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Psychostimulants in the Treatment of Depressive Disorders

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 304 - 18, 12.07.2015

Okan Ekinci , Aslı Erkan Ekinci Selahattin Bölek

Öz

Despite antidepressant therapy of appropriate trial duration and dose optimization, 50-60% of depressed patients have an adequate treatment response, whereas only 35-40% achieve remission. Psychostimulants have been suggested as potential candidates to promote acceleration of response and to alleviate residual symptoms of depression. Nowadays, clinicians often consider the off-label use of stimulants or stimulant alternatives as adjunctive antidepressants. In this review study, we reviewed the available literature on the efficacy of these agents for treatment of refractory unipolar and bipolar depression.

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Depression methylphenidate modafinil psychostimulants

Kaynakça

  • Abolfazli R, Hosseini M, Ghanizadeh A, Ghaleiha A, Tabrizi M, Raznahan M et al. (2011) Double-blind randomized parallel-group clinical trial of efficacy of the combination fluoxetine plus modafinil versus fluoxetine plus placebo in the treatment of major depression. Depress Anxiety, 28:297-302.
  • Anders T, Sharfstein S (2006) ADHD drugs and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med, 354;2296-2298.
  • Calabrese JR, Ketter TA, Youakim JM, Tiller JM, Yang R, Frye MA (2010) Adjunctive armodafinil for major depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept study. J Clin Psychiatry, 71:1363-1370.
  • Carlson PJ, Merlock MC, Suppes T (2004) Adjunctive stimulant use in patients with bipolar disorder: treatment of residual depression and sedation. Bipolar Disord, 6:416-420.
  • Carpenter LL, Milosavljevic N, Schecter JM, Tyrka AR, Price LH (2005) Augmentation with open-label atomoxetine for partial or nonresponse to antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry, 66:1234-1238.
  • DeBattista C, Doghramji K, Menza MA (2003) Adjunct modafinil for the short-term treatment of fatigue and sleepiness in patients with major depressive disorder: a preliminary double- blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry, 64:1057-1064.
  • DeBattista C, Lembke A, Solvason HB (2004) A prospective trial of modafinil as an adjunctive treatment of major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 24:87-90.
  • Durukan I, Erdem M, Kara K, Karaman D (2013) Psikostimülan ilaçların gelişen beyin üzerindeki etkileri. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 5:528-539.
  • El-Mallakh RS (2000) An open study of methylphenidate in bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord, 2:56-59.
  • Fava M, Thase ME, DeBattista C, Doghramji K, Arora S, Hughes RJ (2007) Modafinil augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy in MDD partial responders with persistent fatigue and sleepiness. Ann Clin Psychiatry, 19:153-159.
  • Fava M, Thase ME, DeBattista C (2005) A multicenter, placebocontrolled study of modafinil augmentation in partial responders to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with persistent fatigue and sleepiness. J Clin Psychiatry, 66: 85-93.
  • Fawcett J, Kravitz HM, Zajecka JM (1991) CNS stimulant potentiation of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in treatment refractory depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 11:127-132
  • Femandez F, Adams F, Holmes VF (1987) Methylphenidate for depressive disorders in cancer patients. Psychosomatics, 28:455
  • FDA [Food and Drug Administration] (2006). Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee meeting, 9-10 February 2006, [online]. Available from URL: http://www.fda. gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/briefing/2006-4202_00_TOC.htm)
  • Frye MA, Grunze H, Suppes T, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Walden J (2007) A placebo-controlled evaluation of adjunctive modafinil in the treatment of bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry, 164:1242-1249.
  • Geerlings SW, Beekman AT, Deeg DJ (2001) The longitudinal effect of depression on functional limitations and disability in older adults: an eight-wave prospective community-based study. Psychol Med, 31:1361-1371.
  • Grade C, Redford B, Chrostowski J (1998). Methylphenidate in early poststroke recovery: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 79:1047-1050.
  • Gwirtsman HE, Szuba MP, Toren L (1994) The antidepressant response to tricyclics in major depressives is accelerated with adjunctive use of methylphenidate. Psychopharmacol Bull, 30:157-164.
  • Habel LA, Cooper WO, Sox CM, Chan KA, Fireman BH, Arbogast PG et al. (2011) ADHD medications and risk of serious cardiovascular events in young and middle-aged adults. JAMA, 306:2673-2683.
  • Hare EH, Dominian J, Sharpe L (1962) Phenelzine and dexamphetamine in depressive illness; a comparative trial. BMJ, 5270:9-12.
  • Homsi J, Nelson KA, Sarhill N (2001) A phase II study of methylphenidate for depression in advanced cancer. Am J Hosp Palliat Care, 18:403-407.
  • Homsi J, Walsh D, Nelson KA (2000) Methylphenidate for depression in hospice practice. Am J Hosp Palliat Care, 17:393-398.
  • Kaplitz SE (1975) Withdrawn, apathetic geriatric patients responsive to methylphenidate. J Am Geriatr Soc, 23: 271-276.
  • Kaufman KR, Menza MA, Fitzsimmons A (2002) Modafinil monotherapy in depression. Eur Psychiatry, 17: 167-169.
  • Konuk N, Atasoy N, Atik L, Akay O (2006) Open-label study of adjunct modafinil for the treatment of patients with fatigue, sleepiness, and major depression treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Adv Ther, 23:646-654.
  • Landman ME, Preisig R, Perlman M (1958) A practical mood stimulant. J Med Soc N J, 55:55-58.
  • Lavretsky H, Kim MD, Kumar A (2003) Combined treatment with methylphenidate and citalopram for accelerated response in the elderly: an open trial. J Clin Psychiatry, 64:1410-1414.
  • Lavretsky H, Kumar A (2001) Methylphenidate augmentation of citalopram in elderly depressed patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 9:298-303.
  • Lazarus LW, Winemiller DR, Lingam VR (1992) Efficacy and side effects of methylphenidate for poststroke depression. J Clin Psychiatry, 53:447-449
  • Lingam VR, Lazarus LW, Groves L (1988) Methylphenidate in treating poststroke depression. J Clin Psychiatry, 49:151-153.
  • Little KY (1993) d-Amphetamine versus methylphenidate effects in depressed inpatients. J Clin Psychiatry, 54:349-355.
  • Macleod AD (1998) Methylphenidate in terminal depression. J Pain Symptom Manage, 16:193-198.
  • Madhoo M, Keefe RS, Roth RM, Sambunaris A, Wu J, Trivedi MH et al. (2014) Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate augmentation in adults with persistent executive dysfunction after partial or full remission of major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39:1388-1398.
  • Mantani A, Fujikawa T, Ohmori N, Yamawaki S (2008) Methylphenidate in the treatment of geriatric patients with vascular depression: a retrospective chart review. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 16:336-337.
  • Markovitz PJ, Wagner S (2003) An open-label trial of modafmil augmentation in patients with partial response to antidepressant therapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 23:207-209.
  • Masand P, Pickett P, Murray GB (1991) Psychostimulants for secondary depression in medical illness. Psychosomatics, 32:203- 208.
  • Masand P, Pickett P, Murray GB (1991) Psychostimulants in poststroke depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 3:23-27.
  • Masand PS, Anand VS, Tanquary JF (1998) Psychostimulant augmentation of second generation antidepressants: a case series. Depress Anxiety, 7:89-91.
  • Mattes JA (1985) Methylphenidate in mild depression: a double-blind controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry, 46:525-527.
  • Meyers CA, Weitzner MA, Valentine AD (1998) Methylphenidate therapy improves cognition, mood and function of brain tumor patients. J Clin Oncol, 16:2522-2527.
  • Michelson D, Adler LA, Amsterdam JD, Dunner DL, Nierenberg AA, Reimherr FW et al (2007). Addition of atomoxetine for depression incompletely responsive to sertraline: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry, 68:582-587.
  • Nissen SE (2006) ADHD drugs and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med, 354:1445-1448.
  • Olin J, Masand P (1996) Psychostimulants for depression in hospitalized cancer patients. Psychosomatics, 37:57-62.
  • Papakostas GI, Petersen TJ, Burns AM, Fava M (2006) Adjunctive atomoxetine for residual fatigue in major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res, 40:370-373.
  • Parker G, Brotchie H (2010) Do the old psychostimulant drugs have a role in managing treatment-resistant depression? Acta Psychiatr Scand, 121:308-314.
  • Patkar AA, Masand PS, Pae CU, Peindl K, Hooper-Wood C, Mannelli P et al. (2006) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of augmentation with an extended release formulation of methylphenidate in outpatients with treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 26:653-656.
  • Pickett P, Masand P, Murray GB (1990) Psychostimulant treatment of geriatric depressive disorders secondary to medical illness. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, 3:146-151.
  • Postolache TT, Rosenthal RN, Hellerstein DJ (1999). Early augmentation of seitraline with methylphenidate. J Clin Psychiatry, 60:123-124.
  • Price CS, Taylor FB (2005). A retrospective chart review of the effects of modafinil on depression as monotherapy and as adjunctive therapy. Depress Anxiety, 21:149-153.
  • Rasmussen N (2008) America's first amphetamine epidemic 1929-1971: a quantitative and qualitative retrospective with implications for the present. Am J Public Health, 98:974-985.
  • Rasmussen NA, Schroder P, Olsen LR (2005) Modafinil augmentation in depressed patients with partial response to antidepressants: a pilot study on self-reported symptoms covered by the major depression inventory (MDI) and the symptom checklist (SCL-92). Nord J Psychiatry, 59:173-178.
  • Ravindran AV, Kennedy SH, O'Donovan MC, Fallu A, Camacho F, Binder CE (2008) Osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate augmentation of antidepressant monotherapy in major depressive disorder: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo- controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry, 69:87-94.
  • Rosenberg PB, Ahmed I, Hurwitz S (1991) Methylphenidate in depressed medically ill patients. J Clin Psychiatry, 52:263-267.
  • Rothenhausler HB, Ehrentraut S, Degenfeld GV (2000) Treatment of depression with methylphenidate in patients difficult to wean from mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit. J Clin Psychiatry, 61:750-755.
  • Sarhill N, Walsh D, Nelson KA (2001) Methylphenidate for fatigue in advanced cancer: a prospective open-label pilot study. Am J Hosp Palliat Care, 18:187-192.
  • Schwartz TL, Azhar N, Cole K (2004) An open-label study of adjunctive modafinil in patients with sedation related to serotonergic antidepressant therapy. J Clin Psychiatry, 65:1223-1227.
  • Trivedi MH, Cutler AJ, Richards C, Lasser R, Geibel BB, Gao J et al. (2013) A randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate as augmentation therapy in adults with residual symptoms of major depressive disorder after treatment with escitalopram. J Clin Psychiatry, 74:802-809.
  • Vaishnavi S, Gadde K, Alamy S, Zhang W, Connor K, Davidson JR (2006) Modafinil for atypical depression: effects of open-label and double-blind discontinuation treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 26:373-378.
  • Wagner GJ, Rabkin R, Rabkin JG (1997) Dexamphetamine as a treatment for depression and low energy in AIDS patients: a pilot study. J Psychosom Res, 42:407-411.
  • Wagner GJ, Rabkin R (2000) Effects of dextroamphetamine on depression and fatigue in men with HIV: a double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. J Clin Psychiatry, 61:436-440.
  • Wallace AE, Kofoed LL, West AN (1995) Double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of methylphenidate in older, depressed, medically ill patients. Am J Psychiatry, 152:929-931.
  • Woods SW, Tesar GE, Murray GB (1986) Psychostimulant treatment of depressive disorders secondary to medical illness. J Clin Psychiatry, 47:12-15.

Depresif Bozuklukların Tedavisinde Psikostimulanlar

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 304 - 18, 12.07.2015

Okan Ekinci , Aslı Erkan Ekinci Selahattin Bölek

Öz

Uygun doz ve sürede antidepresan tedaviye rağmen depresif hastaların yaklaşık %50-60‘ında yeterli tedavi cevabı sağlanırken, sadece %35-40’ında remisyona ulaşılır. Psikostimulanlar depresyon tedavisinde rezidüel belirtilerin iyileştirilmesi ve tedavi cevabını hızlandırmak için aday ilaçlardandır. Klinisyenler günümüzde onaydışı olarak psikotimulanların ve alternatiflerini depresyonda güçlendirici tedavi olarak kullanmaktadırlar. Bu yazıda psikostimulan ajanların bipolar ve unipolar depresyonda etkinliği gözden geçirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Depresyon metilfenidat modafinil psikostimulanlar

Kaynakça

  • Abolfazli R, Hosseini M, Ghanizadeh A, Ghaleiha A, Tabrizi M, Raznahan M et al. (2011) Double-blind randomized parallel-group clinical trial of efficacy of the combination fluoxetine plus modafinil versus fluoxetine plus placebo in the treatment of major depression. Depress Anxiety, 28:297-302.
  • Anders T, Sharfstein S (2006) ADHD drugs and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med, 354;2296-2298.
  • Calabrese JR, Ketter TA, Youakim JM, Tiller JM, Yang R, Frye MA (2010) Adjunctive armodafinil for major depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept study. J Clin Psychiatry, 71:1363-1370.
  • Carlson PJ, Merlock MC, Suppes T (2004) Adjunctive stimulant use in patients with bipolar disorder: treatment of residual depression and sedation. Bipolar Disord, 6:416-420.
  • Carpenter LL, Milosavljevic N, Schecter JM, Tyrka AR, Price LH (2005) Augmentation with open-label atomoxetine for partial or nonresponse to antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry, 66:1234-1238.
  • DeBattista C, Doghramji K, Menza MA (2003) Adjunct modafinil for the short-term treatment of fatigue and sleepiness in patients with major depressive disorder: a preliminary double- blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry, 64:1057-1064.
  • DeBattista C, Lembke A, Solvason HB (2004) A prospective trial of modafinil as an adjunctive treatment of major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 24:87-90.
  • Durukan I, Erdem M, Kara K, Karaman D (2013) Psikostimülan ilaçların gelişen beyin üzerindeki etkileri. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 5:528-539.
  • El-Mallakh RS (2000) An open study of methylphenidate in bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord, 2:56-59.
  • Fava M, Thase ME, DeBattista C, Doghramji K, Arora S, Hughes RJ (2007) Modafinil augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy in MDD partial responders with persistent fatigue and sleepiness. Ann Clin Psychiatry, 19:153-159.
  • Fava M, Thase ME, DeBattista C (2005) A multicenter, placebocontrolled study of modafinil augmentation in partial responders to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with persistent fatigue and sleepiness. J Clin Psychiatry, 66: 85-93.
  • Fawcett J, Kravitz HM, Zajecka JM (1991) CNS stimulant potentiation of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in treatment refractory depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 11:127-132
  • Femandez F, Adams F, Holmes VF (1987) Methylphenidate for depressive disorders in cancer patients. Psychosomatics, 28:455
  • FDA [Food and Drug Administration] (2006). Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee meeting, 9-10 February 2006, [online]. Available from URL: http://www.fda. gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/briefing/2006-4202_00_TOC.htm)
  • Frye MA, Grunze H, Suppes T, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Walden J (2007) A placebo-controlled evaluation of adjunctive modafinil in the treatment of bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry, 164:1242-1249.
  • Geerlings SW, Beekman AT, Deeg DJ (2001) The longitudinal effect of depression on functional limitations and disability in older adults: an eight-wave prospective community-based study. Psychol Med, 31:1361-1371.
  • Grade C, Redford B, Chrostowski J (1998). Methylphenidate in early poststroke recovery: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 79:1047-1050.
  • Gwirtsman HE, Szuba MP, Toren L (1994) The antidepressant response to tricyclics in major depressives is accelerated with adjunctive use of methylphenidate. Psychopharmacol Bull, 30:157-164.
  • Habel LA, Cooper WO, Sox CM, Chan KA, Fireman BH, Arbogast PG et al. (2011) ADHD medications and risk of serious cardiovascular events in young and middle-aged adults. JAMA, 306:2673-2683.
  • Hare EH, Dominian J, Sharpe L (1962) Phenelzine and dexamphetamine in depressive illness; a comparative trial. BMJ, 5270:9-12.
  • Homsi J, Nelson KA, Sarhill N (2001) A phase II study of methylphenidate for depression in advanced cancer. Am J Hosp Palliat Care, 18:403-407.
  • Homsi J, Walsh D, Nelson KA (2000) Methylphenidate for depression in hospice practice. Am J Hosp Palliat Care, 17:393-398.
  • Kaplitz SE (1975) Withdrawn, apathetic geriatric patients responsive to methylphenidate. J Am Geriatr Soc, 23: 271-276.
  • Kaufman KR, Menza MA, Fitzsimmons A (2002) Modafinil monotherapy in depression. Eur Psychiatry, 17: 167-169.
  • Konuk N, Atasoy N, Atik L, Akay O (2006) Open-label study of adjunct modafinil for the treatment of patients with fatigue, sleepiness, and major depression treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Adv Ther, 23:646-654.
  • Landman ME, Preisig R, Perlman M (1958) A practical mood stimulant. J Med Soc N J, 55:55-58.
  • Lavretsky H, Kim MD, Kumar A (2003) Combined treatment with methylphenidate and citalopram for accelerated response in the elderly: an open trial. J Clin Psychiatry, 64:1410-1414.
  • Lavretsky H, Kumar A (2001) Methylphenidate augmentation of citalopram in elderly depressed patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 9:298-303.
  • Lazarus LW, Winemiller DR, Lingam VR (1992) Efficacy and side effects of methylphenidate for poststroke depression. J Clin Psychiatry, 53:447-449
  • Lingam VR, Lazarus LW, Groves L (1988) Methylphenidate in treating poststroke depression. J Clin Psychiatry, 49:151-153.
  • Little KY (1993) d-Amphetamine versus methylphenidate effects in depressed inpatients. J Clin Psychiatry, 54:349-355.
  • Macleod AD (1998) Methylphenidate in terminal depression. J Pain Symptom Manage, 16:193-198.
  • Madhoo M, Keefe RS, Roth RM, Sambunaris A, Wu J, Trivedi MH et al. (2014) Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate augmentation in adults with persistent executive dysfunction after partial or full remission of major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39:1388-1398.
  • Mantani A, Fujikawa T, Ohmori N, Yamawaki S (2008) Methylphenidate in the treatment of geriatric patients with vascular depression: a retrospective chart review. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 16:336-337.
  • Markovitz PJ, Wagner S (2003) An open-label trial of modafmil augmentation in patients with partial response to antidepressant therapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 23:207-209.
  • Masand P, Pickett P, Murray GB (1991) Psychostimulants for secondary depression in medical illness. Psychosomatics, 32:203- 208.
  • Masand P, Pickett P, Murray GB (1991) Psychostimulants in poststroke depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 3:23-27.
  • Masand PS, Anand VS, Tanquary JF (1998) Psychostimulant augmentation of second generation antidepressants: a case series. Depress Anxiety, 7:89-91.
  • Mattes JA (1985) Methylphenidate in mild depression: a double-blind controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry, 46:525-527.
  • Meyers CA, Weitzner MA, Valentine AD (1998) Methylphenidate therapy improves cognition, mood and function of brain tumor patients. J Clin Oncol, 16:2522-2527.
  • Michelson D, Adler LA, Amsterdam JD, Dunner DL, Nierenberg AA, Reimherr FW et al (2007). Addition of atomoxetine for depression incompletely responsive to sertraline: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry, 68:582-587.
  • Nissen SE (2006) ADHD drugs and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med, 354:1445-1448.
  • Olin J, Masand P (1996) Psychostimulants for depression in hospitalized cancer patients. Psychosomatics, 37:57-62.
  • Papakostas GI, Petersen TJ, Burns AM, Fava M (2006) Adjunctive atomoxetine for residual fatigue in major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res, 40:370-373.
  • Parker G, Brotchie H (2010) Do the old psychostimulant drugs have a role in managing treatment-resistant depression? Acta Psychiatr Scand, 121:308-314.
  • Patkar AA, Masand PS, Pae CU, Peindl K, Hooper-Wood C, Mannelli P et al. (2006) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of augmentation with an extended release formulation of methylphenidate in outpatients with treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 26:653-656.
  • Pickett P, Masand P, Murray GB (1990) Psychostimulant treatment of geriatric depressive disorders secondary to medical illness. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, 3:146-151.
  • Postolache TT, Rosenthal RN, Hellerstein DJ (1999). Early augmentation of seitraline with methylphenidate. J Clin Psychiatry, 60:123-124.
  • Price CS, Taylor FB (2005). A retrospective chart review of the effects of modafinil on depression as monotherapy and as adjunctive therapy. Depress Anxiety, 21:149-153.
  • Rasmussen N (2008) America's first amphetamine epidemic 1929-1971: a quantitative and qualitative retrospective with implications for the present. Am J Public Health, 98:974-985.
  • Rasmussen NA, Schroder P, Olsen LR (2005) Modafinil augmentation in depressed patients with partial response to antidepressants: a pilot study on self-reported symptoms covered by the major depression inventory (MDI) and the symptom checklist (SCL-92). Nord J Psychiatry, 59:173-178.
  • Ravindran AV, Kennedy SH, O'Donovan MC, Fallu A, Camacho F, Binder CE (2008) Osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate augmentation of antidepressant monotherapy in major depressive disorder: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo- controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry, 69:87-94.
  • Rosenberg PB, Ahmed I, Hurwitz S (1991) Methylphenidate in depressed medically ill patients. J Clin Psychiatry, 52:263-267.
  • Rothenhausler HB, Ehrentraut S, Degenfeld GV (2000) Treatment of depression with methylphenidate in patients difficult to wean from mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit. J Clin Psychiatry, 61:750-755.
  • Sarhill N, Walsh D, Nelson KA (2001) Methylphenidate for fatigue in advanced cancer: a prospective open-label pilot study. Am J Hosp Palliat Care, 18:187-192.
  • Schwartz TL, Azhar N, Cole K (2004) An open-label study of adjunctive modafinil in patients with sedation related to serotonergic antidepressant therapy. J Clin Psychiatry, 65:1223-1227.
  • Trivedi MH, Cutler AJ, Richards C, Lasser R, Geibel BB, Gao J et al. (2013) A randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate as augmentation therapy in adults with residual symptoms of major depressive disorder after treatment with escitalopram. J Clin Psychiatry, 74:802-809.
  • Vaishnavi S, Gadde K, Alamy S, Zhang W, Connor K, Davidson JR (2006) Modafinil for atypical depression: effects of open-label and double-blind discontinuation treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 26:373-378.
  • Wagner GJ, Rabkin R, Rabkin JG (1997) Dexamphetamine as a treatment for depression and low energy in AIDS patients: a pilot study. J Psychosom Res, 42:407-411.
  • Wagner GJ, Rabkin R (2000) Effects of dextroamphetamine on depression and fatigue in men with HIV: a double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. J Clin Psychiatry, 61:436-440.
  • Wallace AE, Kofoed LL, West AN (1995) Double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of methylphenidate in older, depressed, medically ill patients. Am J Psychiatry, 152:929-931.
  • Woods SW, Tesar GE, Murray GB (1986) Psychostimulant treatment of depressive disorders secondary to medical illness. J Clin Psychiatry, 47:12-15.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Okan Ekinci

Aslı Erkan Ekinci Bu kişi benim

Selahattin Bölek Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 12 Temmuz 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

AMA Ekinci O, Erkan Ekinci A, Bölek S. Depresif Bozuklukların Tedavisinde Psikostimulanlar. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Temmuz 2015;7(3):304-18. doi:10.18863/pskguncel.133502
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