The Mediating Role of Resilience and Personality Traits in the Relationship between Social Isolation and Psychological Well-Being in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 462 - 478, 26.03.2022

Ahmet Sapancı , Gözde Akkaya

Öz

The present study investigates the mediating role of psychological resilience and personality traits in the relationship between the social isolation process implemented during the pandemic period and the psychological well-being of individuals. The predictive correlational model based on the relational survey method, one of the quantitative research methods, was used in the study. The study participants consisted of 238 people through the convenient sampling model, 66 men and 172 women. Personal Information Form, Social Isolation subtest of Nottingham Health Profile Scale, short form of the Psychological Resilience Scale, Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale and short form of the Five-Factor Personality Scale were used as data collection tools in the study. While determining the mediating effects in the data analysis, a regression analysis based on the bootstrap method was performed with the Process Macro. As a result of the research, it was found that resilience mediated the relationship between the perception of social isolation and psychological well-being. When the mediating effect of personality dimensions was examined, it was found that the mediating effect of conscientiousness, neuroticism, and extraversion dimensions were significant. In contrast, the mediating effects of openness to experience and agreeableness dimensions were not statistically significant. Since the psychological effects of the pandemic differ from person to person, determining the differentiation of the effects of social isolation in individuals may contribute to understanding the possible risky and protective factors. For this purpose, it is thought that this study, which reveals the possible mediating effects of psychological resilience and personality traits as two individual characteristics, will contribute to the determination of priority treatment groups by mental health professionals.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Social isolation, psychological well-being, resilience, personality traits

Kaynakça

• Anderson, C., John, O. P., Keltner, D., & Kring, A. M. (2001). Who attains social status? Effects of personality and physical attractiveness in social groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 116–132. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022–3514.81.1.116.
• Anglim, J., & Horwood, S. (2021). Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and big five personality on subjective and psychological well-being. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(8), 1527–1537. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620983047
• Bilge, Y., & Bilge, Y. (2020). Investigation of the effects of corona virus pandemic and social isolation on psychological symptoms in terms of psychological resilience and coping styles (tur). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 23(Supp: 1), 38-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2020.66934
• Buecker, S., Maes, M., Denissen, J. J., & Luhmann, M. (2020). Loneliness and the big five personality traits: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Personality, 34(1), 8–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2229
• Breslau, N., & Schultz, L. (2013). Neuroticism and post-traumatic stress disorder: a prospective investigation. Psychological Medicine, 43(8), 1697–1702. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712002632
• Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
• Burger, M. J. (2006). Kişilik. Kaknüs yayınları
• Cacioppo, J. T., & Patrick, W. (2008). Loneliness: Human nature and the need for social connection. W W Norton & Co.
• Connor, K. M., & Zhang, W. (2006). Recent advances in the understanding and treatment of anxiety disorders. Resilience: determinants, measurement, and treatment responsiveness. CNS spectrums, 11(10 Suppl 12), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900025797
• Čopková, R. (2021). The relationship between burnout syndrome and boreout syndrome of secondary school teachers during COVID-19. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 5(2), 138-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.33902/JPR.202126982
• Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1988). From catalog to classification: Murray's needs and the five-factor model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(2), 258-265. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.2.258
• Cullen, W., Gulati, G., & Kelly, B. D. (2020). Mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic. QJM : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians, 113(5), 311–312. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa110
• Davydov, D. M., Stewart, R., Ritchie, K., & Chaudieu, I. (2010). Resilience and mental health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(5), 479-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.003
• Demirtaş, A. S., & Baytemir, K. (2019). Warwıck-Edınburgh mental iyi oluş ölçeği kısa formu’nun Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(70), 689-701. http://dx.doi.org/10.17755/esosder.432708
• Denissen, J. J., & Penke, L. (2008). Neuroticism predicts reactions to cues of social inclusion. European Journal of Personality: Published for the European Association of Personality Psychology, 22(6), 497-517. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.682
• Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
• Ebstrup, J. F., Eplov, L. F., Pisinger, C., & Jørgensen, T. (2011). Association between the five factor personality traits and perceived stress: is the effect mediated by general self-efficacy? Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 24(4), 407–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2010.540012
• Fernandez-Rio, J., Cecchini, J. A., Mendez-Gimenez, A., & Carriedo, A. (2021). Mental well-being profiles and physical activity in times of social isolation by the COVID-19: a latent class analysis. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2021.1877328
• Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European Psychologist, 18, 12-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000124
• Gori, A., Topino, E., Palazzeschi, L., & Di Fabio, A. (2021). Which personality traits can mitigate the impact of the pandemic? Assessment of the relationship between personality traits and traumatic events in the COVID-19 pandemic as mediated by defense mechanisms. Plos One, 16(5), e0251984. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251984
• Gupta, K., & Parimal, B. S. (2020). Relationship between personality dimensions and psychological well-being among university students during pandemic lockdown. Journal of Global Resources Volume, 6(01a), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.46587/JGR.2020.v06si01.002
• Gürbüz, S. (2019). Sosyal bilimlerde aracı, düzenleyici ve durumsal etki analizleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation and conditional process analysis. The Guilford Press.
• Havnen, A., Anyan, F., Hjemdal, O., Solem, S., Gurigard Riksfjord, M., & Hagen, K. (2020). Resilience moderates negative outcome from stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a moderated-mediation approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186461
• Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2001). Happiness, introversion–extraversion and happy introverts. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(4), 595–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00058-1
• Hoffart, A., Johnson, S. U., & Ebrahimi, O. V. (2020). Loneliness and social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic: Risk factors and associations with psychopathology. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 589127. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.589127
• Hossain, M. M., Sultana, A., & Purohit, N. (2020). Mental health outcomes of quarantine and isolation for infection prevention: a systematic umbrella review of the global evidence. Epidemiology and Health, 42, e2020038. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020038
• Hunt, S. M., McEwen, J., & McKenna, S. P. (1985). Measuring health status: a new tool for clinicians and epidemiologists. The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 35(273), 185–188.
• Hwang, T. J., Rabheru, K., Peisah, C., Reichman, W., & Ikeda, M. (2020). Loneliness and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Psychogeriatrics, 32(10), 1217-1220.
• Killgore, W., Taylor, E. C., Cloonan, S. A., & Dailey, N. S. (2020). Psychological resilience during the COVID-19 lockdown. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113216
• Klapproth, F., Federkeil, L., Heinschke, F., & Jungmann, T. (2020). Teachers’ experiences of stress and their coping strategies during COVID-19 induced distance teaching. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 4(4), 444-452. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.2020062805
• Kocjan, G.Z, Kavčič, T., & Avsec, A. (2020). Resilience matters: Explaining the association between personality and psychological functioning during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology IJCHP, 21(1), 100198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.08.002
• Kuntz, J. R. C., Näswall, K., & Malinen, S. (2016). Resilient employees in resilient organizations: Flourishing beyond adversity. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 9, 456–462. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2016.39
• Kücükdeveci, A. A., McKenna, S. P., Kutlay, S., Gürsel, Y., Whalley, D., & Arasil, T. (2000). The development and psychometric assessment of the Turkish version of the nottingham health profile. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 23(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004356-200023010-00004
• Larsen, R. J., & Eid, M. (2008). Ed Diener and the science of subjective well-being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen(Eds.), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 113). Guilford Press.
• Lee, C. M., Cadigan, J. M., & Rhew, I. C. (2020). Increases in loneliness among young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and association with increases in mental health problems. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(5), 714-717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.009
• Li, M., Ahmed, M. Z., Hiramoni, F. A., Zhou, A., Ahmed, O., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). Mental health and personality traits during COVID-19 in china: A latent profile analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8693. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168693
• Liu, S., Lithopoulos, A., Zhang, C. Q., Garcia-Barrera, M. A., & Rhodes, R. E. (2021). Personality and perceived stress during COVID-19 pandemic: Testing the mediating role of perceived threat and efficacy. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110351
• McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.81
• McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1989). More reasons to adopt the five-factor model. American Psychologist, 44(2), 451–452. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.2.451
• Modersitzki, N., Phan, L. V., Kuper, N., & Rauthmann, J. F. (2021). Who is impacted? Personality predicts individual differences in psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(6), 1110–1130. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620952576
• Nikčević, A. V., Marino, C., Kolubinski, D. C., Leach, D., & Spada, M. M. (2021). Modelling the contribution of the big five personality traits, health anxiety, and COVID-19 psychological distress to generalised anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 578-584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.053
• Nikitin, J. , & Freund, A. M. (2015). The indirect nature of social motives: The relation of social approach and avoidance motives with likeability via extraversion and agreeableness. Journal of Personality, 83, 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12086.
• Nudelman, G., Kamble, S. V., & Otto, K. (2021). Can personality traits predict depression during the COVID-19 pandemic? Social Justice Research, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-021-00369-w
• Oshio, A., Taku, K., Hirano, M., & Saeed, G. (2018). Resilience and big five personality traits: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 127, 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.048
• Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Dosil-Santamaria, M., Picaza-Gorrochategui, M., & Idoiaga-Mondragon, N. (2020). Stress, anxiety, and depression levels in the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in a population sample in the northern Spain. Cadernos de Saude Publica, 36(4), e00054020. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00054020
• Paredes, M. R., Apaolaza, V., Fernandez-Robin, C., Hartmann, P., & Yañez-Martinez, D. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on subjective mental well-being: The interplay of perceived threat, future anxiety and resilience. Personality and Individual Differences, 170, 110455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110455
• Prati, G., & Mancini, A. D. (2021). The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns: A review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies and natural experiments. Psychological Medicine, 51(2), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721000015
• Ran, L., Wang, W., Ai, M., Kong, Y., Chen, J., & Kuang, L. (2020). Psychological resilience, depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms in response to COVID-19: A study of the general population in China at the peak of its epidemic. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 262, 113261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113261
• Riehm, K. E., Brenneke, S. G., Adams, L. B., Gilan, D., Lieb, K., Kunzler, A. M., ... & Thrul, J. (2021). Association between psychological resilience and changes in mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, 381–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.071
• Rotas, E., & Cahapay, M. (2021). From stress to success: Exploring how Filipino students cope with remote learning amid COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology, 3(1), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPSP.2021366608
• Sahni, S., Kumari, S., & Pachaury, P. (2021). Building emotional resilience with big five personality model against COVID-19 pandemic. FIIB Business Review, 10(1), 39-51.
• Salah, A. B., DeAngelis, B. N., & al’Absi, M. (2021). Resilience and the role of depressed and anxious mood in the relationship between perceived social isolation and perceived sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28(3), 277–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-020-09945-x
• Schmiedeberg, C., & Thönnissen, C. (2021). Positive and negative perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic: Does personality play a role? Social Science & Medicine, 276, 113859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113859
• Schmutte, P. S., & Ryff, C. D. (1997). Personality and well-being: reexamining methods and meanings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(3), 549. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.549
• Schneider, T. R. (2004). The role of neuroticism on psychological and physiological stress responses. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(6), 795-804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2004.04.005
• Sher, L. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113(10), 707-712. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa202
• Sherman, R. A. , Rauthmann, J. F. , Brown, N. A. , Serfass, D. G. , & Jones, A. B. (2015). The independent effects of personality and situations on real–time expressions of behavior and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109, 872–888. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000036.
• Shokrkon, A., & Nicoladis, E. (2021). How personality traits of neuroticism and extroversion predict the effects of the COVID-19 on the mental health of Canadians. Plos One, 16(5), e0251097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251097
• Sleep CE, Lynam DR., & Miller JD. (2020). A comparison of the validity of very brief measures of the big five/five-factor model of personality. Assessment, 28(3),739-758. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191120939160
• Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200.
• Soldz, S., Budman, S., Demby, A., & Merry, J. (1995). The relation of defensive style to personality pathology and the big five personality factors. Journal of Personality Disorders, 9(4), 356-370. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1995.9.4.356
• Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 25338. https://dx.doi.org/10.3402%2Fejpt.v5.25338
• Steel, P., Schmidt, J., & Shultz, J. (2008). Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 123, 138–161. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.138
• Stratton, S. (2021). Population research: Convenience sampling strategies. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 36(4), 373-374. doi:10.1017/S1049023X21000649
• Tatar, A. (2016). Beş faktör kişilik ölçeğinin kısa formunun geliştirilmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17, 14-23. doi: 10.5455/apd.202977
• Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., Parkinson, J., Secker, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007). The warwick-edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS): Development and UK validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5, 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-63
• Ullah, A., Ashraf, M., Ashraf, S., & Ahmed, S. (2021). Challenges of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic encountered by students in Pakistan. Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology, 3(1), 36-44. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPSP.2021167264
• Usher, K., Bhullar, N., & Jackson, D. (2020). Life in the pandemic: Social isolation and mental health. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(15-16), 2756–2757. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15290
• Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
• Weiß, M., Rodrigues, J., & Hewig, J. (2020). BIG 5 personality factors in relation to coping with contact restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic: An explorative analysis. PsychArchives. https://doi.org/10.23668/PSYCHARCHIVES.3484
• World Health Organization (2005). Promoting mental health: Concepts, emerging evidence, practice. Geneva: World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/MH_Promotion_Book.pdf
• World Health Organization (2020, March 11). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19-. Retrieved March 11, 2020, from https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-openingremarks- at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-11-march-2020.
• Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L., Gill, H., Phan, L., Chen-Li, D., Iacobucci, M., Ho, R., Majeed, A., & McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001
• Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. W. (2021). Big five traits as predictors of perceived stressfulness of the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 175, 110694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110694
• Zhang, L., Wu, J., Deng, C., Zhang, M., Li, C., & Wang, Q. (2021). Mental health and personality implications among medical students during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 49(8), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.10544