İkincil A356 Alüminyum Alaşımlarına Düşük Miktarlarda Eklenen Lantan, Titanyum ve Zirkonyum Elementlerinin Mikroyapı, Mekanik ve Korozyon Özelliklerine Etkisi

Yıl 2025, ERKEN GÖRÜNÜM, 1 - 1

Burçak Kardelen Köroğlu

https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1620331

Öz

Son yıllarda nadir toprak elementlerinin döküm sonrası mikroyapılar ve alüminyum alaşımlarının mekanik özelliklerine olan etkisi büyük ilgi çekmiştir. Ancak bugüne kadar nadir bulunan toprak elementi olan lantanın (La) mikroalaşım seviyesinde ilavesiyle geri dönüştürülmüş-ikincil A356 alaşımının katılaşması üzerindeki etkisi ve korozyon özelliklerine etkisi hakkında bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada %0.1’ in altındaki La ilavesi Ti ve Zr ile birlikte yapılmış, böylece pahalı olan nadir toprak elementinin eser seviyelerde ilavesinin etkileri de raporlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında mikroalaşım elementi La, Ti ve Zr’ un neden olduğu α-Al tane incelmesi, ötektik faz modifikasyonu, korozyon performansı ve mekanik özelliklerdeki meydana gelen değişiklikler araştırılmıştır. La ilavesinin düşük seviyelerde bile, ötektik faz için etkili heterojen çekirdeklenme koşullarını bozabileceği ve ötektiği inceltebileceği gösterilmiştir. Ağırlıkça %0.05 La ilavesinin yanında %0.2 Ti eklenmesi ile ideal α-Al tane inceltmesi, ötektik faz modifikasyonu ve alaşımların mekanik özellik iyileşmesinin sağlanması için yeterli olduğu bulunmuştur. Bunun yanında, çalışmadaki La ile mikroalaşımlandırılan tüm ikincil A356 alaşımlarında korozyon özellikleri gerilemiştir. Korozyon daldırma testleri sonucunda, mikroyapılar kaba hücresel yapıdan ince hücresel yapıya dönüşmüş olsalar bile farklı çözünürlükler ve difüzyon özellikleri, alüminyum matriste heterojen bölgeler yaratarak korozyon dayanımını düşürdüğü sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

lantan, tane inceltmesi, ikincil A356, mekanik özellikler, korozyon

Etik Beyan

Hazırlanan makalede etik kurul izni alınmasına gerek yoktur.

Effect of Lanthanum, Titanium and Zirconium Elements Added in Low Amounts to Secondary A356 Aluminum Alloys on Microstructure, Mechanical and Corrosion Properties

Öz

In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in the effects of rare earth elements on microstructures and the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys after casting. However, until now, no study has looked at the impact of adding lanthanum(La), a rare earth element, at the micro-alloy level on the solidification of recyled secondary A356 alloy and its corrosion properties. In this study, the addition of La below 0.1 % was made together with Ti and Zr, so that the effects of the addition of trace levels of the expensive rare earth element were also reported. Within the scope of the study, α-Al grain refinement, eutectic phase modification, corrosion performance and changes in mechanical properties caused by microalloying elements La, Ti and Zr were investigated. It has been shown that the addition of La, even at low levels, can disrupt the effective heterogeneous nucleation conditions for te eutectic phase and thin the eutectic. It was found that the addition of 0.05 wt% La and 0.2 wt.% Ti is sufficient to achieve ideal α-Al grain refinement, eutectic phase modification and mechanical property improvement of the alloys. In addition, the corrosion properties of all secondary A356 alloys microalloyed with La in the study were reduced. As a result of corrosion immersion tests, it was concluded that even if the microstructures changed from coarse to fine cellular, different solubilities and diffusion properties created heterogeneous regions in the aluminium matrix, reducing the corrosion resistance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Lanthanum, grain refining, secondary A356, mechanical properties, corrosion

Kaynakça

• [1] Pérez, O.R., Garcia-Hinojosa, J.A., Rodríguez Gómez, F.J., Mejia-Sintillo, S., Salinas-Bravo, V.M., Lopes-Sesenez, R., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, J.G., Garcia-Pérez, C.A. “Corrosion Behavior of A356/SiC Alloy Matrix Composites in 3.5% NaCl Solution”, International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 14(8), 7423–7436, (2019).
• [2] Koşatepe, A., Kabil, A. “The Effect of Mechanical Vibration on Casting Properties of Grain Refined A356 Alloy”, Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 10(4), 2770–2782, (2020).
• [3] Zhang, H., Yu, S., Yang, Z., Zhang, C. “The Influence of Porosity and Precipitates on the Corrosion Behavior of A356 Aluminum Alloy”, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 948, 1572-6657, (2023).
• [4] Švecová, I., Tillová, E., Kuchariková, L., Knap, V. “Possibilities of Predicting Undesirable Iron Intermetallic Phases in Secondary Al-Alloys”, Transportation Research Procedia, 55, 797-804, (2021).
• [5] Heo, U., Han, D.W., Kim, S., Mo, C.B. “Microstructure, Mechanical, and Corrosion Properties of Al–10Si and Al–10Si–2Cu Alloys with Different La Contents”, Materials Today Communications, 32, 2352-4928, (2022).
• [6] Yu, B.B., Yan, H., Zhu, J.B., Liu, J.L., Li, H.G., Nie, Q. “Effects of La on Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of AlSi5Cu1Mg Alloy”, Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 32, 443–451, (2019).
• [7] Cardinale, A.M., Macciò, D., Luciano, G., Canepa, E., Traverso, P. “Thermal and Corrosion Behavior of As Cast AlSi Alloys with Rare Earth Elements”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 695, 2180-2189, (2017).
• [8] Zou, Y., Yan, H., Yu, B., Hu, Z. “Effect of Rare Earth Yb on Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of ADC12 Aluminum Alloy”, Intermetallics, 110, 106487, (2019).
• [9] Zhang, L., Yan, H., Zou, Y., Yu, B., Hu, Z. “Effect of Adding Rare-Earth Cerium on the Microstructure and Acid Rain Corrosion Resistance of the ADC12 Alloy”, International Journal of Materials Research, 112(3), 241-249, (2021).
• [10] Mahmoud, M.G., Zedan, Y., Samuel, A.M., Songmene, V., Doty, H.W., Samuel, F.H. “Applications of Rare Earth Metals in Al-Si Cast Alloys”, Advances in High-Entropy Alloys - Materials Research, Exotic Properties and Applications, IntechOpen, Sep. 22, (2021).
• [11] Li, Q., Xia, T., Lan, Y., Li, P., Fan, L. “Effects of Rare Earth Er Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hypereutectic Al–20% Si Alloy”, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 588, 97-102, (2013).
• [12] Zhao, B., Xing, S., Sun, H., Yan, G., Gao, W., Ou, L. “Effect of Rare-Earth La on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al7Si4CuMg Alloys Prepared by Squeeze Casting”, Journal of Material Science, 57, 12064–12083, (2022).
• [13] Zheng, Q., Zhang, L., Jiang, H., Zhao, J., He, J. “Effect Mechanisms of Micro-Alloying Element La on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hypoeutectic Al-Si Alloys”, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 47, 142-151, (2020).
• [14] Tsai, Y.C., Chou, C.Y., Lee, S.L., Lin, C.K., Lin, J.C., Lim, S.W. “Effect of Trace La Addition on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of A356 (Al–7Si–0.35Mg) Aluminum Alloys”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 487(1–2), 157-162, (2009).
• [15] Cao, Y., Chen, X., Wang, Z., Chen, K., Pan, S., Zhu, Y., Wang, Y. “Synergistic Influence of La and Zr on Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of an Al-Si-Mg Alloy at Casting State”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 902, 163829, (2022).
• [16] Yuan, W., Liang, Z., Zhang, C., Wei, L. “Effects of La Addition on the Mechanical Properties and Thermal-Resistant Properties of Al–Mg–Si–Zr Alloys Based on AA 6201”, Materials & Design, 34, 788-792, (2012).
• [17] Zhao, B., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., Liu, X., Chen, X., Jiang, F., Ma, X. “Influence of La Addition on Fe-Rich Intermetallic Phases Formation and Mechanical Properties of Al–7Si–4Cu–0.35Mg–0.2Fe Alloys Prepared by Squeeze Casting”, Intermetallics, 153, 107783, (2023).
• [18] Jiang, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Liu, J., Wang, J. “The Influence of Rare Earth Element Lanthanum on the Microstructures and Properties of As-Cast 8176 (Al–0.5Fe) Aluminum Alloy”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 859, 157804, (2021).
• [19] Zhao, Y., Zhang, Z., Liu, J., Wu, Y. “Effect of Adding Lanthanum to Al–5%Ti–1%B Master Alloy on the Efficiency of Grain Refinement in Aluminum and Al–7%Si Alloy”, Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 63(5), 243-250, (2021).
• [20] Zhang, X., Yang, Y., Jin, H., Sui, Y., Jiang, Y., Wang, Q. “Effect of Lanthanum Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al–5Mg–2Si–0.6Mn Alloy in Squeeze Casting”, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 15, 6025-6033, (2021).
• [21] Bagaber, S.A., Abdullahi, T., Harun, Z., Daib, N., Othman, M.H.D. “The Effect of Lanthanum Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of A390 Aluminium Alloy”, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 42, 4559-4564, (2017).
• [22] Hekimoğlu, A.P., Çalış, M. “Effect of Grain Refinement with Titanium on the Microstructure, Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Al–25Zn Alloy”, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 35(1), 311-322, (2020).
• [23] Yang, Y., Tan, P., Sui, Y., Jiang, Y., Zhou, R. “Influence of Zr Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of As-Cast Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloy”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 867, 158920, (2021).
• [24] Gad Elrab, H.G., Abdalla, G. “Joint Addition of Zirconium, Titanium and Chromium to Commercial Pure Aluminium”, Journal of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, 22(2), 58-64, (2020).
• [25] Berladir, K., Hovorun, T., Botko, F., Gusak, O., Denysenko, Y. “Effect of Ti–Zr Ligature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Automotive Silumin”, Grabchenko’s International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing Processes, 253-263, (2022).
• [26] Nunes, H., Emadinia, O., Soares, R., Vieira, M.F., Reis, A. “Adding Value to Secondary Aluminum Casting Alloys: A Review on Trends and Achievements”, Materials, 16(3), 895, (2023).
• [27] Mahmoud, M.G., Samuel, A.M., Doty, H.W., Valtierra, S., Samuel, F.H. “Effect of Rare Earth Metals, Sr, and Ti Addition on the Microstructural Characterization of A413.1 Alloy”, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2017(1), 4712946, (2017).
• [28] Ali, N., Fulazzaky, M.A. “The Empirical Prediction of Weight Change and Corrosion Rate of Low-Carbon Steel”, Heliyon, 6(9), e05050, (2020).
• [29] Zhang, J., Guo, W., Bai, Q., Liu, X., Li, Z., Sun, Z., Jin, Y., Zhao, Z. “Effect of Rare Earth Ce and Y on Microstructure and Viscosity of ZL114A Alloy”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 1004, (2024).
• [30] Ahmad, R., Sheggaf, Z.M., Asmael, M.B.A., Hamzah, M.Z. “Effect of Rare Earth Addition on Solidification Characteristics and Microstructure of ZRE1 Magnesium Cast Alloy”, Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies, 3(3), 418–427, (2017).
• [31] Cai, H., Wang, Z., Liu, L., Su, J., Li, G., Guo, F. “Grain Refinement Mechanism of Rare Earth Elements (Ce, Y and Gd) on AZ91 Magnesium Alloy at Different Cooling Rates”, International Journal of Metalcasting, 18, 2933–2943, (2024).
• [32] Jiang, H., Li, S., Zheng, Q., Zhang, L., He, J., Song, Y., Deng, C., Zhao, J. “Effect of Minor Lanthanum on the Microstructures, Tensile and Electrical Properties of Al-Fe Alloys”, Materials & Design, 195, (2020).
• [33] Mathew, J. “Recyclability of Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys” (PhD Thesis/Dissertation), University of Warwick, August, (2020).
• [34] Tsai, Y.C., Chou, C.Y., Jeng, R.R., Lee, S.L., Lin, C.K. “Effect of Rare Earth Elements Addition on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of A356 Alloy”, International Journal of Cast Metals Research, 24(2), 83-87, (2011).
• [35] Ahmad, R., Asmael, M.B.A. “Influence of Lanthanum on Solidification, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Eutectic Al–Si Piston Alloy”, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 25, 2799-2813, (2016).
• [36] Liao, J., Wang, H., Chen, T.Y. “Experimental Investigation and Thermodynamic Calculation of Ni–Al–La Ternary System in Nickel-Rich Region: A New Intermetallic Compound Ni2AlLa”, Materials, 11(12), 2396, (2018).
• [37] Sina, H., Emamy, M., Saremi, M., Keyvani, A., Mahta, M., Campbell, J. “The Influence of Ti and Zr on Electrochemical Properties of Aluminum Sacrificial Anodes”, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 431(1–2), 263-276, (2006).
• [38] Kim, K., Heo, U., Yang, H., Kang, N. “Enhancement of the Corrosion Properties of Al–10%Si–2%Cu Alloys with La Addition”, Materials, 17(11), 2496, (2024).