COVID-19 Salgınında Stres: Olumsuz, Olumlu Sonuçları ve Önleyici Müdahalenin Olası Rolü

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 135 - 145, 31.03.2021

Gızem Arıkan

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.752541

Cited By: 6

Öz

Bu derlemenin ilk amacı, Koronavirüs hastalığı-2019 (COVID-19) salgının, kişilerde ve toplumda yol açtığı stresi önlemede faydalı olabilecek stres modellerini ve teorilerini benzer salgınlardaki bulgularla irdelemektir. İkinci amacı ise COVID-19 sürecindeki önleyici müdahalenin önemine dikkat çekerek, örnek uygulamaları ortaya koymaktır. Bu doğrultuda, ilk olarak stres ve stres karşısında kişinin verdiği tepkilerin nasıl oluştuğuna ilişkin Genel Adaptasyon Sendromu modeli ele alınacaktır. Daha sonra, bireysel farklılıkların rolüne değinen Transaksiyonel Stres Modeli değerlendirilecektir. Stresin tetikleyebileceği psikolojik sorunların nasıl oluşabildiğine dair Diatez Stres Modeli’ne ve olumlu dönüşümü belirleyen etmenlerin neler olduğuna ilişkin Shaefer ve Moos (1998)’un modeli sunulacaktır. Ayrıca, COVID-19’a benzer salgınların stres odaklı etkilerine yer verilecek derlemede, önleyici müdahale programlarının farklı gruplardaki uygulamaları da araştırmalarla ortaya konulacaktır. Son olarak, derlemede dünyadan ve ülkemizden psikososyal destek ve psikolojik yardım örneklerine yer verilecektir. Derleme, COVID-19 sürecinde ve sonrasındaki etkileri inceleyecek araştırmacılara ve destek sağlayacak profesyonellere yol gösterici olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, salgın, stres, stresle başetme

Stress in COVID-19 Pandemic: Negative and Positive Outcomes, and the Possible Role of Preventive Interventions

Öz

The first aim of this review is to examine stress models and theories that can help prevention of stress in individuals and scociety due to Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The second aim is to pinpoint the importance of preventive interventions with relevant examples. Thus, innitially, General Adaption Syndrome model will be covered. Then, Transactional Stress Model that captures the role of individual differences in stress processing will be examined. In order to understand how stress can trigger psychological proplems and to understand the factors associated with positive change Diathesis Stress, and Shaefer and Moos’nin (1998) models will be presented. Furthermore, in this review the stress-related effects of similar pandemies, preventive interventions targetting various groups and related research will be covered. Finally, psychosocial support and psychological assistance examples from different countries and Turkey will be included. The review will provide guidance for researchers and professionals, who focus on the effects of COVID-19 and process aftermath of COVID-19.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID 19, stress, coping, prevention

Kaynakça

• BBC (2020) How Covid-19 could redesign our world. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200527-coronavirus-how-covid-19-could-redesign-our-world (1 Haziran 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• Bish A, ve Michie S (2010) Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: a review. Br J Health Psychol, 15 :797-824.
• Blumenstyk G (2020) Why Coronavirus Looks Like a 'Black Swan' Moment for Higher Ed. https://www.chronicle.com/article/Why-Coronavirus-Looks-Likea/248219 (29 Mayıs 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• Brozina K, ve Abela JR (2006) Behavioural inhibition, anxious symptoms, and depressive symptoms: A short-term prospective examination of a diathesis-stress model. Behav Res Ther, 44 :1337-1346.
• Bootsman MCJ, ve Ferguson NM (2007) The effect of public health measures on the 1918 influenza pandemic in U.S. cities. PNAS, 104:7588-7593.
• Cheng C, Wong WM, ve Tsang KW (2006) Perception of benefits and costs during SARS outbreak: An 18-month prospective study. J Consult Clin Psychol, 74 :870.
• Crowcroft O (2020) Life after lockdown: Will COVID-19 change the way we travel forever? https://www.euronews.com/2020/04/18/life-after-lockdown-will-covid-19- change-the-way-we-travel-forever (14 Mayıs 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• Dong L, ve Bouey J (2020) Public mental health crisis during COVID-19 pandemic, China. Emerg Infect Dis, 26 :10-3201.
• Eberhart NK, ve Hammen CL (2010) Interpersonal style, stress, and depression: An examination of transactional and diathesis-stress models. J Soc Clin Psychol, 29 :23-38.
• EMDR Derneği (2020, April 21) Online Ücretsiz Terapi Desteği. https://www.emdr-tr.org/online-ucretsiz-terapi-destegi/ (3 Haziran 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• Folkman S, ve Lazarus RS (1984) If it changes it must be a process: A study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. J Soc Clin Psychol, 48 :150-170. Gordon RS Jr (1983) An operational classification of disease prevention. Public Health Rep, 98:107–109.
• Gordon R (1987) An operational classification of disease prevention. (Eds JA Steinberg, MM Silverman), Department of Health and Human Services publication, No. (ADM)87-1492. Preventing mental disorders: A research perspective (p. 20–26). National Institute of Mental Health.
• Güleç G, Taycan SE, ve Başar K (2020) COVİD-19 Salgınında Sağlık Çalışanlarının Tükenmişlikten Korunma Rehberi. Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği Ruhsal Travma ve Afet Çalışma Birimi. https://www.psikiyatri.org.tr/uploadFiles/14202016552-tukenmislikCOVID.pdf (5 Haziran 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• Ho SM, Kwong-Lo RS, Mak CW, ve Wong JS (2005) Fear of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) among health care workers. J Consult Clin Psychol, 73 :344.
• Huang YY, Battistuzzi C, Oquendo MA, Harkavy-Friedman J, Greenhill L, Zalsman G, … Mann JJ (2004) Human 5-HT1A receptor C (− 1019) G polymorphism and psychopathology. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 7 :441-451.
• Jim HS, ve Jacobsen PB (2008) Posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth in cancer survivorship: A review. Cancer J, 14:414-419.
• Johnson NP, ve Mueller J (2002) Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 " Spanish" influenza pandemic. Bull Hist Med, 76:105-115.
• Lancee WJ, Maunder RG, ve Goldbloom DS (2008) Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Toronto hospital workers one to two years after the SARS outbreak. Psychiatr Serv, 59 :91-95.
• Lau JT, Yang X, Tsui HY, Pang E, ve Wing YK (2006) Positive mental health-related impacts of the SARS epidemic on the general public in Hong Kong and their associations with other negative impacts. J Infect, 53:114-124.
• Lazarus RS (1991) Emotion and Adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press. Linley PA, ve Joseph S (2004) Positive change following trauma and adversity: a review. J Trauma Stress, 17:11-21.
• Lo JY, Tsang TH, Leung YH, Yeung EY, Wu T, ve Lim WW (2005) Respiratory infections during SARS outbreak, Hong Kong, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis, 11 :1738.
• Mak IW, Chu CM, Pan PC, Yiu MG, ve Chan VL (2009) Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 31 :318-326.
• Maunder R., Hunter J, Vincent L, Bennett J, Peladeau N, Leszcz M, … Mazzulli T (2003) The immediate psychological and occupational impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak in a teaching hospital. CMAJ, 168:1245-1251.
• Maunder RG, Lancee WJ, Rourke S, Hunter JJ, Goldbloom D, Balderson K, ... Fones CS (2004) Factors associated with the psychological impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on nurses and other hospital workers in Toronto. Psychosom Med, 66 :938-942.
• Maunder RG, Lancee WJ, Balderson KE, Bennett JP, Borgundvaag B, Evans S, ... Hall LM (2006) Long-term psychological and occupational effects of providing hospital healthcare during SARS outbreak. Emerg Infect Dis, 12 :1924-1932.
• Maunder RG, Leszcz M, Savage D, Adam MA, Peladeau N, Romano D, ... Schulman RB (2008) Applying the lessons of SARS to pandemic influenza: an evidence-based approach to mitigating the stress experienced by healthcare workers. Can J Public Health, 99 :486-488.
• McNeill A, Harris PR, ve Briggs P (2016) Twitter influence on UK vaccination and antiviral uptake during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Front Public Health, 4 :26.
• Meyerson DA, Grant KE, Carter JS, ve Kilmer RP (2011) Posttraumatic growth among children and adolescents: a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev, 31 :949-964.
• Mrazek PB, ve Haggerty RJ (1994) Reducing risks for mental disorders: frontiers for preventive intervention research. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
• Neumann A, Pappa I, Lahey BB, Verhulst FC, Medina-Gomez C, Jaddoe VW, ... Tiemeier H (2016) Single nucleotide polymorphism heritability of a general psychopathology factor in children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 55 :1038-1045.
• Nuechterlein KH, ve Dawson ME (1984) A heuristic vulnerability/stress model of schizophrenic episodes. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 10:300-312.
• Prati G, Pietrantoni L, ve Zani B (2011) A social‐cognitive model of pandemic influenza H1N1 risk perception and recommended behaviors in Italy. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 31:645-656.
• Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B ve Xu Y (2020) A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatr, 33: e100213.
• Rao W, Du X, Zhang Y, Yu Q, Hui L, Yu Y, ... Soares J C (2017) Association between forkhead-box P2 gene polymorphism and clinical symptoms in chronic schizophrenia in a Chinese population. J Neural Transm (Vienna), 124 :891-897.
• Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020a) Türkiye'deki Güncel Durum. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/ (1 Haziran 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020b) 81 İl Psikososyal Destek Hat Bilgileri. https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/tr/destek-hat-bilgileri (1 Haziran 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• Sağlık Bakanlığı Websitesi (2020c) COVID-19 Salgını İle Mücadelede Psikososyal Destek Hizmetleri. https://zonguldakism.saglik.gov.tr/TR,178912/covid-19-salgini-ile-mucadelede-psikososyal-destek-hizmetleri.html (1 Haziran 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• Schaefer JA, Moos RH (1998) The context for posttraumatic growth: Life crise individual and social resources, and coping. (Eds R Tedeschi, C Park, L Calhoun), Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis (pp. 99-126) Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
• Selye H (1976) The Stress of Life (Revised ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği (2020) Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği Sağlık Çalışanlarına Destek Hattı Açıldı! https://www.psikiyatri.org.tr/2174/turkiye-psikiyatri-dernegi-saglik-calisanlarina-destek-hatti-acildi (1 Haziran 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• Tsai SJ, Hong CJ, Yu YWY, Lin CH, Song HL, Lai HC, ve Yang KH (2000) Association study of a functional serotonin transporter gene polymorphism with schizophrenia, psychopathology and clozapine response. Schizophr Res, 44:177-181.
• UN News (2020) 'Business as unusual': How COVID-19 could change the future of work. https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/05/1064802 (29 Mayıs 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• Wind TR, Rijkeboer M, Andersson G, ve Riper H (2020) The COVID-19 pandemic: The 'black swan' for mental health care and a turning point for e-health. Internet Interv, 20:100317.
• Wong TW, Yau JK, Chan CL, Kwong RS, Ho SM, Lau CC, ... ve Lit CH (2005) The psychological impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak on healthcare workers in emergency departments and how they cope. Eur J Emerg Med, 12 :13-18.
• World Health Organization (2009) Pandemic (H1N1)—Update 91. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2010/03/ 12/en/index.html (12 Mart 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• World Health Organization (2019) Coronavirus. https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_3 (29 Mayıs 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• World Health Organization (2020a) Coronavirus. https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_3 (29 Mayıs 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• World Health Organization (2020b) COVID-19 and violence against women. https://www.who.int/publications-detail/covid-19-and-violence-against-women (29 Mayıs 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• World Health Organization (2020c) Addressing Human Rights as Key to the COVID-19 Response. 29 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde https://www.who.int/publications-detail/addressing-human-rights-as-key-to-the-covid-19-response adresinden erişildi. (29 Mayıs 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• World Health Organization (2020d) Disability considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak. https://www.who.int/publications-detail/disability-considerations-during-the-covid-19-outbreak (29 Mayıs 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• World Health Organization (2020e) Mental health and COVID-19. https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/covid-19 (29 Mayıs 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• Xu S, ve Li Y (2020) Beware of the second wave of COVID-19. Lancet, 395(10233), 1321-1322.