Ware, C. B. (1992). Academic procrastination: personality. Journal of social Behavior and personality, 7(3), 495-502.
• Grunschel, C., Patrzek, J., & Fries, S. (2013). Exploring different types of academic delayers: A latent profile analysis. Learning and Individual Differences, 23, 225-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.09.014
• Haghbin, M. (2015). Conceptualızatıon and operatıonalızatıon of delay: development and valıdatıon of the multıfaceted measure of academıc procrastınatıon and the delay questıonnaıre. [Unpublished doctoral disertation]. Carleton University, Ottowa.
• Hayat, A. A., Jahanian, M., Bazrafcan, L., & Shokrpour, N. (2020). Prevalence of Academic Procrastination Among Medical Students and Its Relationship with Their Academic Achievement. Shiraz E-Medical Journal, 21(7):e96049. https://doi.org/10.5812/semj.96049
• Hooda, M. & Devi, R. (2017). Procrastınation: A serious problem prevalent among adolescents. ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 7 (9), 107-113.
• Hussaina, I., & Sultan, S. (2010). Analysis of procrastination among university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1897-1904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.385.
• Jackson, T., Fritch, A., Nagasaka, T., & Pope, L. (2003). Procrastination and Perceptions of Past, Present, and Future. Individual Differences Research, 1(1), 17–28.
• Jöreskog, K. G. (1974). Analyzing psychological data by structural analysis of covariance matrices. In R. C. Atkinson, et al. (Eds.), Contemporary developments in mathematical psychology (Vol. II, pp. 1–56). W.H. Freeman.
• Klassen, R. M., & Kuzucu, E. (2009). Academic procrastination and motivation of adolescents in Turkey. Educational psychology, 29(1), 69-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410802478622
• Klingsieck, K. B. (2013). Procrastination in different life-domains: Is procrastination domain specific? Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 32(2), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-013-9171-8
• Kim, K. R. & Seo, E. H. (2015). The relationship between procrastination and academic performance: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.038
• Milgram, N., Marshevsky, S., & Sadeh, C. (1995). Correlates of academic procrastination: Discomfort, task aversiveness, and task capability. The Journal of psychology, 129(2), 145-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1995.9914954
• Milgram, N. N., Mey-Tal, G., & Levison, Y. (1998). Procrastination, generalized or specific, in college students and their parents. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(2), 297-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00044-0
• Milgram, N. & Tenne, R. (2000). Personality correlates of decisional and task avoidant procrastination. European Journal of Personality, 14(2), 141–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0984(200003/04)14:2<141::aid-per369>3.0.co;2-v
• Moores S., E. (2013). The relatıon of fear of faılure, procrastınatıon and self-effıcacy to academıc success ın college for fırst and non fırst-generatıon students ın a prıvate non-selectıve ınstıtutıon.[Unpublished doctoral disertation]. The University of Alabama.
• Muthén, B. & Muthén, L.K. (2010), Integrating person-centered and variable-centered analyses: growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes, Alcoholism-clinical & Experimental Research, 24 (6), 882-891. PMID: 10888079.
• Naveed, T. & Ishtiaq, S. (2015). Relationship between procrastination & self esteem among male & female university students. European Academic Research, 3 (2), 2459- 2470.
• Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(4), 535-569. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701575396
• O'Donoghue, T., & Rabin, M. (2001). Choice and Procrastination. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(1), 121–160. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355301556365
• Onat Kocabıyık, O., Donat Bacıoğlu, S., & Acar Güvendir, M. (2019). The problems of international students studying in higher education Journal of Human Sciences, 16(2), 561–581.
• Özçetin, S. (2013). Yükseköğrenim gören yabancı uyruklu öğrencilerin sosyal uyumlarını etkileyen etmenler uyumlarını etkileyen etmenler. [The factors that effect foreign university students social adaptation] [In Turkish] [Unpublished Master’s disertation]. Hacettepe University.
• Rothblum, E. D., Solomon, L. J., & Murakami, J. (1986). Affective, cognitive, and behavioral differences between high and low procrastinators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33(4), 387-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.33.4.387
• Saddler, C. D., & Buley, J. (1999). Predictors of academic procrastination in college students. Psychological Reports, 84(2), 686-688. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.84.2.686-688
• Sæle, R. G., Dahl, T. I., Sørlie, T., & Friborg, O. (2017). Relationships between learning approach, procrastination and academic achievement amongst first-year university students. Higher Education, 74(5), 757-774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10734-016-0075-z
• Schraw, Gregory; Wadkins, Theresa; Olafson, Lori (2007). Doing the things we do: A grounded theory of academic procrastination.. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.1.12
• Senécal, C., Koestner, R., & Vallerand, R. J. (1995). Self-Regulation and Academic Procrastination. The Journal of Social Psychology, 135(5), 607–619. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1995.9712234
• Siddiqui, G. K., Taj, S., & Maqsood, F. (2020). Metacognitive awareness, procrastination and its impact on Students' Academic Performance. SJESR, 3(4), 400-406. https://doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss4-2020(400-406)
• Simpson, W. K., & Pychyl, T. A. (2009). In search of the arousal procrastinator: Investigating the relation between procrastination, arousal-based personality traits and beliefs about procrastination motivations. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 906-911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.09.014
• Sircova, A., Van De Vijver, F. J., Osin, E., Milfont, T. L., Fieulaine, N., Kislali-Erginbilgic, A., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2015). Time perspective profiles of cultures. In Time perspective theory; review, research and application (pp. 169-187). Springer, Cham.
• Solomon, L. J.& Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates.. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(4), 503–509. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503
• Specter, M. H., & Ferrari, J. R. (2000). Time orientations of procrastinators: Focusing on the past, present, or future?. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15(5; SPI), 197-202.
• Westgate, Erin C., Wormington, Stephanie V., Oleson, Kathryn C.; Lindgren, Kristen P. (2016). Productive procrastination: academic procrastination style predicts academic and alcohol outcomes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 47(3),124-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12417
• Ying, Y., & Lv, W. (2012). A study on higher vocational college students' academic procrastination behavior and related factors. International Journal of Education and Management Engineering, 2(7), 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1109/ETCS.2011.59.
• Zarrin, A. S., & Gracia, E. (2020). Prediction of academic procrastination by fear of failure and self-regulation. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 20(3), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.12738/jestp.2020.3.003