Yapay Zekânın Edebiyatta Kullanım Serüveni

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 39, 283 - 306, 21.04.2024

Nesime Ceyhan Akça , Serap Aslan Cobutoğlu , Özlem Yeşim Özbek , Mehmet Furkan Akça

https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.1470139

Cited By: 2

Öz

Yapay zekâ ve ChatGPT son zamanlarda medyada, günlük yaşamda, farklı bilim dallarında kısacası hayatın her alanında sık sık duymaya başladığımız kavramlardır. ChatGPT ve diğer yapay zekâ araçları bazen ihtiyaçtan, bazen meraktan ve bazen de kişinin/firmanın/topluluğun kendisini farklı gösterme niyetiyle kullanılmaktadır. Şurası gerçek ki; yapay zekâ araçları araştırmacılar, öğrenciler, iş dünyası, farklı sektör temsilcileri, meraklı kişiler ve diğer ilgililer tarafından kısa zamanda büyük bir ilgi ile karşılanmıştır. Yapay zekânın yetersiz olduğu alanlar (duygu, his, derin yorum yapma, tarafsız davranma, karşıda bir insan varmış gibi konuşma, kusursuz tercüme yapma) konu uzmanları tarafından gün be gün çok hızlı şekilde geliştirilerek olgunlaştırılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, edebiyat alanında yapay zekâ araçlarının geçmişten günümüze kullanım durumunu, gelecekte üstleneceği rolü ortaya koymaktır. Ayrıca, Türkiye’de yapay zekâ ve edebiyat alanında yapılan çalışmalara odaklanılarak, dil işleme, metin analizi ve yaratıcı yazma üzerine gerçekleştirilen araştırmalara vurgu yapılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, yapay zekâ tarafından üretilen metinlerde telif ve güvenilirlik sorunlarına dikkat çekilerek, bu konuda yaşanan zorluklar tartışılmıştır. Çalışmada veri olarak bilimsel çalışma sonuçları, blog yazıları, raporlar, istatistiksel veriler, edebî eser üreticilerinin mülâkatları ve yapay zekâ kullanıcılarının ChatGPT ve Google Bard uygulama örnekleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışma literatür taramasına dayanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda yapay zekânın ne olduğu, tipleri/araçları, edebiyattaki kullanım düzeyi, yetersizlikleri/riskleri ve avantajları tarihî süreç dikkate alınarak üzerinde durulan hususlar arasındadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Edebiyat, yapay zekâ, ChatGPT

Kaynakça

• Adiguzel, T., Kaya, M. H. & Cansu, F. K. (2023). Revolutionizing education with AI: Exploring the transformative potential of ChatGPT. Contemporary Educational Technology, 15(3), ep429. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/13152
• AIContentfy team (2023). The future of creative writing with AI. Erişim tarihi: 11.02.2024. https://aicontentfy.com/en/blog/future-of-creative-writing-with-ai
• Alkaissi, H. & McFarlane, S. I. (2023). Artificial hallucinations in ChatGPT: Implications in scientifc writing. Cureus, 15(2), e35179. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35179
• Alharbi, W. (2023). AI in the foreign language classroom: a pedagogical overview of automated writing assistance tools. Education Research International, https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4253331, Article ID 425331.
• All Good Great Staff. (6 September 2023). Books written by artificial intelligence. Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2024. https://allgoodgreat.com/list-of-books-written-by-artificial-intelligence/
• Amina (17 January 2024). How to utilize AI in writing to become a better writer. Erişim tarihi: 14.02.2024. https://getgenie.ai/utilize-ai-in-writing-to-be-better-writer/
• Arathdar, D. (2021). Literature, narrativity and composition in the age of artificial intelligence. TRANS- [En ligne], 27(2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/trans.6804
• Aydoğdu Çelik, M. (2023). Death of the Author: A Survey on Artificial Intelligence in Literature. Journal of Communication Science Researches, 3(2), 142-154.
• Bin, H. (2023). Ethical challenges of artificially intelligent poetic works: subjectivity, ownership and cultural transformation. Journal of Namibian Studies, 33(S2), 4991-5005.
• Bowman, S. R., Vilnis, L., Vinyals, O., Dai, A. M., Jozefowicz, R. & Bengio, S. (2016). Generating Sentences from a Continuous Space. Proceedings of the 20th SIGNLL Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning, August 7-12, 2016, pp. 10-21, Association for Computational Linguistics, Berlin-Germany.
• Bridy, A. (2012). Coding creativity: copyright and the artificially intelligent author. Stanford Technology Law Review, 5(2012), 1-28.
• Briegas, M. T. (2018). Artificial Intelligence has Made its Way to Literature. Erişim tarihi: 28.12.2023. https://www.bbva.com/en/artificial-intelligence-made-way-literature/
• Buchanan, B. G. (2006). A (very) brief history of artificial intelligence. AI Magazine, 26(4), 53-60.
• Chen, Z. H. & Liu, W. Y. (2021). A six-stage story structure approach for elementary students’ story production: Quality, interest, and attitude. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 34(1-2), 184-207.
• Claudé, M. & Combe, D. (2018). The roles of artificial intelligence and humans in decision making: Towards augmented humans? A focus on knowledge-intensive firms. Master’s Thesis, Umeå School of Business, Economics and Statistics, Umeå University, Sweden. Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2024. https://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:1230135/FULLTEXT01.pdf
• Copeland, J. (1993). Artificial intelligence: A philosophical introduction. Massachusetts: Blackwell Inc.
• Cotton, D. R. E., Cotton, P. A. & Shipway, J. R. (2023). Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2023.2190148.
• Çalapkulu, S. (2019). Robot teknolojisinin babası El-Cezeri! Erişim tarihi: 11.02.2024. https://www.baretdergisi.com/images/haberler/2020/07/El-Cezeri-12.12.2019_rev.03.pdf
• Çırak, B. & Yörük, A. (2015). Mekatronik Biliminin Öncüsü İsmail El-Cezeri. SUSBİD, 4, 175-194.
• Çayır, A. (2023). A literature review on the effect of artificial ıntelligence on education. Journal of Human and Social Sciences, 6(2), 276- 288.
• Duval, A., Lamson, T., de Kérouara, G. D. L. & Gallé, M. (2020). Breaking writer’s block: Low-cost fine- tuning of natural language generation models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.03216.
• Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, L., Ismagilova, E., Aarts, G., Coombs, C., Crick, T., et al. (2021). Artificial intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 57, 101994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.08.002
• Eke, O. D. (2023). ChatGPT and the rise of generative AI: Threat to academic integrity? Journal of Responsible Technology, 13, 100060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrt.2023.100060
• Elkins, K. & Chun, J. (2020). Can GPT-3 pass a writer’s turing test? Journal of Cultural Analytics, 5(2), 17212. https://doi.org/10.22148/001c.17212
• Evans, G. (2017). Artificial intelligence: Where we came from, where we are now, and where we are going. Master of Science. University of Victoria.
• Eynon, R. & Young, E. (2021). Methodology, legend, and rhetoric: the constructions of AI by academia, industry, and policy groups for lifelong learning. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 46(1), 166-191.
• Fang, X., Ng, D.T.K., Leung, J.K.L. & Chu, S.K.W. (2023). A systematic review of artifical intelligence technologies used for story writing. Education and Information Technologies, 28, 14361-14397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11741-5. Fechter, J. (2024). 13 best AI book writers of 2024. https://technicalwriterhq.com/tools/ai-writer/ai-book-writer/
• Fletcher, A. (2021). Why computers will never read (or write): A logical proof and a narrative. Narrative, 29(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1353/nar.2021.0000.
• Gervás, P. (2000). WASP: Evaluation of different strategies for the automatic generation of spanish verse. Proceedings of AISB’00 Symposium on Creative & Cultural Aspects and Applications of AI & Cognitive Science, pp. 93-100, Birmingham, UK.
• Goldsmith, K. (2011). Uncreative Writing: Managing Language in the Digital Age. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Gupta, N. (2017). A Literature Survey on Artificial Intelligence. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 5(19), 1-5.
• Gurkaynak, G., Yilmaz, I. & Haksever, G. (2016). Stifling artificial intelligence: Human perils. Computer Law & Security Review, 32(5), 749-758.
• Guvvala, S. (2023). The evolution of AI-generated poetry and literature. Erişim tarihi: 11.01.2024. https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2023/10/ai-generated-poetry-and-literature/
• Haenlein, M. & Kaplan, A. (2019). A brief history of artificial intelligence: On the past, present, and future of artificial intelligence. California Management Review, 61(4), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125619864925
• Harris, E. A. (2023). Peering into the future of novels, with trained machines ready. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/20/books/ai-novels-stephen-marche.html
• Health, T. L. D. (2023). ChatGPT: Friend or foe? The Lancet: Digital health, 5(3), e102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(23)00023-7
• Heflin, J. (2020). AI-generated literature and the vectorized word. MSc Thesis in Comparative Media Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
• Holmes, W., Persson, J., Chounta, I. A., Wasson, B. & Dimitrova, V. (2022). Artificial intelligence and education: A critical view through the lens of human rights, democracy and the rule of law. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
• Hsu, T. Y., Hsu, Y. C., & Huang, T. H. (May 2019). On how users edit computer-generated visual stories. In Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1-6). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290607.3312965
• Hutson, J. & Schnellmann, A. (2023). The poetry of prompts: The collaborative role of generative artificial intelligence in the creation of poetry and the anxiety of machine influence. Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology, XXIII(1), 1-14.
• Issa, L., & Jusoh, S. (October 2019). Applying ontology in computational creativity approach for generating a story. In 2019 2nd International Conference on new Trends in Computing Sciences (ICTCS), pp. 1-6, IEEE.
• Kacena, M. A., Plotkin, L. I. & Fehrenbacher, J. C. (2024). The use of artificial intelligence in writing scientific review articles. Current Osteoporosis Reports, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-023-00852-0
• Karadoğan, A. (2023). A bridge between tecnology and creativity: Story writing with artifical intelligence. Journal of Human and Social Sciences, 6(2), 406-423
• Kirmani, A. R. (2023). Artificial intelligence-enabled science poetry. ACS Energy Lett, 8, 574-576.
• Lee, M., Liang, P. & Yang, Q. (2022, April). Coauthor: Designing a human-ai collaborative writing dataset for exploring language model capabilities. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1-19.
• Lee, J. Y. (2023). Can an artificial intelligence chatbot be the author of a scholarly article? J Educ Eval Health Prof. 20.6. doi: 10.3352/jeehp.2023.20.6
• Levin, S. R. (1962). Linguistic structures in poetry (Janua linguarum no. 23). Mouton & Co, 64 pages.
• Linardaki, C. (2022). Poetry at the first steps of artificial intelligence. Humanist Studies & the Digital Age, 7.1 (2022)
• Liu, C., Hou, J., Tu, Y. F., Wang, Y., & Hwang, G. J. (2021). Incorporating a refective thinking promoting mechanism into artifcial intelligence-supported English writing environments. Interactive Learning Environments, 31(9), 5614-5632. DOI:10.1080/10494820.2021.2012812
• Lucy, L. & Bamman, D. (11 June 2021). Gender and representation bias in GPT-3 generated stories. Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Narrative Understanding, Mexico City, 48-55.
• Lund, B. & Wang, T. (2023). Chatting about ChatGPT: how may AI and GPT impact academia and libraries? Library Hi Tech New. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4333415
• Malik, A. R., Pratiwi, Y., Andajani, K., Numertayasa, I. W., Suharti, S., Darwis, A. & Marzukie (2023). Exploring artificial intelligence in academic essay: Higher education student’s perspective. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 5(2023), 100296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2023.100296
• Manurung, H. M. (2003). An evolutionary algorithm approach to poetry generation, PhD Dissertation, University of Edinburgh Institute for Communicating and Collaborative Systems School of Informatics, UK.
• McCoy, J. (14 December 2023). Best AI book writers: Ushering in a new era in literature. https://contentatscale.ai/blog/best-ai-book-writer/
• Merchant, B. (2018). When an AI goes full Jack Kerouac. The Atlantic. Erişim tarihi: 08.01.2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_the_Road
• Mitchell, A. (05 Januaray 2023). Professor catches student cheating with ChatGPT: ‘I feel abject terror’. New York Post. Erişim tarihi: 17.01.2024. https://nypost.com/2022/12/26/students-using-chatgpt-to-cheatprofessor-warns/
• Nirala, K. K., Singh, N. K. & Purani, V. S. (2022). A survey on providing customer and public administrationbased services using AI: Chatbot. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-11458-y
• OECD (2023). Recommendation of the council on artificial intelligence. OECD/LEGAL/0449.
• Oliveira, H. G. (2017). A Survey on intelligent poetry generation: Languages, features, techniques, reutilisation and evaluation. Proceedings of the 10th International Natural Language Generation conference, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, September 4-7, 2017, pp. 11-20.
• Öztürk, K. & Şahin, M. E. (2018). Yapay sinir ağları ve yapay zekaya genel bir bakış. Takvim-i Vekayi, 6(2), 25-36.
• Perlow, S. (13 February 2023). AI is better at writing poems than you’d expect. But that’s fine. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2023/02/13/ai-in-poetry/
• Pernar, D. (2023). The life: Meaning, purpose & death. Zagreb: Kindle Edition.
• Prananta, A. W., Megahati, S. R. R. P., Susanto, N. & Raule, J. H. (2023). Transforming education and learning through ChatGPT: A systematic literature review. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(11), 1031-1037.
• Rahmeh, H. (2023). Digital verses versus inked poetry: Exploring readers’ response to AI-generated and human-authored sonnets. Sch Int J Linguist Lit, 6(9): 372-382.
• Roose, K. (24 August 2023). How schools can survive (and maybe even thrive) with A.I. This fall. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/24/technology/how-schools-can-survive-and-maybe-even-thrive-with-ai-this-fall.html
• Russell, S. J. & Norvig, P. (2016). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach. Malaysia: Pearson Education Limited.
• Say, C. (2022). 50 soruda yapay zekâ. Bilim ve Gelecek Kitaplığı.
• Scanlan, C. (31 August 2021). The simulation of Jessica: Jason Fagone follows the creation, life and death of a chatbot romance. https://nieman.harvard.edu/stories/jason-fagone-follows-the-creation-life-and-death-of-a-chatbot-romance/
• Sheikh, H., Prins, C. & Schrijvers, E. (2023). Mission AI: The new system technology. Research for Policy, Springer.
• Shidiq, M. (2023). The use of artificial intelligence-based ChatGPT and its challenges for the world of education; from the viewpoint of the development of creative writing skills. Proceeding of International Conference on Education, Society and Humanity, 1(1), 353-357.
• Smailes, G. (06 January 2024). How authors can use artificial intelligence to write better books. Erişim tarihi: 13.01.2024. https://bubblecow.com/blog/authors-and-ai
• Soufi, D. (17 March 2023). ChatGPT vs poetry: Can artificial intelligence write in verse? El Pais. https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-03-17/chatgpt-vs-poetry-can-artificial-intelligence-write-in-verse.html#
• Suh, S. & An, P. (March 2022). Leveraging generative conversational AI to develop a creative learning environment for computational thinking. In 27th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pp. 73–76.
• Şahin, H. (7 Ağustos 2023). Yapay zekâ şiir yazarsa ne olur? Erişim tarihi: 02.01.2024. https://haluksahin.net/2023/08/07/yapay-zeka-siir-yazarsa-ne-olur/
• Tanrıkulu, F. (2022). Students’ perceptions about the effects of collaborative digital storytelling on writing skills. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 35(5-6), 1090-1105.
• Transformer, G. G. P., Osmanovic Thunström, A. & Steingrimsson, S. (2022). Can GPT-3 write an academic paper on itself, with minimal human input? Erişim tarihi: 11.01.2024. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal- 03701250/document
• Tunç, G. (2023). Yapay zekâ şiiri ödürür mü? ChatGPT-4 örneğinde sanal zekânın şiir yorumlamasının imkânları ve sınırlılıkları. Akademik Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi, 7(2), 1145-1165.
• Turing, A. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, LIX/236, 433-460.
• Ulaşan, F. (2023). The possibility of using artificial intelligence for Turkish administrative jurisdicition. Ankara: İksad Publishing House.
• UNICEF (2021). Policy guidance on AI for children. Erişim Tarihi: 13.02.2023. www.unicef.org/globalinsight/media/2356/file/UNICEF-Global-Insight-policy-guidance-AI-children-2.0-2021.pdf.pdf
• Urban, T. (22 January 2015). The AI revolution: the road to superintelligence. Erişim tarihi: 25.02.2024. http://waitbutwhy.com/2015/01/artificial-intelligence-revolution-1.html
• URL1. Arjantin seçimlerinde yapay zeka savaşları. Erişim tarihi: 20.02.2024. https://www.indyturk.com/node/674596/d%C3%BCnya/arjantin-se%C3%A7imlerinde-yapay-zeka-sava%C5%9Flar%C4%B1
• URL2. İsviçre’de siyasi partiler seçim sürecinde yapay zekanın kullanımını sınırlamada anlaştı. Erişim tarihi: 20.02.2024. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/isvicrede-siyasi-partiler-secim-surecinde-yapay-zekanin-kullanimini-sinirlamada-anlasti/3000825
• URL3. AKP’li Dağ: Seçim çalışmalarında yapay zekadan faydalanacağız. Erişim tarihi: 27.02.2024. https://t24.com.tr/haber/akp-li-dag-secim-calismalarinda-yapay-zekadan-faydalanacagiz,806382#google_vignette
• URL4. CHP aday belirlemede yapay zekadan nasıl faydalandı? Erişim tarihi: 27.02.2024. https://www.cnnturk.com/video/turkiye/chp-aday-belirlemede-yapay-zekadan-nasil-faydalandi-2087390
• URL5. ÖSYM Başkanı Ersoy: Yapay zeka ile soru üreteceğiz. Erişim tarihi: 22.02.2024. https://www.osym.gov.tr/TR,29174/osym-baskani-ersoy-yapay-zeka-ile-soru-uretecegiz-13022024.html
• URL6. https://simplified.com/blog/ai-writing/ai-poem-writer
• URL7. https://novelai.net/
• URL8. https://rytr.me/
• URL9. https://www.shortlyai.com/
• URL10. https://prowritingaid.com/
• URL11. https://www.squibler.io/auth/login
• URL12. https://contentatscale.ai/
• URL13. https://neuroflash.com/book-writing
• URL14. https://sassbook.com/learn-more-ai-writer
• URL15. https://www.sudowrite.com/
• URL16. https://www.masswerk.at/elizabot/
• URL17. https://www.teknolojioku.com/yapay-zeka/soraya-rakip-cikti-stable-diffusion-3-cok-iddiali-65d8fd4f6bd390f17004d944
• URL18. https://www.bookishelf.com/artificial-intelligence-creative-writing/
• URL19. The soul of a machine: Poetry from an electronic artificial intelligence, written by a Machine, and edited by a human. https://www.amazon.com/Soul-Machine-Electronic-Artificial-Intelligence/dp/1610011570
• URL20. The life: Meaning, purpose & death. https://www.amazon.com/Life-Meaning-Purpose-Death-ebook/dp/B0BT2JW4WT?ref_=ast_author_dp
• URL21. Yapay zekâ edebiyat yapabilir mi? https://www.ntv.com.tr/n-life/kultur-ve-sanat/yapay-zeka-edebiyat-yapabilir-mi,yuXuywLMLEie3QKRCFN1iA
• URL22. Internet Speculative Fiction Database. Omni, October 1981 [Internet]. ISFDB; c2023. https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pl.cgi?59900
• URL23. Norman JM. The first book written by a computer program [Internet]. Jeremy Norman’s HistoryofInformation.com; c2023. https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=3351
• URL24. Butler TL. Can a computer be an author: copyright aspects of artificial intelligence. Hastings Commun Entertain Law J [Internet] 1982 4, 707-747. Erişim tarihi: 15.01.2024. https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_comm_ent_law_ journal/vol4/iss4/11
• URL25. Copyright act, law no. 18547 (Dec 7, 2021) [Internet]. Korean Law Information Center; 2021. https://www.law.go.kr/
• URL26. ChatGPT: OpenAI’s new chatbot takes internet by storm (analyticsindiamag.com)
• URL27. https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt
• URL28. https://analyticsindiamag.com/chatgpt-hits-one-million-usersburns-in-millions/
• Wodecki, B. (24 February 2023). China cracks down on ChatGPT access. AI Business. Erişim tarihi: 22.02.2024. https://aibusiness.com/nlp/china-cracks-down-on-chatgpt-access
• Wolfe, A. (1991). Mind, self, society, and computer: Artificial intelligence and the sociology of mind. American Journal of Sociology, 96(5), 1073-1096. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2781336
• Xiaoice (2017). The sunshine lost windows. Beijing: Cheers Publishing House.
• Yang, M. (06 January 2023). New York City schools ban AI chatbot that writes essays and answers prompts. The Guardian. Erişim tarihi: 11.02.2024. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jan/06/new-york-city- schools-ban-ai-chatbot-chatgpt.
• Yazbahar, Z. (2023). ‘Ben, dijital şair OpenAI’: Yapay zekâ tarafından yazılan şiirlerde varoluşçuluk. Edebî Eleştiri Dergisi, 7(2), 442-456.
• Yu, M. (2021). The dilemmas and reform of translation education in the age of artifcial intelligence. 2021 2nd International Conference on Artifcial Intelligence and Education (ICAIE), pp. 40-44. IEEE.
• Yücebalkan, B. (2019). The history of the artificial intelligence as an alternative workforce and the possible opportunities/threats for its future. (Ed. S. Yılmaz), In Business and Management, pp. 83-99. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi.