Pozitif Psikolojide Güncel Bir Kavram: Merhamet Doyumu

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4, 668 - 684, 25.12.2021

Eşref Nas

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.852636

Cited By: 4

Öz

Merhamet, bireyin kendi yaşadığı ya da başkasının çektiği acıların ve zorlukların farkında olup bu acıları ve zorlukları hafifletmek amacıyla eyleme geçmesidir. Son yıllarda merhametin eğitim ve sağlık alanlarının yanı sıra pozitif psikoloji alanında da incelendiği görülmektedir. Merhametle ilgili alanyazında ele alınan kavramlardan biri de merhamet doyumudur. Merhamet doyumu, kişinin başkasına veya diğer bir canlıya yardım ederken, onunla ilgilenirken veya ona bakım sunarken elde ettiği olumlu duyguların tümüdür. Bu derleme çalışmasında merhamet doyumu kavramının Türkçe alanyazına dahil edilmesi ve merhamet doyumuna ilişkin farkındalık kazandırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç çerçevesinde yurt dışı alanyazın taranmış ve çeşitli araştırmalar incelenmiştir. Bu araştırmalara dayalı olarak, merhamet doyumunun tanımı yapılmıştır. Merhamet doyumunun kişiden kişiye değişebileceği ve zaman zaman insanların merhamet doyumlarının azalabileceği belirtilmiştir. Merhamet doyumunun faydalarından ve merhamet doyumu yüksek olan kişilerin özelliklerinden bahsedilmiştir. Ayrıca merhamet doyumunun artırılabilmesi için önerilen uygulamalara değinilmiştir. Merhamet doyumunun kavramsal modeli sunulmuş ve merhamet doyumunun ölçülmesine yönelik yapılan ölçek çalışmalarına yer verilmiştir. Sonuç kısmında ise çalışmanın genel hatları özetlenmiş ve merhamet doyumu ile ilgili birtakım öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

pozitif psikoloji, merhamet, merhamet doyumu

A Current Concept in Positive Psychology: Compassion Satisfaction

Öz

Compassion means that an individual recognizes suffering and difficulties experienced by own and other people, and takes action to alleviate them. In recent years, compassion has been examined in the field of positive psychology as well as education and health. Compassion satisfaction is one of the concepts discussed in the literature as related to compassion. Compassion satisfaction is positive emotions that a person feels while helping or caring for someone else or other living things. In this review study, it is aimed to include the concept of compassion satisfaction in Turkish literature and to raise awareness of compassion satisfaction. For this purpose, the foreign literature was reviewed and several studies were examined. Based on them, compassion satisfaction was defined. Also, it was stated that compassion satisfaction might differ from person to person and people’s compassion satisfaction might sometimes decrease. The benefits of compassionate satisfaction and the characteristics of people with high compassion satisfaction were discussed. Moreover, practices recommended to increase compassion satisfaction were mentioned. The conceptual model of compassion satisfaction was presented and the scales about compassion satisfaction were explained. In conclusion part, the general lines of the study were summarized and some suggestions about compassion satisfaction were offered.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Positive psychology, compassion, compassion satisfaction

Kaynakça

• Akdeniz S (2014) Farklı merhamet düzeylerine sahip üniversite öğrencilerinde depresyon, anksiyete, stres ve duygusal zekânın incelenmesi (Doktora Tezi). Konya, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi.
• Alkema K, Linton JM, Davies R (2008) A study of the relationship between self-care, compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout among hospice professionals. J Soc Work End-of-Life Palliat Care, 4:101-119.
• Annalakshmi N, Jayanthy C (2019) Analysis of compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction among secondary school teacher. Int J Anal Exp Modal Anal, 11:282-833.
• Bozgeyikli H (2012) Self efficacy as a predictor of compassion satisfaction, burnout, compassion fatigue: A study on psychological counselors. African J Bus Manag, 6:646-651.
• Cameron CD (2017) Compassion collapse why we are numb to numbers. In The Oxford Handbook of Compassion Science. (Eds EM Seppälä, E Simon-Thomas, SL Brown, MC Worline, CD Cameron, JR Doty): 340-354. New York, Oxford University Press
• Carr A (2016) Pozitif Psikoloji (Çeviri Ü Şendilek). İstanbul, Kaknüs Yayınları.
• Coetzee SK, Klopper HC (2010) Compassion fatigue within nursing practice: A concept analysis. Nurs Heal Sci, 12:235-243.
• Cosley BJ, McCoy SK, Saslow LR, Epel ES (2010) Is compassion for others stress buffering? Consequences of compassion and social support for physiological reactivity to stress. J Exp Soc Psychol, 46:816-823.
• Curtis K, Horton K, Smith P (2012) Student nurse socialisation in compassionate practice: A grounded theory study. Nurse Educ Today, 32:790-795.
• Çınarlı T (2019) Acil hemşirelerinde merhamet yorgunluğunu etkileyen faktörler (Doktora Tezi). Samsun, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi.
• Dasan S, Gohil P, Cornelius V, Taylor C (2015) Prevalence, causes and consequences of compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue in emergency care: A mixed- methods study of UK NHS Consultants. Emerg Med Journal, 32:588–594.
• Decker JT, Brown JLC, Ong J, Stiney-Ziskind CA (2015) Mindfulness, compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction among social work interns. Soc Work Christ, 42:28- 52.
• Demirci İ, Şar AH (2017) Kendini bilme ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkininin incelenmesi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Derg, 6:2710-2728.
• DePanfilis D (2006) Compassion fatigue, burnout and compassion satisfaction: Implications for retention of workers. Child Abuse Negl, 30:1067-1069.
• Dikbıyık Y (2017) Psikolojik sermayenin iş tatmini ve örgütsel özdeşleşme üzerine etkisi: Otel işletmeleri çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara, Türk Hava Kurumu Üniversitesi.
• Ezer Hİ (2017) Ergenlik döneminde yaygın kullanılan savunma mekanizmaları ile psikolojik sağlamlık ve mutluluk düzeyi arasındaki ilişki: Hatay il merkezi örneği (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Mersin, Çağ Üniversitesi.
• Figley CR (2002) Compassion fatigue: psychotherapists' chronic lack of self care. J Clin Psychol, 58:1433-1441.
• Ghazanfar H, Chaudhry MT, Asar ZU, Zahid U (2018) Compassion satisfaction, burnout, and compassion fatigue in cardiac physicians working in tertiary care cardiac hospitals in Pakistan. Cureus, 10:1-7.
• Gilbert P (2009a) Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Adv Psychiatr Treat, 15:199-208.
• Gilbert P (2009b) The nature and basis for compassion focused therapy. Hell J Psychol, 6:273-291.
• Gilbert P (2010) Compassion Focused Therapy, CBT Distinctive Features Series. London, Routledge.
• Gilbert P (2014) The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. Br J Clin Psychol, 53:6–41.
• Gilbert P, McEwan K, Matos M, Rivis A (2011) Fears of compassion: Development of three self-report measures. Psychol Psychother Theory, 84:239-255.
• Goetz JL, Keltner D, Simon-Thomas E (2010) Compassion: an evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psycholoical Bull, 136:351-374.
• Goldin P, Jazaieri H (2017) The compassion cultivation training (CCT) program. In The Oxford Handbook of Compassion Science. (Eds EM Seppälä, E Simon-Thomas, SL Brown, MC Worline, CD Cameron, JR Doty): 314-324. New York, Oxford University Press
• Grant HB, Lavery CF, Decarlo J (2019) An exploratory study of poliçe officers: Low compassion satisfaction and compassion. Front Psychol, 9:1-5.
• Güngör A (2017) Eğitimde pozitif psikolojiyi anlamak. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 15:154-166.
• Hacıkeleşoğlu H, Kartopu S (2017) Merhamet ve dindarlık: üniversite öğrencileri üzerine ampirik bir araştırma. J Acad Soc Sci Stud, 59:203-227.
• Hefferon K, Boniwell I (2014) Pozitif Psikoloji-Kuram, Araştırma ve Uygulamalar (Çeviri Ed. T Doğan). Ankara, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Hegney DG, Craigie M, Hemsworth D, Osseiran-Moisson R, Aoun S, Francis K, Drury V (2013) Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, anxiety, deprssion and stress in registered nurses in Australia: Study 1 results. J Nurs Manag, 22:506-518.
• Houston E (2019) Cultivating compassion through training. https://positivepsychology.com/compassion-training. (02.10.2019’da ulaşıldı).
• Jarrad RA, Hammad S (2020) Oncology nurses’ compassion fatigue, burnout and compassion satisfaction. Ann Gen Psychiatry, 19:1-8.
• Jazaieri H, McGonigal K, Jinpa, T, Doty JR, Gross JJ, Goldin PR (2014) A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training: Effects on mindfulness, affect, and emotion regulation. Motiv Emot, 38:23-35.
• Jazaieri H, McGonigal KM, Lee IA, Jinpa T, Doty JR, Gross JJ, Goldin PR (2018) Altering the trajectory of affect and affect regulation: The impact of compassion training. Mindfulness, 9:283-293.
• Kahraman A (2018) Çocukluk çağı travmaları ile öznel iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkide kişisel biriciklik algısının aracı rolü: bir yapısal eşitlik modellemesi çalışması (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul, İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi.
• Kara D (2018) Hemşirelerin merhamet yorgunluklarının ve öz anlayışlarının incelenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul, Okan Üniversitesi.
• Kardaş F (2017) Üniversite öğrencilerinde bir model sınaması: Pozitif duyguların ve kişisel kaynakların etkileşimi (Doktora Tezi). Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi.
• Kardaş F, Yalçın İ (2018) Şükran: Ruh sağlığı alanında güncel bir kavram. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 10:1-18.
• Kim HJ, Ha JH, Jue J (2020) Compassion satisfaction and fatigue, emotional dissonance, and burnout in therapists in rehabilitation hospitals. Psychology, 11:190-203.
• Knaak S, Christie R, Mercer S, Stuart H (2019) Harm reduction, stigma and the problem of low compassion satisfaction: Tensions on the front-lines of Canada’s opiod crisis. J Ment Heal Addict Nursing, 3:8-21.
• Leiberg S, Klimecki O, Singer T (2011) Short-term compassion training ıncreases prosocial behavior in a newly developed prosocial game. PLoS One, 6:1-10.
• Letson MM, Davis C, Sherfield J, Beer OWJ, Philips R, Wolf KG (2019) Identifying compassion satisfaction, burnout & traumatic stress in Children’s Advocacy Centers. Child Abus Neglect, 1-13.
• Li A, Early SF, Nahrer NE, Klaristenfeld JL, Gold JI (2014) Group cohesion and organizational commitment: Protective factors for nurse residents’ job satisfaction, compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burnout. J Prof Nursing, 30:89-99.
• Martin-Cuellar A, Atencio DJ, Kelly RJ, Lardier DT (2018) Mindfulness as a moderator of clinician history of trauma on compassion satisfaction. Fam J Couns Ther Couples Fam, 26:358-368.
• Martin-Cuellar A, Lardier DT, Atencio DJ, (2019) Therapist mindfulness and subjective vitality: The role of psychological wellbeing and compassion satisfaction. J Ment Heal, 1-7.
• Meyer RML, Li A, Klaristenfeld J, Gold JI (2015) Pediatric novice nurses: Examining compassion fatigue as a mediator between stress exposure and compassion satisfaction, burnout, and job satisfaction. J Pediatr Nurs, 30:174-183.
• Milliard DB (2020) The role of compassion satisfaction. POWER, 205-218.
• Nas E (2020) Bir metafor araştırması: Yetişkinlerin merhamet kavramına ilişkin algıları. Euroassia J Soc Sci Humanit, 7:63-77.
• Nas E, Sak R (2020a) A new compassion scale for children and its psychometric properties. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. doi: 10.1007/s10578-020-01034-0
• Nas E, Sak R (2020b) Merhamet ve merhamet odaklı terapi. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sos Bil Dergisi, 18:64-84.
• Neff K (2003) The development of validation of a scale to measure self compassion. Self Identity, 2:223-250.
• Neville K, Cole DA (2013) The relationships among health promotion behaviors, compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction in nurses practicing in a community medical center. J Nurs Adm, 43:348-354.
• Oral B, Tösten R, Elçiçek Z (2017) Öğretmenlerin pozitif psikolojik sermaye algıları ile tükenmişlik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Elektron Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 6:77-87.
• Ortega-Campos E, Vargas-Roman K, Velando-Soriano A, Suleiman-Martos N, Canadas-de la Fuente GA, Albendin-Garcia L, Gomez-Urquiza JL (2020) Compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction and burnout in oncology nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sustainability, 1-12.
• Papazoglou K, Koskelainen M, Stuewe N (2019) Examining the relationship between personality traits, compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue among police officers. SAGE Open, 1-13.
• Peterson A (2017) Compassion and Education. London, Palgrave Macmillan.
• Polat H, Turan GB, Tan M (2020) Determination of the relationship of the spiritual orientation of nurses with compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction. Perspect Psychiatr Care, 1-6.
• ProQOL.org (2020) Professional quality of life measure. https://proqol.org/Home_Page.php. (06.06.2020’de ulaşıldı).
• Radey M, Figley C (2007) The social psychology of compassion. Clin Soc Work Journal, 35:207–214.
• Rossi A, Cetrano G, Pertile R, Rabbi L, Donisi V, Grigoletti L, Curtolo C, Tansella M, Thornicroft G, Amaddeo F (2012) Burnout, compassion fatigue, and compassion satisfaction among staff in community-based mental health services. Psychiatry Res, 200:933–938.
• Ruiz-Fernandez MD, Perez-Garcia E, Ortega-Galan AM (2020) Quality of life in nursing professionals: Burnout, fatigue and compassion satisfaction. Int J Evironmental Res Public Heal, 17:1-12.
• Sacco TL, Ciurzynski SM, Harvey ME, Ingersoll GL (2015) Compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue among critical care nurses. Crit Care Nurse, 35:32-44.
• Sacco TL, Copel LC (2017) Compassion satisfaction: A concept analysis in nursing. Nurs Forum, 1–8.
• Salazar LR (2016) The relationship between compassion, interpersonal communication apprehension, narcissism and verbal aggressiveness. J Happiness Well-Being, 4:1-14.
• Schopenhauer A (2017) Merhamet (Çeviri Z Kocatürk). İstanbul, Dergâh Yayınları.
• Sezgin K (2016) Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık ve dindarlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Diyarbakır, Dicle Üniversitesi.
• Slocum-Gori S, Hemsworth D, Chan WWY, Carson A, Kazanjian A (2011) Understanding compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout: A survey of the hospice palliative care workforce. Palliat Med, 27:172-178.
• Sprang G, Clark JJ, Whitt-Woosley A (2007) Compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burnout: Factors impacting a professional’s quality of life. J Loss Trauma, 12:259-280.
• Sprecher S, Fehr B (2005) Compassionate love for close others and humanity. J Soc Pers Relationships, 22:629-652.
• Stainfield MH, Baptist J (2019) Compassion satisfaction among camp counselors: A pilot study. Journal of Experiental Education, 1-19.
• Stamm BH (2002) Measuring compassion satisfaction as well as fatigue: Developmental history of the compassion satisfaction and fatigue test. In Treating Compassion Fatigue. (Ed CR Figley): 107–119. New York, Brunner-Routledge.
• Stamm BH (2005) The ProQOL Manual: The Professional Quality of Life Scale. Baltimore, Sidran Press.
• Stamm BH (2010) The Concise ProQOL Manual. Pocatello, ID: ProQOL.org
• Tarhan N (2017) Duyguların Psikolojisi ve Duygusal Zekâ. İstanbul, Timaş Yayınları.
• Türk Dil Kurumu (2020) http://www.tdk.org.tr. (20.03.2020’de ulaşıldı).
• Vivino BL, Thomson BJ, Hill CE, Ladany N (2009) Compassion in psychotherapy: The perspective of therapists nominated as compassionate. Psychother Res, 19:157-171.
• Williams CR (2008) Compassion, suffering and the self a moral psychology of social justice. Curr Sociol, 56:5-24.
• Yeşil A, Ergün Ü, Amasyalı C, Er F, Olgun NN, Aker AT (2010) Çalışanlar için yaşam kalitesi ölçeği Türkçe uyarlaması geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi, 47:111-117.
• Yılmaz G (2016) Onkoloji hemşirelerinin eşduyum yorgunluğu, iş doyumu, tükenmişlik ve travma sonrası gelişim düzeylerine psikoeğitimin etkisi (Doktora Tezi). İzmir, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi.
• Yılmaz G, Üstün B (2018) Hemşirelerde profesyonel yaşam kalitesi: Merhamet memnuniyeti ve merhamet yorgunluğu. Psikiyatri Kliniği Dergisi, 9:205-2011.
• Young JL, Cicchill VJ, Bfressler S (2011) Compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress in heart and vascular nurses. Crit Care Nurs Quarterly, 34:227- 234.