GELENEKSEL ROMA HAMAMLARI İÇERİSİNDE SMINTHEION HAMAM YAPILARININ ÖNEMİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 23 - 46, 29.03.2023

Davut Kaplan

Öz

Roma İmparatorluğu sınırları içerisinde, öncelikle başkent Roma olmak üzere, merkezi veya taşra olsun birbirinden görkemli ve şatafatlı anıtsal mimari ile donatılmış çok sayıda kent vardır. Bu kentlerin hemen hemen hepsinde yer alan ve doğrudan Roma mimari karakteri taşıyan anıtsal yapı tipi ise hamamlardır. Bu yapılar, genelde İmparatorluk tipi (Thermae) ve halk tipi (Balnae) olarak iki grupta tasnif edilirler. Bu tasnif Roma kent hamamları için kullanılan genel uygulamadır. Smintheion’un ise bir kent değil kutsal alan olması ve özellikle Anadolu’da bulunması, barındırdığı hamamlarından dolayı geleneksel Roma anlayışından farklı düşünülebilir. Fakat Smintheion hamamları da planlama ve teknik ölçütler açısından geleneği takip ederler. Çünkü Smintheion hamamları planlama şekli ve tipi, yapı malzemeleri ve metotları, ısıtma sistemleri, mekan içi süslemeleri ve su donatımı ile geleneksel hamamların birer kopyası gibidir. Bu bağlamda Smintheion hamamları genel anlamda geleneksel Roma hamamları tipolojisine uyarlar. Dikkat çeken yanları ise plan ve teknik açıdan İtalya’nın Pompeii hamamlarından doğrudan etkilenmiş olmasıdır. Her iki örneğin Apollon Smintheus Tapınağı’nın bir parçası gibi tapınağın yakınında yer alması ve Anadolu kent hamamları ile karşılaştırılınca boyutları bakımından küçük olmaları ile dikkat çekerler. Plandaki bazı farklılıklara ek olarak Büyük hamam girişinde yer alan heykel kaideleri ve apodyterium işlevi de gören büyük bir salon gibi sıra dışı mekanlar açısından ise kendilerine özgüdür. Bu iki hamamın asıl vurgulanması gereken yönü ve diğer geleneksel “kent hamamlarından” ayıran özellikleri ise Anadolu’da özel inşa edilmiş, (termal örnekler hariç) örneği pek bilinmeyen “kutsal alan hamamları” olmalarıdır. Bu iki hamama "Batı Hamamı" olarak adlandırılan, henüz kazısı yapılmamış fakat yapılan sondajlarla MS 2-3.yüzyıla ait olduğu saptanan Roma hamamı da eklenmelidir. Her üç hamam ve su depoları ile birlikte Smintheion bir nevi termal-şifa merkezini andırmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Roma Hamamları, Smintheion, Kutsal Alan Hamamları, Agonistik oyunlar, Troas

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SMINTHEION BATH STRUCTURES IN TRADITIONAL ROMAN BATHS

Öz

Within the borders of the Roman Empire, primarily Rome, there are many cities, central or rural, each equipped with magnificent and ostentatious monumental architecture. The monumental building type, which is located in almost all of these cities and has a direct Roman architectural character, is the baths. These structures are generally classified into two groups as Imperial type (Thermae) and public (Balnae). This classification is the general practice used for Roman city baths. The fact that Smintheion is not a city but rather a sanctuary that is located in Anatolia can be considered different from the traditional Roman understanding due to its baths. But the Smintheion baths also follow tradition in terms of planning and technical criteria. Because Smintheion baths are like copies of traditional baths with their planning style and type, building materials and methods, heating systems, interior decorations and water equipment. In this context, Smintheion baths generally adapt to the typology of traditional Roman baths. The striking aspects are that it was directly influenced by the Pompeii baths of Italy in terms of plan and technique. Both examples draw attention as they are located near the temple like a part of the Temple of Apollo Smintheus and are small in size when compared to the Anatolian public baths. In addition to some differences in the plan, it is unique in terms of extraordinary spaces such as the statue bases at the entrance of the Great Bath and a large hall that also functions as an apodyterium. The main point of emphasis of these two baths and their distinguishing features from other traditional “public baths” is that they are “sanctuary baths”, which were specially built in Anatolia and examples are not known (except for thermal examples). The Roman bath, which has not been excavated yet, but was determined to belong to the 2nd-3rd century AD by soundings, should be added to these two baths. With all three baths and cisterns, Smintheion resembles a kind of thermal-healing centre.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Roman Baths, Smintheion, Sanctuary Baths, Agonistic games, Troad

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