THE ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONALITY AND JOB SATISFACTION

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 251 - 276, 06.11.2015

Ceren Aydogmus , Azize Ergeneli , Selin Metin Camgoz

Öz

This study proposes a model for the impact of the employees’ psychological empowerment on the relationship between their personality characteristics and job satisfaction. The model was tested on a sample of 221 participants working in education and IT sectors.  For the indicators of participants’ personality, Big Five Model, involving extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness to experience and neuroticsm traits, has been applied in the study. Findings reveal that psychological empowerment positively influence job satisfaction. Conscientiousness, openness to experience and neuroticism are found to be the predictors of job satisfaction. As a result of the regression analyses, psychological empowerment is revealed as the mediating mechanism on personality and job satisfaction relationship. More specifically, followers’ psychological empowerment, including competence, impact, meaning and self-determination, partially mediated the effect of followers’ conscientiousness on job satisfaction and fully mediated neuroticism and job satisfaction relationship. The findings are discussed along with some theoretical and practical implications.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Personality, conscientiousness, neuroticism, psychological empowerment, job satisfaction

Kaynakça

• Acuna, S. T., Gómez, M. ve Juristo, N. (2009), How do personality, team processes and task characteristics relate to job satisfaction and software quality?, Information and Software Technology, 51, s.627–639.
• Aryee, S. ve Chen, Z. X. (2006), Leader-member exchange in a Chinese context: Antecedents, the mediating role of psychological empowerment and outcomes, Journal of Business Research, 59, s.793-801.
• Aydogdu, S. ve Asıkgil, B. (2011), An Empirical Study of the Relationship Among Job Satisfaction, Organizational
• Commitment and Turnover Intention, International Review of Management and Marketing, 1(3), s.43-53. Aydogmus, C. (2011), Kişilik Özellikleri ile İş Tatmini İlişkisi Üzerinde Psikolojik Güçlendirme ve Dönüşümcü
• Liderlik Algısının Etkileri, Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. Baron, R. M. ve Kenny, D. A. (1986), The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research:
• Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, s.1173- 11
• Barrick, M. R. ve Mount, M. K. (1991), The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis,
• Personnel Psychology, 44, s.1–26. Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K. ve Judge, T. A. (2001), Personality and performance at the beginning of the new
• Millennium: What do we know and where do we go next?, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9, s.9- Bartlett, M. S. (1950), Tests of significance in factor analysis, British Journal of Psychology, Statistical Section, 3, s.77
• Basım, H. N., Çetin, A. ve Tabak, A. (2009), Beş Faktör Kişilik Özelliklerinin Kişilerarası Çatışma Çözme
• Yaklaşımlarıyla İlişkisi, Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24 (63), s.20-34. Baycan, A. (1985), An analysis of several aspects of job satisfaction between different occupational groups,
• Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İstanbul. Baysal A. C. (1981), Sosyal ve Örgütsel Psikolojide Tutumlar, İstanbul: Yalçın Ofset Matbaası.
• Block J. ve Robins, R. W. (1993), A Longitudinal Study of Consistency and Change in Self-Esteem from Early
• Adolescence to Early Adulthood, Child Development, 64 (3), s.909-923. Brief, A.P. (1998), Attitudes in and around organizations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Can, H., Aşan, Ö. ve Aydın, E. M. (2006), Örgütsel Davranış, İstanbul: Arıkan Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
• Chen, G., Kirkman, B. L., Kanfer, R., Allen, D. ve Rosen, B. (2007), A multilevel study of leadership, empowerment, and performance in teams, Journal of Applied Psychology, 92 (2), s.331-346.
• Choi, J. N. (2004), Individual and contextual predictors of creative performance: The mediating role of psychological processes, Creativity Research Journal, 16, s.187-199.
• Conger J. A. ve Kanungo, R. N. (1988), The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practise, Academy of
• Management Review, 13 (3), s.471-482. Connolly, J. ve Viswesvaran, C. (2000), The role of affectivity in job satisfaction: a meta-analysis, Personality and Individual Differences, 29, s.265–281.
• Costa, P. T. ve McCrae, R. R. (1985), The NEO Personality Inventory manual, Odessa, FL: Psychological
• Assessment Resources. Costa, P. T. Jr. ve McCrae, R. R. (1992), Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor (NEO- FFI) Inventory professional manual, Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
• Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R. ve Dye, D. A. (1991), Facet scales for agreeableness and conscientiousness: A revision of the NEO personality inventory, Personality and Individual Differences, 12, s.887-898.
• Crant J. M. ve Bateman T. S. (2000), Charismatic leadership viewed from above: The impact of proactive personality, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, s.63-75.
• Çalışkan, A. ve Hazır, K. (2012), Psikolojik Güçlendirmenin İş Tatminine Etkisinde Örgütsel Bağlılığın Aracılık Rolü,
• Cag University Journal of Social Sciences, 9(2), s.48-76. Çekmecelioğlu, H.G. (2005), Örgüt ikliminin iş tatmini ve işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkisi: Bir araştırma,
• İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), s.23-39. DeNeve, K. ve Cooper, H. (1998), The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being, Psychological Bulletin, 124 (2), s.197–229.
• Digman, J. M. (1990), Personality structure: Emergence of the Five Factor Model, Annual Review of Psychology, 41, s.417-440.
• Ergeneli, A. (2006), Örgüt ve İnsan, Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hastaneleri Basımevi.
• Ergeneli, A. ve Arı, G. S. (2005), Krizde işten çıkarmaların banka yöneticileri üzerine etkileri: Örgütsel bağlılık, güven ve güçlendirme algıları, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 60 (1), s.121-148.
• Ergeneli, A., Sag, G., Ari, I. ve Metin, S. (2007), Psychological empowerment and its relationship to trust in immediate managers, Journal of Business Research, 60 (1), s.41-56.
• Erstad, M. (1997), Empowerment and organizational change, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 9 (7), s.325-333.
• Field, A. (2000), Discovering Statistics using SPSS for Windows, London –Thousand Oaks- New Delhi: Sage Publications.
• Frese, M. ve Fay, D. (2001), Personal initiative: An active performance concept for work in the 21st century, B.
• M. Staw & R. I. Sutton (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 23, s.133-187. Furnham, A., Tang, T., Lester, D., O’Connor, R. ve Montgomery, R. (2002), Estimates of ten multiple intelligences,
• European Psychologist, 7, s.245–235. Gist, M. E. (1987), Self-efficacy: Implications for organizational behavior and human resource management,
• Academy of Management Review, 12 (3), s.472-485. Gist, M. E. ve Mitchell, T. R. (1992), Self-efficacy: A theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability,
• Academy of Management Review, 2, s.183-211. Graziano, W. G. ve Eisenberg, N. (1997), Agreeableness: A dimension of personality. R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S.
• Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, s.767–793. Gürbüz, S. ve Yüksel, M. (2008), Çalışma ortamında duygusal zeka: İş performansı, iş tatmini, örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı ve bazı demografik özelliklerle ilişkisi, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 9 (2), s.174-190.
• Hakel, M. D. (1974), Normative personality factors recovered from ratings of personality descriptors: The Beholder’s Eye, Personnel Psychology, 27 (3), s.409-421.
• Hechanova, M., Alampay, R. ve Franco, E. (2006), Psychological empowerment, job satisfaction, and performance among Filipino service workers, Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9, s.92-78.
• Hofstede, G. (1984), Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
• Hofstee, W. K. B. (1994), Who should own the definition of personality?, European Journal of Personality, 8, s.149-162.
• Holland, J. L. (1985), Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments,
• Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Honold, L. (1997), A Review of the Literature on Employee Empowerment, Empowerment in Organizations, 5 (4), s.202-212.
• John, O. P. (1989), Towards a taxonomy of personality descriptors, D. M. Buss ve N. Cantor (Eds.), Personality psychology: Recent trends and emerging directions, New York: Springer-Verlag, s. 261-271.
• John, O. P., Donahue, E. M. ve Kentle, R. L. (1991), The Big Five Inventory--Versions 4a and 54, Berkeley:
• University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Personality and Social Research. Judge, T. A. ve Bono, J. E. (2000), Five-factor model of personality and transformational leadership, Journal of
• Applied Psychology, 85, s. 751–765. Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Locke ve E. A. (2000), Personality and job satisfaction: The mediating role of job characteristics, Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(2), s.237-249.
• Judge, T. A., Heller, D. ve Klinger, D. (2008), The Dispositional Sources of Job Satisfaction: A Comparative Test,
• Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57(3), s.361-372. Judge, T. A., Heller, D. ve Mount, M.K. (2002), Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta- analysis, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87 (3), s. 530-541.
• Judge, T. A. ve Larsen, R. J. (2001), Dispositional affect and job satisfaction: A review and theoretical extension,
• Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86, s. 67–98. Judge, T. A., Parker, S., Colbert, A. E. Heller, D. ve Illies, R. (2001), Job Satisfaction: A Cross-Cultural Review,
• Handbook of Industrial, Work & Organizational Psychology, Sage. ND JOB. Kaiser, H. F. (1970), A second generation little jiffy, Psychometrika, 35, s.401-415.
• Kanter, R. M. (1983), The Change Masters, Simon and Schuster, New York.
• Karatepe, O. M., Uludağ O., Menevis, İ., Hadzimehmedagic, L. ve Baddar, L. (2006), The effects of selected individual characteristics on frontline employee performance and job satisfaction, Tourism Management, 27 (4), s.547-560.
• Kim, T. Y. ve Leung, K. (2007), Forming and reacting to overall fairness: A crosscultural comparison,
• Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 104(1), s.83–95. Kraimer, M. L., Seibert, S. E. ve Liden, R.C. (1999), Psychological empowerment as a multidimensional construct:
• A test of construct validity, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 59, s.127-142. Liden, R. C. ve Arad, S. (1996), A power perspective of empowerment and work groups: Implication for HRM research, G.R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in personnel and HRM, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 14, s.205-252.
• Liden, R., Wayne, S. ve Sparrowe, R. T. (2000), An Examination of the Mediating Role of Psychological
• Empowerment on the Relations Between the Job, Interpersonal Relationships and Work Outcomes, Journal of Applied Psychology, 85 (3), s.407–416. Locke, E. A. (1976), The nature causes and causes of job satisfaction, M.C. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Chicago: Rand McNally, s.1279–1349.
• Manojlovich, M., Laschinger, S. ve Heather K. (2002), The Relationship of Empowerment and Selected Personality
• Characteristics to Nursing Job Satisfaction, Journal of Nursing Administration, 32 (11), s.586-595. McCrae, R. R. ve Costa, P. T. (1989), Rotation to maximize the Construct Validity of Factors in NEO Personality
• Inventory, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 24 (1), s.107-124. McCrae, R. R. ve Costa, P. T. (1991), Adding Liebe und Arbeit: The Full Five-Factor Model and Well-Being, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 817 (2), s.227-232.
• Motowidlo, S. J. (1996), Orientation toward the job and organization. K.R. Murphy (Ed.), Individual differences and behavior in organization, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, s.175–208.
• Moyle, P. (1995), The role of negative affectivity in the stress process: Tests of alternative models. Journal of
• Organizational Behavior, 16, s.647–668. Necowitz, L. B. ve Roznowski, M. (1994), Negative Affectivity and Job Satisfaction: Cognitive Processes Underlying the Relationship and Effects on Employee Behaviors, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45 (3), s.270-294.
• Ng, T., Eby, L.T., Sorensen, L.L. ve Feldman, D.C. (2005), Predictors of Objective and Subjective Career Success: A meta-analysis, Personnel Psychology, 58, s.367–408.
• Organ, D. W. ve Ryan, K. (1995), A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior, Personnel Psychology, 48, s.755–802.
• Özgen, H., Öztürk, A. ve Yalçın, A. (2002), İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, Adana: Nobel Yayınevi.
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B. ve Bommer, W. H. (1996), Transformational leader behaviors and substitutes for leadership as determinants of employee satisfaction, commitment, trust and organizational citizenship behaviors, Journal of Management, 22 (2), s.259-298.
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B. ve Bachrach, D. G. (2000), Organizational citizenship behavior: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research, Journal of Management, 26, s.513–563.
• Pullmann, H. ve Allik, J. (2000), The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: Its dimensionality, stability and personality correlates in Estonian, Personality and Individual Differences, 28, s.701–715.
• Raja, U. ve Johns, G. (2004), The impact of personality on psychological contracts, Academy of Management Journal, 47, s.350-367.
• Robins, R. W., Tracy, J. L., Trzesniewski, K., Potter, J. ve Gosling, S. D. (2001), Personality Correlates of Self
• Esteem, Journal of Research in Personality, 35, s.463–482. Rusting, C. L. Ve Larsen, R. J. (1997), Extraversion, neuroticism, and susceptibility to positive and negative affect:
• A test of two theoretical models, Personality and Individual Differences, 22 (5), s.607-612. Salgado J. F. ve De Fruyt F. (2005), Personality in personnel selection, Evers A, Anderson N, Smit-Voskuijl (Ed.),
• Handbook of Personnel Selection, Oxford, UK: Blackwell, s.174–198. Samad, S. (2006), Predicting Turnover Intentions: The Case of Malaysian Government Doctors, The Journal of
• American Academy of Business, 8 (2), s.113-119. Schmitt, D. P., Allik, J., McCrae, R. R. ve Benet-Martinez, V. (2007), The geographic distribution of big five personality traits: pattern and profiles of human self-description across 56 nations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, s.173-212.
• Schoderbek, P. P., Cosier, R. A. ve Aplin, J. C. (1991), Management, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, USA.
• Schwarz, N. (1999), Self-Reports: How the questions shape the answers?, American Psychologist, 54 (2), s.93-105.
• Somer, O. ve Goldberg, L. R. (1999), The structure of Turkish trait-descriptive adjectives, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, s.431-450.
• Somer, O., Tatar, A. ve Korkmaz, M. (2001), Çok Boyutlu Kişilik Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi, Ege Üniversitesi, Araştırma Projesi Raporu.
• Spreitzer, G. M. (1995), Psyhological Empowerment In The Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation, Academy of Managemet Journal, 38 (5), s.1442-1465.
• Spreitzer, G. M. (1997), Toward common ground in defining empowerment, R.W. Woodman and W.A. Pasmore
• (Eds.), Research in Organizational Change and Development, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Spreitzer, G. M. (2007), Taking Stock: A review of more than twenty years of research on empowerment at work,
• The Handbook of Organizational Behavior, Sage Publications. Spreitzer, G.M., Kizilos, M.A. ve Nason, S.W. (1997), A dimensional analysis of the relationship between psychological empowerment and effectiveness, satisfaction and strain, Journal of Management, 23, s.679-704.
• Sun, Y. S. ve Jin, N. C. (2009), Do Big Five personality factors affect individual creativity? The moderating role of extrinsic motivation, Social Behavior and Personality, 37 (7), s. 941-956.
• Sümer, N., Lajunen, T. ve Özkan, T. (2005), Big five personality traits as the distal predictors of road accident involvement, Underwood, G. (Eds.), Traffic and Transport Psychology, USA: Elsevier Ltd.
• Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2001), Using multivariate statistics, Ally and Bacon, MA: Needham Heights.
• Tabak, A., Basım, N., Tatar, İ. ve Çetin, F. (2010), İzlenim yönetimi taktiklerinde Beş Faktör Kişilik özelliklerinin rolü: Savunma Sanayinde bir araştırma, Ege Akademik Bakış, 10(2), s.539-557.
• Tanoff, G. F. ve Oregon, U. (1999), Job satisfaction and personality: The utility of the Five-Factor Model of personality, Information & Learning, 60 (4), s.1904-1914.
• Taras, V., Kirkman, B. L. ve Steel, P. (2010), Examining the impact of Culture's consequences: A three-decade, multilevel, meta-analytic review of Hofstede's cultural value dimensions, Journal of Applied Psychology, 95 (3), s.405-439.
• Templer, K. J. (2012), Five-Factor Model of Personality and Job Satisfaction: The Importance of Agreeableness in a Tight and Collectivistic Asian Society, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 61 (1), s.114–129.
• Thomas K. W. ve Velthouse B. A. (1990), Cognitive elements of empowerment: An interpretive model of intrinsic task motivation, Academy of Management Review, 15 (4), s.666-681.
• Tınar, M. Y. (1999), Çalışma yaşamı ve kişilik, Mercek Dergisi, 14. Mess Yayınları.
• Toker, B. (2007), Demografik değişkenlerin iş tatminine etkileri: İzmir’deki Beş ve Dört Yıldızlı Otellere yönelik bir uygulama, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 8 (1), s.92-107.
• Tolay, E., Sürgevil, O. ve Topoyan, M. (2012), Akademik çalışma ortamında yapısal ve psikolojik güçlendirmenin duygusal bağlılık ve iş doyumu üzerindeki etkileri, Ege Akademik Bakış, 12(4), s.449-465.
• Ulu, İ. P. (2007), An investigation of adaptive and maladaptive dimensions of perfectionism in relation to adult attachment and big-five personality traits, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal
• Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. Yürür, S. ve Demir, K. (2011), Örgütsel adalet ve psikolojik güçlendirme: Karşılıklı etkileri üzerine bir araştırma,
• İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(3), s.311-335. Wat, D. ve Shaffer, M.A.. (2005), Equity and relationship quality influences on organizational citizenship behaviors: The mediating role of trust in the supervisor and empowerment, Personnel Review, 34 (4), s.406-422.
• Watson, D. ve Clark, L. A. (1997). Extraversion and its positive emotional core. R. Hogan, J. A. Johnson, ve S. R.
• Briggs (Ed.). Handbook of Personality Psychology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, s.767-793. Weiss, D. J., Dawis, R. V., England, G. W. ve Lofquist, L. H. (1967), Manual for the Satisfaction Questionnaire,
• Minnesota Studies in Vocational Rehabilitation, 22. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Winkelmann, L. ve Winkelmann, R. (2008), Personality, work, and satisfaction: evidence from the German Socio
• Economic Panel. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3 (4), s.266-275. Zimmerman, M. A. (1990), Taking aim on empowerment research: On the distinction between individual and psychological conceptions, American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, s.169-177.