The Factors Affecting Individuals’ Participation in Cycling, Mountaineering and Trekking Activities: An Application of Probit Analysis for Turkey Case

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 128 - 150, 27.01.2014

Faik Ardahan , Mehmet Mert

Öz

The aim of this study is to examine and explain the impacts of the independent variables as gender, marital status, income, education level, age, Life Satisfaction (LS) level, Emotional Intelligence (EQ) level and Ecological values and behavior level on participating in outdoor activities as cycling, trekking and mountaineering by using Probit Model, as Turkey case. To determine the EQ level, Ecological values and behavior level, and LS levels of participants, EQ, LS and New Ecological Paradigm Scales have been used.  As a result, main identifiers which have significant affects on participating in outdoor activities have been found to be age, gender, income, occupation, education level, marital status, LS,  Ecological Crises, Capability of Nature, Human Hegemony,  Emotion Assessment and Emotion Positively.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Outdoor Activities; Mountaineers; Cyclists; Trekkers; Probit Model

Kaynakça

• Ardahan, F. and Lapa, Y.T. (2010). Outdoor recreation: the reasons and carried benefits for attending outdoor sports of the participants of cycling and/or trekking activities. International Journal of Human Sciences, 8(1), 1327- 1341.
• Ardahan, F. (2011a). Examining Relation between Emotional Intelligence and Life Satisfaction on the Example of Outdoor Sports Participants, I th International Sport Economy and Management Congress, 12-15 th October 2011, Izmir / Turkey.
• Ardahan, F. (2011b). The Profile of The Turkish Mountaineers and Rock Climbers: The Reasons and The Carried Benefits for Attending Outdoor Sports and Life Satisfaction Level, 8 th International Conference Sport and Quality of Life/2011, 10-11 November 2011, Congress Centre-Brno/Czech Republic.
• Ardahan, F. (2012a). The New Ecological Paradigm (NEP Scale) Score Of Turkish Mountaineers/Rock Climbers, Cyclists and Trekkers. Energy Education Science and Technology Part B, Social and Educational Studies, 4(4), 2035-2046.
• Ardahan, F. (2012b). Comparison of the Life Satisfaction and Emotional Intelligence of the Participants and Non Participants of Outdoor Sports with respect to some demographic variables, WCBEM, World Conference On Business, Economics and Management, 04-06 May 2012, Belek, Antalya, Turkey.
• Ardahan, F. (2012c). Comparison of the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) Scale’s Level of Participants and Non Participant of Outdoor Sports with Respect to Some Demographic Variables: Turkey Case. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport, 1(3), 8-18.
• Ardahan, F. and Mert, M. (2012). Impacts of Outdoor Activities, Demographic Variables and Emotional Intelligence on Life Satisfaction: An Econometric Application of a Case in Turkey. Social Indicators Research, 78(2). doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0118-5
• Ardahan, F. and Turgut, T. (2013). Comparing the Motivational Factors of Recreational Fishers and Hunters, Life Satisfaction Level of Participants and Non Participants in These Activities: Turkey Case. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport, 2(1), 1-11.
• Axelrod, L.J. (1994). Balancing personal needs with environmental preservation: Identifying the values that guide decisions in ecological dilemmas. J Soc Issues, 50, 85-104.
• Bar-On, R. (1997). Emotional Quotient Inventory: Technical Manual. Multi-Health Systems. Toronto.
• Bradshaw, T.K. (1978). Lifestyle in the advanced industrial societies. Berkeley, CA: Institute of Governmental studies, University of California.
• Chan, D.W. (2004). Perceived Emotional Intelligence and Self-Efficacy Among Chinese Secondary School Teachers in Hong Kong. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1781–1795.
• Chan, D.W. (2006). Emotional Intelligence and Components of Burnout among Chinese Secondary School Teachers in Hong Kong. Teaching and Teacher Education, 22, 1042–1054.
• Ciarrochi, J.V., Chan, A.Y.C. and Caputi, P. (2000). A Critical Evaluation Of The Emotional Intelligence Construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 539–561.
• Cole, D.N. (1981). Vegetational changes associated with recreational use and fire suppression in the eagle cap wilderness, oregon: some management implications. Biologic Conser, 20, 247-270.
• Cole, D.N. (2004). Environmental impacts of outdoor recreation in wildlands. 1-16, Retrived from http://www.leopold.wilderness.net/research/fprojects/docs12/ISSRMChapter.pdf.
• Crandall, R. (1980). Motivation for leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 12(1), 45-54.
• Daghfous, N., Petrof, J.V. and Pons, F. (1999), Values and adoption of innovations: a cross-cultural study. Journal Of Consumer Marketing, 16(4), 314-331.
• Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19, 109-134.
• Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575.
• Diener, E., Emmons, R.A., Larsen, R.J. and Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
• Dikmen, A.A. (1995). Relation Between Life Satisfaction and Job Satisfaction. Journal of Ankara University Faculty of Political Sciences, 50, 3-4.
• Driver, B.L. (1976). Quantification of outdoor recreationists’ preferences. In B. van der Smissen (ed.), Research on camping and environmental education (pp. 165–188). State College: The Pennsylvania State University, College of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation.
• Driver, B.L. (1983). Master list of items for recreation experience preferences scales and domains. Unpublished document. USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
• Driver, B. L. and Brown, P. J. (1986). Probable personal benefits of outdoor recreation. In President’s commission on American outdoors—A literature review (pp. 63–70). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
• Dunlap, R.E., Van Liere, K.D., Mertig, A.G. and Jones, R.E. (2000) Measuring endorsement of the new ecological paradigm: A revised NEP scale. J Soc Issues, 56, 425–442.
• Dunlap, R.E., Grieneeks, J.K. and Rokeach, M. (1983). Human values and pro-environmental behavior, in WD. Conn (ed) energy and material resources: Attitudes, values, and public policy, Boulder, CO:Westview.
• Dunlap, R.E. and Van Liere, K.D. (1978). The “new environmental paradigm”: A proposed measuring instrument and preliminary results. J Environ Educ, 9, 10–19.
• Gattas, J.T., Roberts, K., Schmitz-Scherzer, R., Tokarski, W. and Vitanyi, Y.I. (1986). Leisure and life-styles: towards a research agenda. Society and Leisure, 9(2), 524-537.
• Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. Bantam Books.
• Gujarati, D.N. (2003). Basic Econometrics, fourth edition, McGraw-Hill/Irvin, New York.
• Harrington, M. and Dawson, D. (1995). Who has it best? Women’s labor force participation, perceptions of leisure and constraints to leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 27, 4–25.
• Hicks, M.W. and Platt, M. (1970). Marital happiness and stability: A review of the research in the sixties. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 32, 553-574.
• Ibrahim, H. and Cordes, K.A. (2002). Outdoor Recreation, Enrichment For a Lifetime. Second Edition, Sagamore Publishing, Il.
• Ingledew, D.K., Markland, D. and Sheppard, K.E. (2004). Personality and self-determination of exercise behaviour, Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1921-1932.
• Jackson, E.L. and Henderson K.A. (1995). Gender-based analysis of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 17, 31–51.
• Kalkan, A. and Ardahan, F. (2012). The Profile of the Outdoor Sports Participants and the Reason and the Benefits of Participating Outdoor Sports: Antalya Case, 12 th International Sport Science Congress, December, 12-14, Denizli, Turkey.
• Kalkan, A. (2012). Outdoor Recreation, Reasons For Individuals Participation In Nature-Based Sports Whitin The Province Of Antalya, Akdeniz University, Social Sciences Institute, Sport Management Department, Master Thesis, Antalya, Turkey.
• Karp, D.G. (1996). Values and their effect on pro-environmental behavior. Environ Behav, 28, 111– 133.
• Keles, O. (2011). Evaluation of primary school students’ thought about and behaviors and attitudes towards environment. Energy Edu Sci and Technol Part B, 3, 343–358.
• Knutson, K.A. (1995). Type T Personality and Learning Strategies, Annual Meeting of The American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA, April, page 3.
• Kyle, G.T., Absher, J.D., Hammit, W.E., and Cavin. J. (2006). An Examination of the Motivation— Involvement Relationship. Leisure Sciences, 28: 467–485. doi: 10.1080/01490400600851320
• Lawler, E.E. (1973). Motivations in work organizations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
• Laws, J.L. (1971). A feminist review of marital adjustment literature: The rape of locke. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 33, 483-516.
• Lee, J., Scott, D. and Floyd, M.F. (2001). Structural inequalities in outdoor recreation participation: A multiple hierarchy stratification perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(4), 427-449.
• Levy, J. (1979). Motivation for leisure: An intereactionist approach. In H. Ibrahim and R. Crandall (Eds.), Leisure: A psychological approach. Los Alamitos, CA: Hwong Publishing.
• Lu, L. and Hu, C.H. (2005). Personality, Leisure Experiences and Happiness, Journal of Happiness Studies, 6, 325–342.
• Martinez-Pons, M. (1997). The Relation Of Emotional Intelligence With Selected Areas Of Personal Functioning, Imagination. Cognition and Personality, 17, 3–13.
• Martinez-Pons, M. (1999). Emotional Intelligence As A Self-Regulatory Process: A Social Cognitive View, Imagination. Cognition and Personality, 19, 331–350.
• Manfredo, M., Driver, B.L. and Tarrant M.A. (1996). Measuring leisure motivation: a meta-analysis of the recreation experience preference scales. Journal of Leisure Research, 28 (3), 188-213.
• Mayer, J.D., Caruso, D.R. and Salovey, P. (2000). Emotional Intelligence Meets Traditional Standards For And Intelligence. Intelligence, 27, 267–298.
• Mitchell, A. (1983). The nine American Life Style: Who are and were we’re going. New York, Macmillan.
• Moreno, J. A., Cervelló, E.M. and Martínez, A. (2007). Measuring self-determination motivation in a physical fitness setting: validation of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2) in a Spanish sample. The Journal of Sport Medicine and Physical Fitness, 47(3), 366- 378.
• Palmer, B., Walls, M., Burgess, Z. and Stough, C. (2001). Emotional Intelligence And Effective Leadership, Leadership and Organisational Development Journal, 22, 5–10.
• Palmer, B., Donaldson, C. and Stough, C. (2002). Emotional Intelligence And Life Satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1091–1100.
• Pavot, W. and Diener, E. (1993). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 164–172.
• Pintrich, P.R. (2000). An Achievement Goal Theory Perspective on Issues in Motivation Terminology, Theory and Research, Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 92–104.
• Rodriguez, A., Latkova, P. and Sun, Y.Y. (2008). The relationship between leisure and life satisfaction: application of activity and need theory. Social Indicators Research, 86,163–175.
• Rokeach, M. (1973). The Nature of Human Values. Free Press, New York.
• Salovey, P. and Mayer, J.D. (1990). Emotional Intelligence. Baywood Publishing Inc.
• Schultz P.W. and Zelezny L. (1999). Values as predictors of environmental attitudes. J Environ Psychol, 19, 255–276.
• Scott, D. and Munson, W. (1994). Perceived constraints to park usage among individuals with low incomes. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 12(4), 79-96.
• Shaw, S.M. and Henderson, K.A. (2005). Gender analysis and leisure constraints: An uneasy alliance. In E.L. Jackson(Ed.), Constraints to leisure(pp.23 34). State College, PA: Venture Publishing.
• Skar, M., Odden, A. and Inge Vistad, O.I. (2008). Motivation for mountain biking in Norway: Change and stability in late-modern outdoor recreation. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography, 62(1), 36-45.
• Solop, F.I., Hagen, K.K. and Ostergen, D. (2001). Back to nature: Visiting or not visiting our national parks. Public Perspective, 12(4), 41–43.
• Stern, P.C. (2000). Towards a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. J Soc Issues, 56, 407–424.
• Sung-Mook, H. and Giannakopoulos, E. (1994). The Relationship of Satisfaction With Life To Personality Characteristics, Journal of Psychology Interdisciplinary and Applied, 128/5, 547.
• Tekin, A., Akcakoyun, F.M., Elioz, B., Fisekcioglu, M.S. and Ozdag, S. (2010). Life Satisfaction and Hopelessness in Elderly: Tai-Chi Chuan Outcomes. World Applied Sciences Journal, 10(10), 1236-1241.
• Telman, N. and Unsal, P. (2004). Calisan Memnuniyeti. Epsilon Yayınevi. Istanbul.
• Thorndike, E.L. (1920). Intelligence and its uses. Harper’s Magazine, 140, 227–235.
• Trobe, H.L. and Acott, T.G. (2000). A modified NEP/DSP environmental attitudes scale. J Environ Educ, 32, 12–20.
• Trottier, A.N., Brown, G.T., Hobson, S.J.G. and Miller, W. (2002). Reliability and validity of the Leisure Satisfaction Scale (LSS –short form) and the Adolescent Leisure Interest Profile (ALIP). Occupational Therapy International, 9(2), 131–144.
• Turgut, T. (2012). Water Based Recreation and A Case Study On Defining Profile of Enterprises in Water Based Recreation in Antalya, Akdeniz University, Social Sciences Institute, Sport Management Department, Master Thesis, Antalya, Turkey.
• White, T.H. (1975). Relative importance of education and income as predictors in outdoor recreation participation. Journal of Leisure Research, 7(3), 191-199.