استكشاف سمات الإستراتيجية الكبرى لتركيا: المرونة، القوة المتقلبة، الترابط

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 73 - 94, 01.01.2022

Hasan Yükselen

Öz

يمرّ النظام الدولي بتغيراتٍ عميقة؛ ونتيجةً لذلك اتّخذ طابعًا من حالة الشكّ. وقد تعقَّبَ مفهوم الإستراتيجية وبحوثه هذا الاتجاه عن كثبٍ، وظهرت مفاهيم جديدة للتكيف مع التغييرات العملية والتحديات التي أحدثتها، وعملت على وصفها نظريًّا. يستكشف هذا البحث السمات غير المناسبة للمناقشات السائدة والتنظير من منظور تركي، ويقترح أن التحليل الواقعي النقدي للتخطيط الإستراتيجي هو الأكثر فائدة لمعالجة السياق الناشئ. ويرى أن تركيا تتبع إستراتيجية كبرى منذ فترة طويلة، ولكن المفاهيم الجديدة (المرونة، والقوة المتقلبة، والترابط) يمكنها أن تعزز قدرة تركيا على وضع الإستراتيجيات، ويمكنها أن تثري النقاشات الحيوية التي ظهرت مؤخرًا لاستكشاف إستراتيجية تركيا الكبرى.

Anahtar Kelimeler

الإستراتيجية الكبرى, الواقعية النقدية, القوة الأولية, المرونة, الترابط

Exploring the Traits of a Grand Strategy for Turkey: Resilience, Protean Power, and Connectography

Öz

The international system is experiencing profound changes and has taken on an uncertain character as a result. The concept of strategy and its study has closely followed this trend, and new concepts have emerged both to adapt to and theoretically describe the practical changes and challenges it has engendered. This article explores the ill-suited features of mainstream debates and theorizing from a Turkish perspective and suggests that a critical realist analysis of agential strategizing is most useful to addressing the emerging context. It argues that Turkey has a long pursued
grand strategy, but new concepts –resilience, protean power, and connectography– can enhance Turkey’s ability to strategize and can enrich the lately emerged vibrant debates exploring Turkey’s grand strategy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Grand Strategy, Critical Realism, Protean Power, Resilience, Connectographyn

Kaynakça

• علم الترابط / Connectography، مفهوم اصطلاحي جديد لباراك أوباما، في كتابه (Connectography: Mapping the Future of Global Civilization)، يؤكد فيه أن الترابط هو القوة الأكثر ثورية في القرن الحادي والعشرين. ويتناول فيه سعي العالم لإعادة هندسة الكوكب، بتغيير الجغرافيا السياسية التقليدية إلى جغرافيا جديدة قائمة على الترابط بدل الانفصال. المترجم.
• Williamson Murray, “Thoughts on Grand Strategy,” in Williamson Murray, Richard Hart, and James Lacey (eds.), The Shaping of Grand Strategy: Policy, Diplomacy, and War, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), pp. 1-2.
• Thierry Balzacq, Peter Dombrovski, and Simon Reich, Comparative Grand Strategy: A Framework and Cases, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019).
• Richard Wyn Jones, Security, Strategy and Critical Theory, (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999), p. 129.
• Muriell Cozette, “Realistic Realism? American Political Realism, Clausewitz and Raymond Aron on the Problem of Means and Ends in International Politics,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 27, No. 3 (September 2010), p. 440.
• David Betz, Carnage and Connectivity: Landmarks in the Decline of Conventional Military Power, (London: Hurst, 2015), p. 35.
• Hasan Yükselen, Turkey and Russia in Syria: Testing the Extremes, (Ankara: SETA, 2020).
• Alexander Wendt, “The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations,” International Organization, Vol. 41, No. 3 (1987), pp. 335-370; Colin Wight, Agents, Structures, and International Relations: Politics as Ontology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006); David Dessler, “What’s at Stake in the Agent-Structure Problem,” International Organization, Vol. 43, No. 3 (1989), pp. 441-473; Audie Klotz, “Moving Beyond the Agent-Structure Debate,” International Studies Review, Vol. 8, No. 2 (2006), pp. 355-381.
• Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 205.
• Hasan Yükselen, “Strateji Kavramını Çalışmak [Studying the Concept of Strategy],” Journal of Security Strategies, Vol. 14, No. 27 (2018), pp. 1-38.
• Richard J. Bernstein, Praxis and Action: Contemporary Philosophies of Human Activity, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), p. 43.
• Christian Heine and Benno Teschke, “Sleeping Beauty and the Dialectical Awakening: On the Potential of Dialectic for International Relations,” Millennium, Vol. 25, No. 2 (1996), p. 414.
• Faruk Yalvaç, “Strategic Depth or Hegemonic Depth? A Critical Realist Analysis of Turkey’s Position in the World System,” International Relations, Vol. 26, No. 2 (2012), pp.165-180.
• Jonathan Joseph, “Foucault and Reality,” Capital and Class, Vol. 28, No. 1 (2004), p. 152.
• Jonathan Joseph, “Hegemony and the Agent Structure Problem in International Relations: A Scientific Realist Contribution,” Review of International Studies, Vol. 34, No.1 (2008), p. 117.
• Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, p. 205.
• Frederic Merand and Amelie Forget, “Strategy: Strategizing About Strategy,” in Rebecca Adler-Nissen (ed.), Bourdieu in International Relations: Rethinking Key Concepts in IR, (New York: Routledge, 2013), pp. 93-113, p. 104.
• Heine and Teschke, “Sleeping Beauty and the Dialectical Awakening,” p. 413.
• John Scott, “Where Is Social Structure?” in José Lopez and Garry Potter (eds.), After Postmodernism: An Introduction to Critical Realism, (London: The Athlone Press, 2001), p. 84.
• David Harvey, “Agency and Community: A Critical Realist Paradigm,” Journal for the Theory of Social Science, Vol. 32, No. 2 (2002), p. 170; Roy Bhaskar, The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of Contemporary Human Sciences, (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1989), p. 38; Benno Teschke and Can Cemgil, “The Dialectic of the Concrete: Reconsidering Dialectic for IR and Foreign Policy Analysis,” Globalizations, Vol. 11, No. 5 (2014), p. 619.
• Teschke and Cemgil, “The Dialectic of the Concrete,” p. 616.
• Murat Yeşiltaş and Ferhat Pirinççi, Türkiye’nin Büyük Stratejisi, (İstanbul: SETA, 2020); Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 2, (Winter, 2020); Ali Karaosmanoğlu and Ersel Aydınlı, Strateji Düşüncesi: Kuram, Paradoks, Uygulama, (İstanbul, Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2020).
• Braz Baracuhy, “The Art of Grand Strategy,” Survival, Vol. 53, No. 1 (2011), p. 147.
• Hasan Yükselen, Strategy and Strategic Discourse in Turkish Foreign Policy, (Basingstoke UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020).
• Philippe Bourbeau, On Resilience: Genealogy, Logics, and World Politics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).
• Joseph S. Nye, The Powers to Lead, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 85-108.
• Joseph S. Nye, The Future of Power, (New York: Public Affairs, 2011), p. xvii.
• Nye, The Powers to Lead, p. 88.
• Bourbeau, On Resilience, p. 29.
• Michael Herman, Intelligence Power in Peace and War, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
• Karl W. Deutsch, The Nerves of Government (New York: Free Press, 1963).
• Merve Seren, “Türk İstihbaratının Değişen Dinamikleri: Son 10 Yılda Reform Siyasal ve Operasyonel Açılım,” Tesam Akademi Dergisi, Vol. 8, No. 2 (2021), pp. 371-405.
• Bourbeau, On Resilience, p. 28.
• Nye, The Future of Power, pp. vii-viii.
• Peter J. Katzenstein and Julia A. Serbert, Protean Power: Exploring the Uncertain and Unexpected in World Politics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).
• Steven Lukes, Power: A Radical View, (New York: Palgrave, 2006).
• Moisés Naim, The End of Power, (New York: Basic Books, 2013), p. 27.
• Parag Khanna, Connectography: Mapping the Future of Global Civilization, (New York: Random House, 2016).
• Khanna, Connectography, p. 16.
• Khanna, Connectography, p. 7.
• Khanna, Connectography, p. 28.
• Yükselen, Turkey and Russia in Syria.
• Khanna, Connectography, p. 203.