Uluslararası Hukukta Pandemilerce Oluşturulan Yeni Grotian Moment

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 2, 757 - 775, 30.12.2022

Sezai Çağlayan

https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.2.1062630

Öz

Uluslararası sağlık krizleri olarak pandemiler, uluslararası toplumun geçen yüzyılda karşılaştığı iki büyük savaş gibi dünyayı etkilemektedir. Son iki buçuk yıldır devam Covid-19 ise bu durumu bir kez daha doğrulamıştır. Pandemiler, dünya genelinde bireyleri, devletleri, toplumları ve sektörleri birçok yönden ciddi şekilde etkilemektedir. Uluslararası hukuk da kaçınılmaz olarak pandemilerin etkilerinden payını almıştır. BM’nin özel yetkili organı olan BM Güvenlik Konseyi, 2000 yılından bu yana pandemileri uluslararası barış ve güvenliğe yönelik tehditler olarak tanımaktadır. Buna bağlı olarak da pandemilerin ortaya çıktığı veya önlenemediği çatışma bölgelerinde veya çatışma sonrası bölgelerde, pandemilerin etkilerini giderme adına ilgili bölgedeki BM barışı koruma misyonları görevlendirilmektedir. Öyle ki, pandemilerin klasik BM barış misyonları ile giderilemeyecek boyutta olması BM Genel Sekreterini harekete geçirmiş, Örgüt’ün tarihinde bir ilk olan (şimdilik tek) UNMEER sağlık misyonu, 2014 Ebola salgını ile mücadele adına kurulmuştur. Genel Sekreter tarafından başlatılan bu trendin, Konsey yetkilendirmesi ile gelecek pandemilere karşı devam ettirilmesi ihtimal dahilindedir. Pandemilerin uluslararası barış ve güvenlik tehditleri olarak kabul edilmesi ve misyonların pandemilere karşı sahada verdiği mücadele, BM’nin kolektif güvenlik sistemi ve dolayısıyla uluslararası hukuk için bir dönüm noktası olarak kabul edilebilecek mahiyette gelişmelerdir. Bu makale, uluslararası hukukun pandemiler vasıtasıyla dönüşümünün, yeni bir Grotian Moment olduğunu savunmaktadır. Akademik literatürde, uluslararası hukukun geçirdiği dönüştürücü nitelikteki değişiklikleri adlandırmak için kullanılan Grotian Moment konsepti, bu makalede pandemilerin meydana getirdiği yeni bir uluslararası hukuk değişimi olarak kabul edilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uluslararası hukuk, pandemiler, Güvenlik Konseyi, uluslararası barış ve güvenlik

Pandemics That Generate a New Grotian Moment in International Law

Öz

Pandemics, as international health crises, impact the world like the two great wars that the international community faced last century. This has been confirmed by Covid-19 once again for the last two and half years. Individuals, states, societies, and sectors across the world have been seriously impacted in many ways. International law has also inevitably had its share of this. The UN Security Council, the special body of the UN, has technically recognised pandemics threats to international peace and security (IPaS) since 2000. Accordingly, UN peacekeeping missions in the field have been employed to eliminate the effects of pandemics in conflict and post-conflict zones where pandemics occur or cannot be prevented. Additionally, the UN Secretary-General exceptionally established a health mission, namely UNMEER for the first time in the Organisation’s history in the fight against the Ebola pandemic, which requires a speciality beyond the capacity of classical UN missions in 2014. Presumably, this trend commenced by the Secretary-General will continue through the Council’s authorisation against future pandemics. Recognition of pandemics as IPaS threats and missions’ response to pandemics on the ground are significant developments which can be accepted as a turning point for the collective security system (CSS) of the UN and, thus, for international law. This paper argues that the transformation of international law due to pandemics is a new Grotian Moment, which is uniquely used to name transformative changes in international law in the scholarly literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

International law, Grotian Moment, pandemics, Covid-19, Security Council, international peace and security, Uluslararası hukuk, pandemiler, Güvenlik Konseyi, uluslararası barış ve güvenlik

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