Educational segregation and discrimination in Bosnia and Herzegovina and critical peace; transgression of ethnic-ideological utilization of youth

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 25 - 42, 30.06.2022

Faruk Hadžić

Öz

The paper examines the ontological and normative origins of the "Two schools under one roof" phenomena (existing for decades but negligibly elaborated), particularly the broader multidisciplinary approach to the educational framework- legislative, future sociopolitical relations, critical peace, and the youth's psychosocial well-being. Finally, this paper determines these phenomena as a spectrum of sociopolitical coercion and competition affecting the peacebuilding and state-building process. The manuscript argues that segregation and discrimination in education are indisputable within the legislative democratic legitimacy of the ethnopolitical exploitation, designating individualism over the survival of shared collectivism, disregarding society's ethics and morality in the educational enlightenment process. It is objectionable that the temporary solutions - organizational units of the "two schools under one roof" model established in 1997, held in addition to the fulfillment of all until the present day, representing the potential and capacity to preserve the ethnopolitical power and reproduce destructive practices of ethnopolitics. The paradigm "Two schools under one roof" does not respect diversity and does not contribute to youth's individual development within critical judgment, attitudes, and multicultural/interreligious perceptions. Ethnoreligious collectivism rises above individualism and does not liberate the human capacity to build a democratic society. The inclusive education movement should build a democratic, inclusive, multiethnic, and multireligious society. Education has elevated strength and significant power and should be used for the good of society. Educational diversity inclusion is the intention for both a moral and ethical society. Educational segregation and discrimination create, intensify, and rationalize ethnoreligious disputes. The change of education from a cognitive segregated ethnopolitical matrix to a school organized according to the measure of "human enlightenment" is long-term and the most critical path in order not only to provide a good ground for educational inclusion satisfying the students' needs but the future of multicultural moral and ethical society. It reflects in brought up and educated non-ethnonationalism and non-xenophobes individuals- personalities in fragile post-conflict Balkan societies. Any form of segregation cannot be abolished without changing the Constitution, so every other form of solution will produce additional intricacies. Affirmative indications of the adverse effects of B&H educational policies, ethnopolitical ideologies, philosophies, and ethnopolitical nonobjective party interests are required. Those policies obstruct critical peace and conflict transformation processes and potential initiatives necessary to establish peace, conflict resolution, and nonviolence. Peace education and inter- ethnic communication can reduce disagreement sentiments ("enemy") between ethnoreligious groups, maintained by ethnopolitical separation propaganda.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Educational segregation, Two schools under one roof, Legislation, Western Balkans & Bosnia and Herzegovina, Peace and Conflict, Discrimination, Ethnopolitics, Ethics, Enlightenment, Youth, Peace education

Kaynakça

• Ademović, N., Joseph M. and Marković, G. (2012) Ustavno pravo Bosne i Hercegovine [Constitutional law of Bosnia and Herzegovina], Sarajevo, Fondacija Konrad Adenauer e. V. Predstavništvo u Bosni i Hercegovini
• Alispahic, F. (2003). Hrvatski cinizam u Bosanskim skolama ["Croatian cynicism in Bosnian schools]. https://fatmiralispahic.ba/2003/10/08/hrvatski-nacizam-u-bosanskim-skolama/, page accessed 11.01..2021
• Asocijacija Alumni Centar za interdisciplinarne postdiplomske studije (ACIPS), (2012). Dvije škole pod jednim krovom“ studija o segregaciji u obrazovanju [Two schools under one roof ”study on segregation in education]. Centar za ljudska prava Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Sarajevo, Mujkić, A., Sadiković M., Kalaš Dž. et al. https://www.shl.ba/images/brosure/Dvije_skole_pod_jednim_krovom.pdf
• Bešlagić, J. (2017). Segregacija zanimanja na osnovu spola na tržištu rada [occupational segregation based on gender in the labor market]. 11th International Scientific Conference on Production Engineering. https://tfb.ba/repozitorij/2/RIM/RIM2017/99-Jasmina%20Be%C5%A1lagi%C4%87SEGREGACIJA%20ZANIMANJA%20NA%20OSNOVU%20SPOLA%20NA%20TR%C5%BDI%C5%A0TU%20RADA.pdf
• Bilić, I. (2017). Slobodna Europa. Zele li mladi Balkana uciti o religijama [Do the young people of the Balkans want to learn about religions]. https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/glasom-mladih-religija-balkan-ucenje/28922735.html
• Boracic, S. (2019). Slobodna Europa, Placeni nerad [Payed reluctance] https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/30029926.html
• Canivez, P. (1990), Éduquer le citoyen? [Educating citizen], Hatier, Paris.
• Delors, J. (1996). Learning: The treasure within. UNESCO Publishing, Paris.
• Dickey, J. et al., (2015). Russian Political Warfare: Origin, Evolution, and Application, Naval Postgraduate School
• European Comission, (2008). Izvještaj komesara za ljudska prava g. thomasa hammarberga nakon posjete Bosni i Hercegovini [Report of the Commissioner for Human Rights Mr. Thomas Hammarberg after visiting Bosnia and Herzegovina] https://rm.coe.int/16806db87b
• European Comission, (2020). Radni dokument osoblja komisije. Izvještaj o Bosni i Hercegovini za 2020 [Commission staff working document. Report on Bosnia and Herzegovina for 2020], Saopštenje Komisije Evropskom parlamentu, Vijeću, Evropskom ekonomskom i socijalnom odboru i Odboru regija Saopštenje o politici proširenja EU-a za 2020. https://europa.ba/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Izvjestaj_za_BiH_za_2020_godinu.pdf
• Global Campaign for Peace Education, (2020). Obrazovanje za mir: premošćivanje podjele na zapadnom Balkanu, https://www.peace-ed-campaign.org/hr/education-for-peace-bridging-the-divide-in-the-western-balkans/
• Grba, M. (2014). Christian Doctrine for Slavonic People: an early Bosnian and Herzegovinian printed book https://blogs.bl.uk/european/2014/05/christian-doctrine-for-slavonic-people.html
• Hadžić, F. (2020). The Politicization of Religion and the Sacralized Balkan Nations Regarding Bosnia and Herzegovina, Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe, (OPREE), 40 (7): 105-131. https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol40/iss7/8
• Hadžić, F. (2021). Agnosticism and Atheism as Amoralism and Anti-Ideological Sociopolitical Paradigm in the Balkans, Specifically in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe, (OPREE), 41 (2): 68-81. https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol41/iss2/6
• Hadžić, F. (2021). Social and political (the others) exclusions within the post-Yugoslav ethnonational institutionalization in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Individual and Society Journal of Social Science, 11 (1): 170-195. https://doi.org/ 10.20493/birtop.923746
• Hadžić, F. (2020). The political psychology of extremism; “naturalness” of the phenomenon in the Western Balkans, Technium Social Sciences Journal, (11): 250-267, https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v11i1.1519
• Hans Magnus Enzensberger Critical essays, (1982). The German Library, Volume 98. https://monoskop.org/images/f/fe/Enzensberger_Hans_Magnus_Critical_Essays.pdf
• Institucija ombudsmena za ljudska prava Bosne i Hercegovine [Institution of the Human Rights Ombudsman of Bosnia and Herzegovina, (2012)], (2012). Godišnji izvještaj o pojavama diskriminacije u Bosni i Hercegovini za 2012. godinu [Annual Report on Discrimination in Bosnia and Herzegovina for 2012]
• International Crisis Group, (2017). The Western Balkans: Fragile Majorities, https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/balkans/western-balkans-fragile-majorities
• Jezici i nacionalizmi, http://jezicinacionalizmi.com/deklaracija/
• Kuburić, Z. Chrisian Moe, C. (2006). Religious Education in Croatia/Religion and Pluralism in Education: Comparative Approaches in the Western Balkans. CIR, Novi Sad.
• Magas, B. (2003). On Bosniannes. Nations and Nationalism, 9 (1): 19-23
• Malcolm, N. (1996). Bosnia: A Short History. New York: NYU Press
• Marinović, M. (2014). Nastava povijesti usmjerena prema ishodima učenja [History teaching focused on learning outcomes]. www.azoo.hr/images/izdanja/nastava_povijesti/07.html
• Ministry for human rights and refugees B&H, (2008). The seventh and the eight periodic report on the implementation of the international convention on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination (cerd) in Bosnia and Herzegovina http://www.mhrr.gov.ba/PDF/LjudskaPrava/4.%20CERD%20%20Izvjestaj%20(%207.i%208.)%20ENG.pdf
• Monnesland, S. (2005) Jezik u Bosni i Hercegovini [Language in Bosnia and Herzegovina], Institut za jezik, Sarajevo, and Oslo, Institut for East/European languages and i oriental studies, Oslo.
• Ortega y Gasset, J. (1991). Mission of the University 1st Edition, Routledge, London
• OSCE Mission to B&H, (2018). Two Schools Under One Roof. The Most Visible Example of Discrimination in Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/3/8/404990.pdf
• Perspektiva, Radio Free Europe in cooperation with The National Endowment for Democracy, TV-series, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oAQDv2HQo0
• Politika, (2010). Deca u Bosni nisu kruške i jabuke [Children in Bosnia are not pears and apples], https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/119867/Deca-u-Bosni-nisu-kruske-i-jabuke
• Roloff, M. J., Chiles, B. W. (2011). Interpersonal conflict: Recent trends. In Knapp, M. L., Daly, J. A. (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of interpersonal communication. Los Angeles: Sage.
• Sadiković, L. and Veladžić, N. (2014). Obrazovanje iz ljudskih prava u Bosni i Hercegovini. Trenutni izazovi i perspektive [Human rights education in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Current challenges and perspectives]
• Sadiković, M. (2018). Slobodna Europa, Podijeljene škole: Mi na jednom, oni na drugom spratu [Divided schools: We on one, they on the other floor] https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/podijeljene-skole-bih/29070500.html
• Shafer, L. (2015). Making Peace, How schools can help foster a more peaceful world, Harvard Graduate School of education, https://www.gse.harvard.edu/news/uk/15/12/making-peace
• Singh, A. and O'Rourke, J. (2006). Management Communication A Case Analysis Approach, Pearson education, New York
• Skaric, V. (1927). Mula-Mustafa Baseski, an 18th-century Sarajevo Chronicler (English). Sarajevo: V. Skaric
• Tacno.net, (2018). Evropska unija traži ukidanje dvije škole pod jednim krovom u BiH, Hrvatska se protivi [The European Union is demanding the abolition of two schools under one roof in BiH, Croatia opposes it]. https://www.tacno.net/nasigradovi/evropska-unija-trazi-ukidanje-dvije-skole-pod-jednim-krovom-u-bih-hrvatska-se-protivi/
• Trkulja, A. (2017) “Dvije škole pod jednim krovom u Bosni i Hercegovini: (ne) razumijevanje problema i moguća rješenja [Two schools under one roof in Bosnia and Herzegovina: (mis) understanding of the problem and possible solutions]. Sarajevo: Analitika – Centar za društvena istraživanja.
• Veselinović, G. (2018). Radio Slobodna Europa. Obavezna vjeronauka i za srednjoskolce u RS [Compulsory religious education for high school students in RS as well]. https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/republika-srpska-vjeronauka-skolstvo/29172622.html