Çocuk Cinsel İstismarını Önleme Programlarında Ebeveyn Eğitimi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 247 - 254, 30.06.2022

Tuğba Türk Kurtça

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.983264

Cited By: 5

Öz

Çocukları cinsel istismardan korumak yetişkinlerin sorumluluğundadır. Bu nedenle çocukların ilk bakımını sağlayan ve her alanda gelişiminin destekleyen kişiler olan ebeveynlerin bilinçlenmesi ayrıca önemlidir. Ebeveynler çocukları cinsel eğitim verme ve cinsel istismardan koruma noktasında ebeveynlerin doğru kaynaklardan bilgi edinmesi gerekmektedir. Ebeveynlerin bu konuda bilgilerinin kısıtlı olması, endişe hissetmeleri, nasıl konuşabileceklerini bilmemeleri çocuklarıyla cinsel istismar konusunda konuşmalarını engelleyebilir. Böylece çocukların korunmaya yönelik farkındalık kazanmaları bir kurumda eğitime başlayana kadar ötelenmiş olacaktır. Ayrıca çocuğun maruz kaldığı geçmişte maruz kaldığı veya gelecekte olası bir cinsel istismar durumunda ebeveynleriyle konuşması zor bir hale gelebilir. Dolayısıyla ebeveynlerin uzmanlar tarafından hazırlanan eğitimlerle farkındalık kazanmaları oldukça önemlidir. Bu programlarda cinsel istismarın ne olduğu, cinsel istismara maruz kalan çocuğa nasıl tepki verecekleri, aile güvenlik planın oluşturulması, aile içi açık iletişimin kurulması gibi konulara yer verilerek ebeveynler bilinçlendirilebilir. Bu derleme çalışmasında cinsel istismarın ne olduğundan, ebeveynlerin önleme çalışmalarındaki öneminden ve ebeveynlerin dâhil olduğu cinsel istismarı önleme programlarından bahsedilmiştir. Böylece ebeveynlerin cinsel istismarı önlemedeki önemi ve onlara yönelik programlarda neler yer alabileceğine ilişkin farkındalık oluşabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çocuk cinsel istismarı, Ebeveyn eğitimi, Önleme programları

Parent Education in Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs

Öz

It is the responsibility of adults to protect children from sexual abuse. Thus, raising parents' awareness is particularly important since they are the ones who take care of the child and support his/her development in every field. Parents need to acquire information from authentic sources in terms of sexual education of children and protection of them from sexual abuse. That parents have limited knowledge on this subject, feel anxious, or do not know how to talk may prevent them from talking to their kids about sexual abuse. Thus, children's awareness about protection is postponed until they enter an educational institute. It may also become difficult for children to talk to their parents in case of possible sexual abuse. Therefore, it is crucial for parents to increase their awareness through training prepared by experts. In these training programs, awareness of parents can be raised about topics like what sexual abuse is, how to approach a child who experienced sexual abuse, creating an intrafamilial safety plan, and intrafamilial open communication. This review study includes issues of what sexual abuse is, the importance of parents in prevention studies, and sexual abuse prevention programs in which parents take part. As a conclusion, it is thought that awareness can be raised about the importance of parents to prevent sexual abuse and what can be included in programs designed for them.

Anahtar Kelimeler

child sexual abuse, prevention, parent education

Kaynakça

• Akdoğan, H. (2005). Çocuğun cinsel istismarı ve Türkiye’de çocuk cinsel istismarını önlemeye yönelik çalışmalar. Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 1-15.
• Akgül, E., Darak, S., Şişman, F. N., & Ergun, A. (2021). Hemşire Liderli Bedenimin Kahramanıyım programının çocukların cinsel istismar bilgi düzeylerine etkisi: Yarı deneysel çalışma. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing,12(2):156-164. https://doi.org/10.14744/phd.2021.54775
• Arata, C.M. (2000). From child victim to adult victim: A model for predicting sexual revictimization. Child Maltreatment, 5(1), 28-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559500005001004
• Aytar Taner, H. , Çetin, F. H., Işık, Y., & İşeri, E. (2015). Cinsel istismara uğrayan çocuk ve ergenlerde psikopatoloji ve ilişkili risk etkenleri. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(4), 294-300.
• Barron, I. G., & Topping, K.J. (2013) Exploratory evaluation of a school-based child sexual abuse prevention program, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 22(8), 931-948, https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2013.841788
• Bifulco, A., Brown G.W., & Adler, Z. (1991).Early sexual abuse and clinical depression in adult life. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 159:115-22. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.159.1.115.
• Bebbington, P., Jonas, S., Kuipers, E., King, M., Cooper, C., Brugha, T., Meltzer, H. & McManus, S. & Jenkins, R. (2011). Childhood sexual abuse and psychosis: Data from a cross-sectional national psychiatric survey in England. British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(1), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.083642
• Bolen, R. M. (2003). Child Sexual abuse: Prevention or promotion? Social Work, 48(2), 174-185. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/48.2.174
• Boudewyn, A.C., & Liem, J.H. (1995). Childhood sexual abuse as a precursor to depression and self-destructive behavior in adulthood. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8: 445-459 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02102969
• Brown, J., & Saied- Tessier, A. (2015). Preventing child sexual abuse: Towards a national strategy for England. NSPCC.
• Chou, K. L. (2012). Childhood sexual abuse and psychiatric disorders in middle-aged and older adults: evidence from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 73(11), e1365-e1371. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12m07946
• Committee for Children, (2014a). Second step. https://www.secondstep.org/child-protection
• Committee for Children, (2014b). Early open often: Start the conservation. https://www.earlyopenoften.org/wp-content/uploads/early-open-often-prevention-toolkit.pdf
• Conte, J.R., Rosen, C., Saperstein, L., & Shermack R. (1985). An evaluation of a program to prevent the sexual victimization of young children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 9(3),319-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(85)90027-4.
• Couincil of Europe, (2014). The underwear rule. http://ondergoedregel.nl/howto_tr.asp
• Çeçen, A. R. (2007). Çocuk cinsel istismarı: Sıklığı, etkileri ve okul temelli önleme yolları. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(4), 1-17.
• Çeçen Eroğul, A. R., & Kaf Hasırcı, Ö. (2013). İlköğretim birinci kademe öğrencilerine yönelik geliştirilen cinsel istismarı önleme psiko-eğitim programının etkililiğinin sınanması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 13(2), 719-729.
• Çıkılı Uytun, M., & Öztop, D. B. (2016). Cinsel istismar mağduru çocuk ve ergenlerin psikiyatrik takip durumlarının değerlendirilmesi. Yeni Symposium, 54(3), 18-24. https://doi.org/10.5455/NYS.201606020
• Çıtak Tunç, G., Gorak, G., Özyazıcıoğlu, N., Ak, B., Işıl, O., Vural, P. (2018). Preventing child sexual abuse: Body Safety Training for young children in Turkey. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(4), 347–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2018.1477001
• Dahlberg, L. L., & Krug, E. G. (2002). Violence: a global public health problem. In E. G. Krug, L. L. Dahlberg, J. A. Mercy, A. B. Zwi, & R. Lozano (Eds.), World report on violence and health (pp. 1–56). World Health Organization.
• Darkness to Light (2019). Stewards of children. https://www.d2l.org/education/stewards-of-children/
• Deblinger, E., Thakkar-Kolar, R. R., Berry, E. J., & Schroeder, C. M. (2010). Caregivers’ efforts to educate their children about child sexual abuse: A replication study. Child Maltreatment, 15(1), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559509337408
• Duffy, C., Keenan,M. & Dillenburger,K.(2006). Diagnosing child sex abuse: A fesearch challenge. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy,2(2), 150-173.
• Elrod, J. M., & Rubin, R. H. (1993). Parental involvement in sexual abuse prevention education. Child abuse & neglect, 17(4), 527-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(93)90027-3
• Eslek, D. (2018). Erken ergenlik döneminde çocuk cinsel istismarını önleme programının etkililiğinin incelenmesi. [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Ege Üniversitesi İzmir, Türkiye. Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
• Finkelhor, D. (1994). Current information on the scope and nature of child sexual abuse. The Future of Children, 4(2), 31–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602522
• Fletcher, K. (2021). A systematic review of the relationship between child sexual abuse and substance use ıssues. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 30 (3), 258-277. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2020.1801937
• Guastaferro, K., Zadzora, K. M., Reader, J. M., Shanley, J., & Noll, J. G. (2019). A parent-focused child sexual abuse prevention program: development, acceptability, and feasibility. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(7), 1862-1877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01410-y
• Hébert M, Amédée LM, Blais M, Gauthier-Duchesne A. (2019). Child sexual abuse among a representative sample of quebec high school students: prevalence and association with mental health problems and health-risk behaviors. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatr, 64(12):846–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743719861387
• Hébert, M., Lavoie, F., Piché, C., & Poitras, M. (2001). Proximate effects of a child sexual abuse prevention program in elementary school children. Child abuse & neglect, 25(4), 505-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00223-X
• Hobbs, C. (2007). Child Sexual Abuse: The Problem. In S. R. Meadow, J. Mok & D. Rosenberg, (Eds.). Abc of child protection. (4th edition). (pp.42-47). Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
• Kızıltepe, R., Eslek, D., Irmak, T. Y., & Güngör, D. (2021). “I am Learning to Protect Myself with Mika:” A Teacher-based child sexual abuse prevention program in Turkey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, https://doi.org/110.1177/0886260520986272
• Klika, J. B., Rosenzweig, J., & Hiner, Z. (2020). Prevention of child sexual abuse. In I. Bryce & W. Petherick, (Eds.). Child sexual abuse: Forensic issues in evidence, ımpact, and management (pp. 643-656). Academic Press.
• Laws, D.R. (2000) Sexual offending as a public health problem: A north american perspective. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 5 (1), 30-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600008413294
• Li, D., Chu, C. M., & Lai, V. (2020). A developmental perspective on the relationship between child sexual abuse and depression: A systematic and meta‐analytic review. Child abuse review, 29(1), 27-47. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2592
• Lindert, J., von Ehrenstein, O.S., Grashow, R., Gal, G., Braehler, E., & Weisskopf, M.G. (2013). Sexual and physical abuse in childhood is associated with depression and anxiety over the life course: systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Public Health, 59(2), 359 -372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-013-0519-5.
• Liu, H., Wang, W., Yang, J., Guo, F., & Yin, Z. (2021). The effects of alexithymia, experiential avoidance, and childhood sexual abuse on non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal ideation among Chinese college students with a history of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, 272-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.181
• Lucy Faithfull Foundation (2018). Parents protect: Together we can prevent child sexual abuse. https://www.parentsprotect.co.uk/
• Marques N.M., Belizario, G.O., de Almadia Rocca, C.C., Saffi F, de Barros, D.M.,& de Padua Serafim, A. (2020). Psychological evaluation of children victims of sexual abuse: development of a protocol. Heliyon, 6(3), e03552. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03552
• Martin, K. A., & Luke, K. (2010). Gender differences in the ABC’s of the birds and the bees: What mothers teach young children about sexuality and reproduction. Sex Roles, 62(3-4), 278–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9731-4
• McKillop, N. (2019). Understanding the nature and dimensions of child sexual abuse to inform its prevention. In I.Bryce, Y. Robinson & W. Petherick (Eds.), Child abuse and neglect: Forensic issues in evidence, ımpact and management, (pp. 241–259). Academic Press.
• Messman-Moore, T. L., & Long, P. J. (2003). The role of childhood sexual abuse sequelae in the sexual revictimization of women: An empirical review and theoretical reformulation. Clinical psychology review, 23(4), 537-571. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(02)00203-9
• Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı ve Unicef. (2017). Psikososyal destek eğitim programlarının yenilenmesi. https://orgm.meb.gov.tr/www/icerik_goruntule.php?KNO=1258
• Mulder, R. T., Beautrais, A. L., Joyce, P. R., & Fergusson, D. M. (1998). Relationship between dissociation, childhood sexual abuse, childhood physical abuse, and mental illness in a general population sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(6), 806-811. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.6.806.
• Newman, M., Clayton, L., Zuellig, A., Cashman, L., Arnow, B., Dea, R., & Taylor, C. (2000). The relationship of childhood sexual abuse and depression with somatic symptoms and medical utilization. Psychological Medicine, 30(5), 1063-1077. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329179900272X
• Özer, G. (2014). Ebeveynlerin çocuk cinsel istismarına dair bilinçleri,endişeleri ve aldıkları önlemler. [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul. Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
• Reed-Perricone, K. (2002). Parent-focused sexual abuse prevention program: a look at familial risk factors. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Pace University, New York. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• Rudolph, J., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Shanley, D. C., & Hawkins, R. (2017). Child sexual abuse prevention opportunities: Parenting, programs, and the reduction of risk. Child Maltreatment, 23(1), 96–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559517729479
• Seydooğulları, S. (2018). İlkokul 3. Ve 4. Sınıf öğrencilerine yönelik cinsel istismarı önleme psiko-eğitim programının geliştirilmesi ve etkililiğinin sınanması. [Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi Ankara, Türkiye. Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
• Spokas, M., Wenzel, A., Stirman, S. W., Brown, G. K., & Beck, A. T. (2009). Suicide risk factors and mediators between childhood sexual abuse and suicide ideation among male and female suicide attempters. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 467-470. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20438
• Stein, M.B., Walker, J. R., Anderson, G., & Hazen, A. L. (1996). Childhood physical and sexual abuse in patients with anxiety disorders and in a community sample. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(2), 275.
• Şar, V., Akyüz, G., Kundakçı, T., Kızıltan, E., & Doğan, O. (2004). Childhood trauma, dissociation, and psychiatric comorbidity in patients with conversion disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(12), 2271-2276. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.161.12.2271
• Şar, V., Tutkun, H., Alyanak, B., Bakim, B., & Baral, I. (2000). Frequency of dissociative disorders among psychiatric outpatients in Turkey. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41(3), 216–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-440x(00)90050-6
• Tonmyr, L., & Shields, M. (2017). Childhood sexual abuse and substance abuse: A gender paradox?. Child abuse & neglect, 63: 284-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.004
• Tutty, L. M. (1997). Child sexual abuse prevention programs: Evaluating who do you tell. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21(9), 869-881. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00048-3
• Wilkerson, J.M. (1994). Traning parents to teach their children about sexual abuse prevention: parent and child outcomes. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Cincinnati, Ohio. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• World Health Organization. (2003). Guidelines for medico-legal care of victims of sexual violence. Geneva.
• Wonderlich, S. A., Brewerton, T. D., Jocic, Z., Dansky, B. S., & Abbott, D. W. (1997). Relationship of childhood sexual abuse and eating disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(8), 1107-1115. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199708000-00018
• Wurtele, S.K., Gillispie, E.I., Currier, L.L., & Franklin C.F. (1992a). A comparison of teachers vs. parents as instructors of a personal safety program for preschoolers. Child Abuse & Neglect 16: 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(92)90013-H
• Wurtele, S.K., Kast K., & Melzer A. (1992b). Sexual abuse prevention education for young children: A comparison of teachers and parents as instructors. Child Abuse & Neglect 16: 865–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(92)90088-9.
• Wurtele, S.K. &, Miller-Perrin C. L. (1992). Preventing child sexual abuse: Sharing the responsibility. University of Nebraska Press.
• Wurtele, S.K. (2009) Preventing Sexual Abuse of Children in the Twenty-First Century: Preparing for Challenges and Opportunities, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 18 (1), 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538710802584650
• Yılmaz Irmak, Y., Kızıltepe, R., Aksel, Ş., Güngör, D., & Eslek, D. (2018). Mika ile kendimi korumayı öğreniyorum: cinsel istismarı önleme programının etkililiği. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 33(81), 41-61.
• Z-Page, A. (2004). Çocuk cinsel istismarı: cinsel istismara neden olan etkenler ve cinsel istismarın çocuklar üzerindeki etkileri. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 7 (13), 103-113.