AN ARCHITECTURAL EVALUATION OF THE ARTIFICIAL STONES USED ON BUILDING FAÇADES OF THE LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES WITH REFERENCE TO CONSERVATION SCIENCE

Yıl 2009, Sayı: 3, 49 - 58, 01.09.2009

Nilüfer Baturayoğlu Yöney , Ahmet Ersen

Öz

The material defined as “artificial stone”, frequently used on the façades of the late 19th and early 20th century buildings, is a mixture of binder, aggregate and other additives and may either be applied directly as a coating on wall surfaces or precast in moulds and then attached to façades as decorative architectural elements. This new material and technique could not have been possible without an early modern scientific understanding of binders with hydraulic properties the end of the 18th century and the development of new methods for their artificial production in early 19th century. Early hydraulic binders included water limes and natural cements as well as the use of fat limes with artificial pozzolanic aggregates such as brick dust and ashes, a combination known since the Roman period that has remained in use through the Middle Age. Many new cement types were formulated, patented and produced based on the chemical composition of the natural hydraulic limes in 19th century. Although patented and named before mid-19th century, Portland cements as we understand them today were not produced before the 1930s. Hydraulic mortars and concretes brought about an engineering revolution at the end of the 18th century when the first large-scaled water structures such as light houses, bridges and wharfs were constructed. But this new material was soon adapted to architecture as well and found a wide range of new applications both structural and decorative, and including the stone-imitating plasters or artificial stones that soon replaced the time-consuming and costly traditional stone masonry. The techniques of application and/or production may be summarized as follows: flat plaster coatings applied in-situ, which could be modelled with various tools, imitate ashlars with knifecut joints or be decorated with stamp moulds; architectural elements with decorative mouldings and friezes produced in-situ with running moulds; and architectural elements precast at the workshop, including load-bearing bricks, steps, lintels etc. as well as decorative elements such as balustrades, relief panels, sculptural elements and base-column/pilaster-capital combinations of various orders. The precast elements could be produced using of a large variety of moulds, adapted for the different binder and mortars utilized.

19. Yüzyılın Sonu ve 20. Yüzyılın Başında İstanbul’da Yapı Dış Cephelerinde Kullanılan Yapay Taşların Mimari Değerlendirmesi 2 Yapay Taşların Malzeme Nitelikleri ve Üretim Yöntemleri

Öz

Kaynakça

• Allen, G. ve J., Elton N., Farey M., Holmes S., Livesey P., Radonjic M., 2003, Hydraulic Lime Mortar for Stone, Brick and Block Masonry, Donhead, UK.
• Artel, T. ve Dibağ, G., 1969, Yapı Malzemesi, Osman Yalçın Matbaası, İstanbul.
• Bankart, G., 2002, The Art of the Plasterer, (ilk basımı B. T. Batsford, Londra, 1908 ve 1910), Donhead, İngiltere.
• Baturayoğlu Yöney, N., 2008, “19. Yüzyıl Sonu ve 20. Yüzyıl Başı Yapı Cephelerinde Kullanılan Yapay Taşların Mi- marlık ve Koruma Bilimi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi,” İTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Temmuz.
• Baturayoğlu Yöney, N. ve Ersen, A., 2009a, “19. Yüzyılın Sonu ve 20. Yüzyılın Başında İstanbul’da Yapı Dış Cephele- rinde Kullanılan Yapay Taşların Mimari Değerlendirmesi 1, Restorasyon Konservasyon Çalışmaları, sayı 2, Temmuz-Ağustos
• Eylül 2009, İBB KUDEB, İstanbul: S.21-31.
• Baturayoğlu Yöney, N. ve Ersen, A., 2009b, “İstanbul’da 19. Yüzyıl Sonu ve 20. Yüzyıl Başında Kullanılan Erken Çi- mentolar” Mimarlıkta Malzeme, sayı 13, 2009/3, Yaz 2009, TMMOB Mimarlar Odası İstanbul Büyükkent Şubesi, İstanbul: 65.
• Blocs et Murs en Béton – Pierre Artificielle et Décoration Élémentaire, 1930, Beton de Ciment, Portland Artificiel, Group- ment Professionnel des Fabricants de Ciment Portland Artificiel de Belgique (G.P.C.), Brochure no. 7, Brüksel, Belçika.
• Bogue, R.H., 1929, “Composition of the Compounds in Portland Cement, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
• Analytical Edition, 1 (4), pp. 192-197. Borelli ve Urland, A., 1999, ARC Laboratory Handbook, ICCROM, Rome.
• Burn, R. S., (1871) 2001. (The New Guide to) Masonry Bricklaying and Plastering: Theoretical and Practical, ilk basım John G.
• Murdock, London, 1871; yeniden basım Donhead Publishing Ltd, İngiltere.
• Childe, H. L., (1928) 1961. Concrete Products and Cast Stone, Concrete Publications Ltd., Londra, (9. Baskı).
• Cowden, A. B. ve Wessel, D. P., 1995, Cast Stone, Twentieth-Century Building Materials – History and Conservation, T.C. Jester (ed.), McGraw-Hill, ABD; pp. 86-93, 287-288.
• Cowper, A. D., (1927) 2000, Lime and Lime Mortars, Donhead, UK.
• Decorated Renders around 1900 in Europe: Technological Studies and Principles of Conservation and Restoration, 1999, EU-Rendec
• Bundesdenkmalamt Arbeitshefte zur Baudenkmalpflege / Kartause Mauerbach, Viyana. Eckel, E. C., 2005, Cements, Limes and Plasters, (ilk basımı John Wiley & Sons, Londra, 1912 ve 1928), Donhead, İngiltere.
• Eriç, M., 2002, Yapı Fiziği ve Malzemesi, (2. Basım), Literatür Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Gillespie, A., 1979, “Early Development of the “Artistic” Concrete Block: The Case of Boyd Brothers,” Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology, 11/2; pp. 30-52.
• Hazar, N., 1986, T.C. Ziraat Bankası, 1863-1983, Ankara.
• Lade, K., Winkler, A., 1955, Putz Stuck Rabitz: Handbuch für das Gewerbe, Verlag Julius Hoffmann, Stuttgart, Germany.
• Millar, W., 2004, Plastering – Plain and Decorative, (ilk basımı B. T. Batsford, High Holborn, Londra, 1897), Donhead, İngiltere, (2. Basım).
• Pasley, C. W., 1997, Observations on Limes, (ilk basımı 1838), Donhead, İngiltere.
• Pasley, C. W., 2001, Outline of a Course of Practical Architecture Compiled for the Use of the Junior Officers of Royal Engineers, (ilk basımı Chatam, 1826; yeniden basımı 1862), Donhead, İngiltere.
• Prudon, T. H. M., 1989; “Simulating Stone, 1860-1940: Artificial Marble, Artificial Stone, and Cast Stone,” Bulletin of the Assoc. for Preservation Technology, 21-3/4; pp. 79-91
• Simpson, P. H., Hunderman H. J. ve Slaton, D., 1995, Concrete Block, Twentieth-Century Building Materials – History and Conservation, T. C. Jester (ed.), McGraw-Hill, ABD; pp. 80-85, 285-287.
• Slaton, A. E., Gaudette, P. E., Hime W. G. ve Connolly,J. D., 1995, Twentieth-Century Building Materials – History and Conservation, T. C. Jester (ed.), McGraw-Hill, ABD; pp. 94-101, 288-289.
• TS 19, 1992. Çimento – Portland Çimentoları, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara, Nisan.
• TS EN 197-1, 2002, Çimento-Bölüm 1: Genel Çimentolar-Bileşim, Özellikler ve Uygunluk Kriterleri, Türk
• Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara, Mart. TS EN 998-2, 2003, Kagir Harcı – Özellikler – Bölüm 2: Kagir Harcı, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara, Nisan.
• TS 3441, 1994, Klinkerler – Portland Çimentosu Klinkeri, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara, Nisan.
• Verrall, W., 2000, The Modern Plasterer, (ilk basımı: Caxton Publishing Company Ltd, tarihsiz), 2 cilt, Donhead, İngiltere.
• Vicat, L. J., 1997, Mortars and Cements (A Practical and Scientific Treatise on Calcerous Mortars and Cements, Artificial and Natural, etc.), (ilk basımı: John Weale Architectural Library, 1837), Capt. J. M. Smith (trans.), Donhead, İngiltere.
• Vitruvius, 1990, Mimarlık Üzerine On Kitap (De Architectura), S. Güven (çev.), Şevki Vanlı Mimarlık Vakfı Yayınları.
• * K o n s e r v a t ö r / A r t R e s t o r a s y o n , İ s t a n b u l Resim 1 2000 yılı A Bölgesi Kazıları