Role of the Psychiatric Nurse in Improving the Psychosocial Health of Families After Suicide

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 287 - 295, 30.06.2023

Zahide Gül Yazgı , Mualla Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1138902

Öz

Suicide is defined as death that occurs as a result of deliberate self-harming behavior with the intention of ending one's life. Each suicide has many physical, economic and psychological short and long-term effects on the individual, family, friends and society. The death of an individual as a result of suicide creates a traumatic effect for family members and causes family members to experience various psychosocial problems. For this reason, it is very important to focus on the consequences of suicide in family members who have lost due to suicide, to evaluate the family's reactions to suicide, and to provide the needed psychosocial support. In this context, in this review, it is aimed to review the literature on the psychosocial problems experienced by families who have lost due to suicide and to present up-to-date information on the role of psychiatric nurse in improving the psychosocial health status of families.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Suicide, bereavement, loss, psychiatric nursing

İntihar Sonrası Ailelerin Psikososyal Sağlık Durumunu İyileştirmede Psikiyatri Hemşiresinin Rolü

Öz

İntihar, kişinin hayatına son vermek niyetiyle kendine yönelik kasıtlı zarar verme davranışı sonucu meydana gelen ölüm olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Her bir intiharın birey, aile, arkadaş ve toplum üzerinde fiziksel, ekonomik ve psikolojik olarak kısa ve uzun vadeli pek çok etkisi bulunmaktadır. Bireyin intihar sonucu ölümü aile üyeleri için travmatik bir etki yaratmakta ve aile üyelerinin çeşitli psikososyal sorunlar yaşamalarına neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle intihar nedeniyle kayıp yaşayan aile üyelerinde intiharın sonuçlarına odaklanılması, ailenin intihara tepkilerinin değerlendirilmesi ve gereksinim duyulan psikososyal desteğin sağlanması oldukça önemlidir. Bu bağlamda bu derlemede intihar nedeniyle kayıp yaşayan ailelerin yaşadıkları psikososyal sorunlara ilişkin literatürün gözden geçirilmesi ve ailelerin psikososyal sağlık durumunu iyileştirmede psikiyatri hemşiresinin rolü ile ilgili güncel bilgilerin sunulması amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İntihar, yas süreci, kayıp, psikiyatri hemşireliği

Kaynakça

• Agerbo E (2005) Midlife suicide risk, partner’s psychiatric illness, spouse and child bereavement by suicide or other modes of death: a gender specific study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 59:407-412.
• Arslan BŞ, Buldukoğlu K (2019) Yasın aile üzerine etkilerini azaltmak için uygulanan yas destek programları. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 11:402-417.
• Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention (2017) Postvention Australia guidelines: a resource for organisations and individuals providing services to people bereaved by suicide. https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0038/359696/Postvention_WEB.pdf (17 Nisan 2022’de ulaşıldı).
• Bailley SE, Kral MJ, Dunham K (1999) Survivors of suicide do grieve differently: empirical support for a common sense proposition. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 29:256-271.
• Berman AL (2011) Estimating the population of survivors of suicide: seeking an evidence base. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 41:110-116.
• Bildik T (2013) Ölüm, kayıp, yas ve patolojik yas. Ege Tıp Dergisi, 52:223-229.
• Brent D, Melhem N, Donohoe MB, Walker M (2009) The incidence and course of depression in bereaved youth 21 months after the loss of a parent to suicide, accident, or sudden natural death. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166:786-794.
• Boğahan M, Türkleş S (2021) Psikiyatri hemşireliği uygulamaları kapsamında intihar girişiminde bulunan bireye yaklaşım. In: Psikiyatri Hemşireliğinde Güncel Yaklaşımlar, (Ed Yılmaz M):25-44. Ankara, Akademisyen Kitabevi.
• Bolton JM, Au W, Leslie WD, Martens PJ, Enns MW, Roos LL, et al. (2013) Parents bereaved by offspring suicide: a population-based longitudinal case-control study. JAMA Psychiatry, 70:158-167.
• Chakraborty S, Halder S (2018) Psychological sequelae in suicide survivors: a brief overview. Indian J Soc Psychiatry, 34:105-110.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020) Preventing Suicide. https://www.cdc.gov/suicide/pdf/NCIPC-Suicide-FactSheet.pdf (29 Mart 2022’de ulaşıldı).
• Cerel J, Brown MM, Maple M, Singleton M, Van de Venne J, Moore M, et al. (2018) How many people are exposed to suicide? Not six. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 49:529-534.
• Cerel J, Jordan JR, Duberstein PR (2008) The impact of suicide on the family. Crisis, 29:38–44.
• Constantino RE, Sekula LK, Rubinstein EN (2001) Group intervention for widowed survivors of suicide. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 31:428-441.
• Corrigan PW, Sheehan L, Al-Khouja MA, Lewy S, Major DR, Mead J, et al. (2018) Insight into the stigma of suicide loss survivors: factor analyses of family stereotypes, prejudices, and discriminations. Arch Suicide Res, 22:57-66.
• Dyregrov K, Dyregrov A (2005) Siblings after suicide—“The forgotten bereaved”. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 35:714-724.
• Erlangsen A, Runeson B, Bolton JM, Wilcox HC, Forman JL, Krogh J, et al. (2017) Association between spousal suicide and mental, physical, and social health outcomes: a longitudinal and nationwide register-based study. JAMA Psychiatry, 74:456-464.
• Feigelman W, Cerel J (2020) Feelings of blameworthiness and their associations with the grieving process in suicide mourning. Frontiers in Psychology, 11:1-9.
• Gall TL, Henneberry J, Eyre M (2014) Two perspectives on the needs of individuals bereaved by suicide. Death Studies, 38:430-437.
• Groot MD, Keijser JD, Neeleman J (2006) Grief shortly after suicide and natural death: a comparative study among spouses and first-degree relatives. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 36:418-431.
• Groot MD, Keijser JD, Neeleman J, Kerkhof A, Nolen W, Burger, H (2007) Cognitive behaviour therapy to prevent complicated grief among relatives and spouses bereaved by suicide: cluster randomised controlled trial. Bmj, 334: 994.
• Groot MD, Neeleman J, van der Meer K, Burger H (2010) The effectiveness of family-based cognitive-behavior grief therapy to prevent complicated grief in relatives of suicide victims: the mediating role of suicide ideation. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 40:425-437.
• Hanschmidt F, Lehnig F, Riedel-Heller SG, Kersting A (2016) The stigma of suicide survivorship and related consequences—a systematic review. PloS One, 11:1-16.
• Hawton K, Simkin S (2003) Helping people bereaved by suicide: their needs may require special attention. Bereavement Care, 22:41-42.
• Huang J, Valdimarsdóttir U, Fall K, Ye W, Fang F (2013) Pancreatic cancer risk after loss of a child: a register-based study in Sweden during 1991–2009. American Journal of Epidemiology, 178:582-589.
• International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASPa) Suicide bereavement and postvention. https://www.iasp.info/suicide-bereavement-and-postvention/ (12 Nisan 2022’de ulaşıldı).
• International Association for Suicide Prevention. (IASPb) National suicide survivor organisations. https://www.iasp.info/suicide-bereavement-and-postvention/national-suicide-survivor-organisations/ (12 Nisan 2022’de ulaşıldı).
• İnci F, Boztepe H (2013) Travma sonrası büyüme: öldürmeyen acı güçlendirir mi? Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 4:80-85.
• Jang J, Lee G, Seo J, Na EJ, Park JY, Jeon HJ (2020) Suicidal attempts, insomnia, and major depressive disorder among family members of suicide victims in South Korea. Journal of Affective Disorders, 272:423-431.
• Kalischuk RG, Hayes VE (2004) Grieving, mourning, and healing following youth suicide: a focus on health and well being in families. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 48:45–67.
• Kõlves K, Zhao Q, Ross V, Hawgood J, Spence SH, De Leo D (2020) Suicide and sudden death bereavement in Australia: a longitudinal study of family members over 2 years after death. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 54:89-98.
• Kuramoto SJ, Stuart EA, Runeson B, Lichtenstein P, Långström N, Wilcox HC (2010) Maternal versus paternal suicide and offspring risk of hospitalization for psychiatric disorders and suicide attempt. Pediatrics, 126:1026-1032.
• Langille J (2014) Suicide prevention and postvention initiatives. https://mentalhealthcommission.ca/wp-content/uploads/drupal/Mental%252520Health%252520Series%252520in%252520Canadian%252520Nurse%252520-%252520Mar%2525202014%252520-%252520ENG_0_0.pdf (12 Nisan 2022’de ulaşıldı).
• Lee E (2022) Experiences of bereaved families by suicide in South Korea: a phenomenological study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19:1-13.
• Lee E, Kim SW, Enright RD (2017) Beyond grief and survival. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 79:414-435.
• Lee H, Kim MJ, Hong M, Rhee SJ, Shin D, Park JI, et al. (2022) Effect of suicidal loss on bereaved individuals’ suicidal ideation: structural equation model using attitudes towards suicide scale and moderation effect of interest in news media. Journal of Affective Disorders, 298:51-57.
• Levi-Belz Y, Krysinska K, Andriessen K (2021) “Turning personal tragedy into triumph”: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on posttraumatic growth among suicide-loss survivors. Psychol Trauma, 13:322-332.
• Li J, Laursen TM, Precht DH, Olsen J, Mortensen PB (2005) Hospitalization for mental illness among parents after the death of a child. New England Journal of Medicine, 352:1190-1196.
• Maple M, Edwards H, Plummer D, Minichiello V (2010) Silenced voices: hearing the stories of parents bereaved through the suicide death of a young adult child. Health & Social Care in The Community, 18:241-248.
• Mitchell AM, Sakraida TJ, Kim Y, Bullian L, Chiappetta L (2009) Depression, anxiety and quality of life in suicide survivors: a comparison of close and distant relationships. Arch Psychiatr Nurs, 23:2-10.
• Mitchell AM, Terhorst L (2017) PTSD symptoms in survivors bereaved by the suicide of a significant other. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc, 23:61-65.
• Miyabayashi S, Yasuda JIN (2007) Effects of loss from suicide, accidents, acute illness and chronic illness on bereaved spouses and parents in Japan: their general health, depressive mood, and grief reaction. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 61:502-508.
• National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention (2015) Responding to grief, trauma, and distress after suicide: US national guidelines. https://sprc.org/sites/default/files/migrate/library/RespondingAfterSuicideNationalGuidelines.pdf (17 Nisan 2022’de ulaşıldı).
• Özel Y, Özkan B (2020) Kayıp ve yasa psikososyal yaklaşım. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 12: 352-367.
• Peters K, Cunningham C, Murphy G, Jackson D (2016) ‘People look down on you when you tell them how he died’: qualitative insights into stigma as experienced by suicide survivors. Int J Ment Health Nurs, 25:251-257.
• Pettersen R, Omerov P, Steineck G, Dyregrov A, Titelman D, Dyregrov K, et al (2015) Suicide-bereaved siblings' perception of health services. Death Studies, 39:323-331.
• Pitman A, De Souza T, Khrisna Putri A, Stevenson F, King M, Osborn D, et al. (2018a) Support needs and experiences of people bereaved by suicide: qualitative findings from a cross-sectional British study of bereaved young adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15:1-21.
• Pitman AL, Osborn DP, Rantell K, King MB (2016) The stigma perceived by people bereaved by suicide and other sudden deaths: a cross-sectional UK study of 3432 bereaved adults. J Psychosom Res, 87:22-29.
• Pitman A, Rantell K, Marston L, King M, Osborn D (2017) Perceived stigma of sudden bereavement as a risk factor for suicidal thoughts and suicide attempt: analysis of British cross-sectional survey data on 3387 young bereaved adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 14:286.
• Pitman AL, Stevenson F, Osborn DP, King MB (2018b) The stigma associated with bereavement by suicide and other sudden deaths: a qualitative interview study. Social Science & Medicine, 198:121-129.
• Pompili M, Shrivastava A, Serafini G, Innamorati M, Milelli M, Erbuto D, et al. (2013) Bereavement after the suicide of a significant other. Indian J Psychiatry, 55:256-263.
• Ross V, Kolves K, De Leo D (2021) Exploring the support needs of people bereaved by suicide: a qualitative study. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 82:632-645.
• Rossiter R, Scott R (2017) Trauma, crisis, loss and grief. Evans, K., Nizette, D., O’Brien, A. (Ed.), Psychiatric and mental health nursing (ss. 389-459). Australia: Elsevier.
• Rostila M, Saarela J, Kawachi I (2013) Suicide following the death of a sibling: a nationwide follow-up study from Sweden. BMJ Open, 3:1-6.
• Rostila M, Saarela J, Kawachi I (2014) “The psychological skeleton in the closet”: Mortality after a sibling’s suicide. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49:919-927.
• Scocco P, Preti A, Totaro S, Corrigan PW, Castriotta C, SOPROXI Team (2019) Stigma, grief and depressive symptoms in help-seeking people bereaved through suicide. Journal of Affective Disorders, 244:223-230.
• Scocco P, Preti A, Totaro S, Ferrari A, Toffol E (2017) Stigma and psychological distress in suicide survivors. J Psychosom Res, 94:39-46.
• Sheehan L, Corrigan PW, Al-Khouja MA, Lewy SA, Major DR, Mead J, et al. (2018) Behind closed doors: the stigma of suicide loss survivors. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 77:330-349.
• Smith A, Joseph S, Das Nair R (2011) An interpretative phenomenological analysis of posttraumatic growth in adults bereaved by suicide. J Loss Trauma, 16:413-430.
• Song IH, Kwon SW, Kim JE (2015) Association between suicidal ideation and exposure to suicide in social relationships among family, friend, and acquaintance survivors in South Korea. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 45:376-390.
• Spillane A, Larkin C, Corcoran P, Matvienko-Sikar K, Riordan F, Arensman E (2017) Physical and psychosomatic health outcomes in people bereaved by suicide compared to people bereaved by other modes of death: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 17:1-16.
• Spillane A, Matvienko-Sikar K, Larkin C, Corcoran P, Arensman E (2018) What are the physical and psychological health effects of suicide bereavement on family members? An observational and interview mixed-methods study in Ireland. BMJ Open, 8:1-11.
• Spino E, Kameg KM, Cline TW, Terhorst L, Mitchell AM (2016) Impact of social support on symptoms of depression and loneliness in survivors bereaved by suicide. Arch Psychiatr Nurs, 30:602-606.
• Stone DM, Holland KM, Bartholow BN, Crosby AE, Davis SP, Wilkins N (2017) Preventing suicide: a technical package of policies, programs, and practices. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/suicidetechnicalpackage.pdf (28 Mart 2022’de ulaşıldı).
• Tedeschi RG, Calhoun L (2004) Posttraumatic growth: a new perspective on psychotraumatology. Psychiatric Times, 21:58–60.
• Tel H (2016) İntihar ve psikiyatri hemşireliği. Turkiye Klinikleri J Psychiatr Nurs-Special Topics, 2:14-23.
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) (2019) İntihar sayısı ve kaba intihar hızı. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Search/Search?text=intihar&dil=1 (29 Mart 2022’de ulaşıldı).
• Wagner B, Hofmann L, Grafiadeli R (2021) The relationship between guilt, depression, prolonged grief, and posttraumatic stress symptoms after suicide bereavement. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77:2545-2558.
• Wilcox HC, Kuramoto SJ, Lichtenstein P, Långström N, Brent DA, Runeson B (2010) Psychiatric morbidity, violent crime, and suicide among children and adolescents exposed to parental death. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 49:514-523.
• Wilson A, Marshall A (2010) The support needs and experiences of suicidally bereaved family and friends. Death Studies, 34:625-640.
• Worden JW (2009) Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy : a Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner. New York, Springer Publishing Company.
• World Health Organization (WHO) (2014) Preventing suicide: a global imperative. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/131056/9789241564779_eng.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3D64887363474BE7C919DEEB89802459E6?sequence=1 (31 Mart 2022’de ulaşıldı).
• World Health Organization (2019) Suicide worldwide in 2019: global health estimates. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240026643 (29 Mart 2022’de ulaşıldı).
• Young IT, Iglewicz A, Glorioso D, Lanouette N, Seay K, Ilapakurti M, et al. (2012) Suicide bereavement and complicated grief. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 14:177-186.