Research Article
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The Protection of Cultural Heritage in International Investment Law

Year 2021, Volume: 41 Issue: 2, 827 - 873, 29.12.2021

Hümeyra Zeynep Erden

Abstract

Protecting cultural heritage has arisen as an aspect of international investment law as a result of conflicts between the legitimate interests of foreign investors and those of host states. However, there are no international investment law regulations to govern when measures a host state takes to protect its cultural heritage for the public interest affect the rights of a foreign investor. Moreover, the main aim of international investment law is to protect the foreign investments in host states, and protecting the cultural heritage of the host state is not a priority. It is necessary to examine whether international investment law encompasses regulations on protecting the cultural heritage when a host state takes protective measures that affect foreign investments. Therefore, this study entails analyzing first the international regulations on cultural heritage and then awards related to cultural heritage in investment law; relevant international standards of investment protection principles are examined and discussed in the context of current regulations in current investment treaties.

Keywords

International investment law The World Cultural Heritage Convention cultural heritage international investment treaties the regulatory powers of the host state

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Milletlerarası Yatırım Hukukunda Kültürel Mirasın Korunması

Year 2021, Volume: 41 Issue: 2, 827 - 873, 29.12.2021

Hümeyra Zeynep Erden

Abstract

Kültürel mirasın korunmasının milletlerarası yatırım hukukunda yer bulması, yatırımcının yatırım üzerindeki menfaatleri ile ev sahibi devletin kültürel mirasın korunmasındaki menfaatlerinin çakışması sonucunda ortaya çıkmıştır. Ancak ev sahibi devletin düzenleyici yetkisine dayanarak kamu yararı amacıyla kültürel mirasın korunması yönünde uygulayacağı tedbirlerin, yatırımcının yatırımdan doğan haklarına etki etmesi durumunda nasıl bir yol izlenmesi gerektiğine dair milletlerarası yatırım hukukunda temel bir düzenleme yoktur. Kaldı ki milletlerarası yatırım hukukunun temel amacı, yabancı yatırımın ev sahibi devlette korunmasıdır; yoksa yatırım hukukunun varlık sebepleri arasında, ev sahibi devlette yer alan kültürel mirasın korunması amacı yer almamaktadır. Yatırım tahkimi içerisinde, ev sahibi devletlerin giderek artan sayıda, kültürel mirasın korunması amacıyla düzenleyici yetkilerini kullanarak yatırıma etki eden tasarrufları sonucunda, milletlerarası yatırım hukukunda kültürel mirasın korunmasına dair düzenlemelere yer verilip verilmediği ve yer verme gerekliliğinin incelenmesi lüzumu doğmuştur. Bu amaçla çalışmada, kültürel mirasa dair uluslararası düzenlemelere yer verildikten sonra kültürel mirasın konu edildiği yatırım tahkimine dair kararlar, milletlerarası yatırım anlaşmalarındaki ilgili bazı koruma ilkelerinin incelenmesi suretiyle ele alınacak ve son tahlilde güncel yatırım anlaşmalarındaki mevcut düzenlemelere yer verilerek durum tespiti yapılacaktır.

Keywords

Milletlerarası yatırım hukuku uluslararası yatırım hukuku Dünya Kültürel ve Doğal Mirasın Korunmasına Dair Sözleşme UNESCO Dünya Kültür ve Doğal Mirasını Koruma Konvansiyonu Dünya Miras Sözleşmesi kültürel miras milletlerarası yatırım anlaşmaları devletin düzenleyici yetkisi

References

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  • Andreeva Y, “The Tribunal in Malaysian Historical Salvors v Malaysia Adopts a Restrictive Interpretation of the Term Investment” (2008) 25 (4) Journal of International Arbitration 503-506.
  • Avşar M, “ICSID Konvansiyonu’na göre Yatırım Tanımı” (2017) 37 (2) Public and Private International Law Bulletin 95-140.
  • Ayhan İzmirli L, “Uluslararası Yatırım Hukukunda Yatırım Kavramı” (2018) 8 (2) Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 89-131.
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  • Blake J, “On Defining the Cultural Heritage”, (2000) 49 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 61-84.
  • Claros R, “Striking a Balance between the Protection of Foreign Investment and the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage in International Investment Agreements: Can General Exceptions Make a Difference?” 2015 (2015/08) World Trade Institute Working Paper 1-14.
  • Çalışkan Y, “ICSID Jurisdiction: Whose Dictionary will be Used for the Definition of Investment and the Scope of Consent” in Ceyda Süral and Ekin Ömeroğlu Foreign (eds), Foreign Investment Law, (Seçkin Yayınları 2016)
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  • Francioni F, “Culture, Heritage and Human Rights: An Introduction” in Federico Francioni (ed), Cultural Human Rights (Martinus Nijhoff 2008)
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  • Giray FK, Milletlerarası Yatırım Tahkiminde Kamulaştırmadan Doğan Tazminat ve Tazminatın Hesaplanmasında Kullanılan Yöntemler (2nd edn, Beta 2013).
  • Given JP, “Malaysia Historical Salvors Sdn, Bhd v Malaysia: An End to the Liberal Definition of Investment in ICSID Arbitrations”, (2009) 31 (3-4) Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review 467-500.
  • Goodwin EJ, “The World Heritage Convention, the Environment and Compliance”, (2009) 20 (2) Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 157-198.
  • Göğebakan Y, “Dünya Üzerindeki Kültürel Varlıkların Turizme ve Ekonomiye Katkısı”, (2015) 5 (2) Anadolu Üniversitesi Sanat ve Tasarım Dergisi 48-71.
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  • Lenzerini F, “Property Protection and Protection of Cultural Heritage” in Stephan W. Schill (ed), International Investment Law and Comparative Public Law (Oxford University Press 2010)
  • Gürsu A, Uluslararası Yatırım Hukukunda Adil ve Hakkaniyetli Muamele İlkesi (Astana Yayınları 2018).
  • Hirsch M, “Between Fair and Equitable Treatment and Stabilization Clause: Stable Legal Environment and Regulatory Change in International Investment Law” (2011) 12 (6) Journal of World Investment and Trade 783-806.
  • Hirsch M, “Interactions between Investment and Non-investment Obligations”, in Peter Muchlinski, Federico Ortino ve Christoph Schreuer (eds), the Oxford Handbook of International Investment Law, (Oxford University Press 2008) 154-181.
  • Hirsch M, “Interactions between Investment and Non-investment Obligations” in Peter Muchlinski, Federico Ortino ve Christoph Schreuer (eds), The Oxford Handbook of International Investment Law (Oxford University Press 2008).
  • Houde M and Yannaca-Small K, “Relationships between International Investment Agreements” 2004 2004/1 OECD Working Papers on International Investment 1-22.
  • Karacan P, “Uluslararası Ticaret Hukuku ve Uluslararası Yatırım Hukuku Etkileşimi: Devletin Sağlık Sebebiyle Düzenleme Getirme Hakkı” 2015 (3) 2 Kadir Has Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi 77-95.
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  • Lo C, “A Comparison of BIT and the Investment Chapter of Free Trade Agreement from Policy Perspective” (2008) 3 (1) Asian Journal of WTO and International Health Law 147-170.
  • Mai MH, The Issue of Cultural Heritage Protection in International Investment in the Mining and Construction Sectors, pHd Thesis (University of Glasgow School of Law 2019).
  • Manciaux S, “The Notion of Investment: New Controversies” (2008) 9 (6) The Journal of World Investment and Trade 1-24.
  • Mitchell AD, Voon T and Whittle D, “Public Health and Trans-Pasific Partnership Agreement” (2015) 5 (2) Asian Journal of International Law 279-293.
  • Mustapa SAD, “Showcasing Maritime Heritage Artefacts for the Benefit of the Tourist Industry in Malaysia”, (2005) 34 (2) International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 211-215.
  • Nafziger J, “The Development of International Cultural Law”, (2006) 100 American Society of International Law, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting 317-323
  • Nalçacıoğlu Erden HZ, Milletlerarası Yatırım Hukukunda Dolaylı Kamulaştırma (On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2015).
  • O’Keefe PJ, “Foreign Investment and the World Heritage Convention” (1994) 3 (2) International Journal of Cultural Property 259-265.
  • Özel S, Uluslararası Alanda Kültür Varlıklarının Korunması, (Alkım Yayınları, 1998).
  • Özel S, “Türk Hukukunda Kültür Varlıklarının Mülkiyeti”, (2018) 24 (1) Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Araştırmaları Dergisi 215-238.
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  • Prott LV, O’Keefe PJ, “Cultural Heritage or Cultural Property?”, (1997) 1 (2) International Journal of Cultural Property 307-320.
  • Puig S and Shaffer G, “A Breakthrough with the TPP: The Tobacco Carve-out” (2016) 16 (2) Yale Journal Of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics 327-333.
  • Radi Y, “The 'Culture of Balancing' of International Investment Law - Cultural Interests and Investors' Interests in International Investment Treaties and Arbitration”, (2013) 10 (5) Transnational Dispute Management < https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2355923> Erişim Tarihi 26 Mayıs 2021
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There are 79 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hümeyra Zeynep Erden 0000-0002-3144-4259

Early Pub Date July 13, 2021
Publication Date December 29, 2021
Submission Date June 4, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 41 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Erden, H. Z. (2021). Milletlerarası Yatırım Hukukunda Kültürel Mirasın Korunması. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 41(2), 827-873.
AMA Erden HZ. Milletlerarası Yatırım Hukukunda Kültürel Mirasın Korunması. PPIL. December 2021;41(2):827-873.
Chicago Erden, Hümeyra Zeynep. “Milletlerarası Yatırım Hukukunda Kültürel Mirasın Korunması”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 41, no. 2 (December 2021): 827-73.
EndNote Erden HZ (December 1, 2021) Milletlerarası Yatırım Hukukunda Kültürel Mirasın Korunması. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 41 2 827–873.
IEEE H. Z. Erden, “Milletlerarası Yatırım Hukukunda Kültürel Mirasın Korunması”, PPIL, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 827–873, 2021.
ISNAD Erden, Hümeyra Zeynep. “Milletlerarası Yatırım Hukukunda Kültürel Mirasın Korunması”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 41/2 (December 2021), 827-873.
JAMA Erden HZ. Milletlerarası Yatırım Hukukunda Kültürel Mirasın Korunması. PPIL. 2021;41:827–873.
MLA Erden, Hümeyra Zeynep. “Milletlerarası Yatırım Hukukunda Kültürel Mirasın Korunması”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, vol. 41, no. 2, 2021, pp. 827-73.
Vancouver Erden HZ. Milletlerarası Yatırım Hukukunda Kültürel Mirasın Korunması. PPIL. 2021;41(2):827-73.
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