The Impact of Covid- 19 Pandemic on Animals and Veterinarians

Yıl 2021, , 75 - 82, 31.10.2021

Fatma Alev Kaymaz

https://doi.org/10.26650/JARHS2021-958904

Öz

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic process on animals, animal caregiver, and veterinary students, clinical academicians and self-employed veterinarians in our country were evaluated in this study. By examining the available resources on the subject, the situation in our country and in the world has been revealed. In addition, information is given on the characteristics of the COVID-19 agent and the differences between animal species. New studies in dogs and especially cats, in which coronavirus infection is common, will help us to provide information concerning the effects of COVID-19 in these animals and the contamination patterns and course of the disease..

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pandemic, Covid-19, veterinary medicine, animal rights

Covid-19 Pandemisinin Veteriner Hekimler ve Hayvanlar Üzerine Etkileri

Öz

Bu çalışmada, yurdumuzda COVID-19 pandemi sürecinin hayvanlar, hayvan yakınları ve Veteriner Fakültesi’nde klinik eğitimi alan öğrenciler, klinik akademisyenler ve serbest veteriner hekimler üzerine olan etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Konu ile ilgili ulaşılabilen kaynaklar incelenerek yurdumuzdaki ve dünyadaki durum ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca, COVID-19 etkeninin özelliği ile hayvan türleri arasındaki farklılıklara ait bilgiler verilmiştir. Koronaviral enfeksiyonun yaygın bir şekilde görüldüğü köpekler ve özellikle kedilerde yapılacak yeni çalışmalar COVID-19’un hayvanlarda görülen etkileri, bulaşma biçimleri ve hastalık seyri ile ilgili bilgi sahibi olunmasına yardımcı olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pandemi, Covıd-19, veteriner hekimliği, hayvan hakları

Kaynakça

• 1. Barrs VR, Peiris M, Tam K, Law P, Brackman CJ, To E, et al. SARS-CoV-2 in quarantined domestic cats from COVID-19 households or close contacts, Hong Kong, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2020;26:3071-4.
• 2. Blanco-Melo, D., Nilsson-Payant, B. E., Liu, W. C., Uhl, S., Hoagland, D., Mølleret, R., et al. Imbalanced host response to SARSCoV- 2 drives development of COVID-19. Cell 2020;181(5):1036-45.
• 3. Calvet GA, Pereira SA, Ogrzewalska M, Pauvolid-Correa A, Resende PC, Tassinari WS et al. Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in dogs and cats of humans diagnosed with COVID19 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PLoS ONE 2021;16(4):e0250853. doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0250853.
• 4. Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 2020;395(10223):514-23.
• 5. Chen J, Liu T, Deng HQ, Xiao N, Zhou J. A new species of Murina bats was discovered in Guizhou Province, China. Cave Res 2017;2:1– 11.
• 6. China’s First Confirmed Covid-19 Case Traced Back to November 17”. South China Morning Post; 2020 March. Available from: URL: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/ article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-firstconfirmed- covid-19-case-traced-back.
• 7. Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019;17(3):181–92.
• 8. Escutenaire S, Isaksson M, Renström LHM,Klingeborn B, Buonavoglia C, Berg M et al.Characterization of divergent and atypical canine coronaviruses from Sweden. Arch Virol 2007;152(8):1507-14.
• 9. Estola T. Coronaviruses, a New Group of Animal RNA Viruses. Avian Dis 1970;14 (2):330-6.
• 10. Fenollar F, Mediannikov O, Maurin M, Devaux C, Colson P, Levasseur A et al. SARS-CoV-2, and the Human-Animal Interface. Front Microbiol 2021;12:663815. doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.
• 11. Garigliany M, Van Laere A, Clercx C, Giet D, Escriou N, Huon C. et al. SARS-CoV-2 natural transmission from human to cat. Emerg Infect Dis 2020;26(12):3069-71.
• 12. Hammer AS, Quaade ML, Mundbjerg K, Boklund A, Halasa T, Belsham GJ, et al. SARSCoV- 2 Transmission between Mink (Neovison vison) and Humans, Denmark. Emerg Infect Dis 2021;27(2):547-51.
• 13. Hewitt, JA, Lutz C, Florence WC, Pitt MLM, Rao S, Rappaport J et al. ACTIVating resources for the COVID-19 pandemic: in vivo models for vaccines and therapeutics. Cell Host Microbe 2020;28(5):646-59.
• 14. Ho J, Hussein S, Sparagano O. Did the COVID-19 Pandemic Spark a Public Interest in Pet Adoption? Front Vet Sci 2021;8: 647308. doi. org/10.3389/fvets.2021.647308.
• 15. Hosie MJ, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hartmann K, Egberink H, Truyen U, Addie DD. et al. Anthropogenic Infection of Cats during the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic. Viruses 2021;13:185-98.
• 16. Kim, YI, Kim SG, Kim SM, Kim EA, Park SJ, Yu KM, et al. Infection and rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in ferrets. Cell Host Microbe 2020;27:704-9.
• 17. Kiros M, Andualem H, Kiros T, Hailemichael W, Getu S, Geteneh A, et al. COVID-19 pandemic: current knowledge about the role of pets and other animals in disease transmission. Virol J 2020;17:143-8.
• 18. Kuo L. China confirms human-to-human transmission of coronavirus. The Guardian. Retrieved 2020 April. Available from: URL: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/ jan/20/coronavirus-spreads-to-beijing-aschina- confirms-new-cases.
• 19. Leroy EM, Gouilh MA, Brugere-Picoux J. The risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to pets and other wild and domestic animals strongly mandates a one-health strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic. One Health 2020; 100133. doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100133.
• 20. Li JY, You Z, Wang Q, Zhou ZJ, Qiu Y, Luo R, Ge XY. The epidemic of 2019-novel-coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia and insights for emerging infectious diseases in the future. Microbes Infect 2020;22(2):80-5.
• 21. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1199-207.
• 22. Licitra BN, Duhamel GE, Whittaker GR. Canine with distinct recombinant spike proteins. Viruses 2014;6(8):3363-76.
• 23. Lorusso A, Calistri P, Petrini A, Savini G, Decaro N. Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic: a veterinary perspective. Vet Ital 2020;56(1):5- 10.
• 24. Mahdy MAA. The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Academic Performance of Veterinary Medical Students. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:594261. doi.org/10.3389/ fvets.2020.594261.
• 25. Middlemiss C, Voas S, Glossop C, Huey R. SARSCoV- 2 in ferrets. Vet Rec 2021;188(2):133. 26. Molenaar RJ, Vreman S, Honing RW, Zwart R, de Rond J, Weesendorp E. et al. Clinical and Pathological Findings in SARS-CoV-2 Disease Outbreaks in Farmed Mink (Neovison vison). Vet Pathol 2020;57(5):653-57.
• 27. Newman A, Smith D, Ghai RR, Wallace RM, Torchetti MK, Loiacono C, et al. First reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in companion animals-New York. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:710-3.
• 28. OIE. Infection with SARS-Cov2 in Animals 2021. Available from: URL: https://www.oie.int/ app/uploads/2021/05/en-factsheet-sars-cov-2. pdf.
• 29. OIE. Covid-19 Portal: Events in Animals. Available online: https://www.oie.int/ scientific-expertise/specific-informationandrecommendations/ questions-and-answerson- 2019novel-coronavirus/events-in-animals/ (accessed on 29 December 2020).
• 30. OIE. SARS-Cov-2 in Animals – Situation Report 1. Update during last month (01/05/2021- 31/05/2021). Available from: URL:https:// www.oie.int/app/uploads/2021/06/sarscov-2- situation-report-1.pdf.
• 31. Oreshkova N, Molenaar RJ, Vreman S, Harders F, Munnink BBO, Hakze van-der Honing RW. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, the Netherlands, Euro Surveill 2020;25(23):2001005. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.23.2001005.
• 32. Oude Munnink BB, Sikkema RS, Nieuwenhuijse DF, Molenaar RJ, Munger E, Molenkamp R. et al. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans. Science 2021;371:172-7.
• 33. Patterson EI, Elia G, Grassi A, Giordano A, Desario C, Medardo M. et al. Evidence of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in cats and dogs from households in Italy, Nat Commun 2020;11(1):6231.
• 34. Pomorska-Mól M, Włodarek J, Gogulski M, Rybska M. Review: SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks – an overview of current knowledge on occurrence, disease and epidemiology. Animal 2021;15(7):100272. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100272.
• 35. Poon LLM, D. Chu KW, Chan KH, Wong OK, Ellis TM, Leung YHC. et al. Identification of a Novel Coronavirus in Bats. J Virol 2005;79(4):2001-9.
• 36. Poudel U, Subedi D, Pantha S, Dhakal S. Animal coronaviruses and coronavirus disease 2019: Lesson for One Health approach. Open Vet J 2020;10(3):239-51.
• 37. Rottier PJM, Nakamura K, Schellen P, Volders H, Haijema BJ. Acquisition of macrophage tropism during the pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis is determined by mutations in the feline coronavirus spike protein. J Virol 2005;79:14122-30.
• 38. Salata C, Calistri A, Parolin C and Palù G. Coronaviruses: a paradigm of new emerging zoonotic diseases. Pathog Dis 2020;77(9):ftaa006. doi:10.1093/femspd/ftaa006.
• 39. Sharun K, Tiwari R, Patel SK, Karthik K, YatooMI, Malik YS, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in domestic animals and wildlife: advances and prospects in the development of animal models for vaccine and therapeutic research, Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020;16(12):3043-54.
• 40. Shi J, Ye G, Shi K, Wan Y, Luo C, Aihara H. et al. Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS-coronavirus 2. Science 2020; 368(6494):1016-20.
• 41. Sit THC, Brackman CJ, Ip SM, Tam KWS, Law PYT, To EMW, et al. Infection of dogs with SARS-CoV-2. Nature 2020;586:776-8.
• 42. Tekes G, Thiel HJ. Feline coronaviruses: pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis. In Advances in virus research. Cambridge MA 2016. Available from: URL: http://www. openveterinaryjournal.com. 43. Türk Veteriner Hekimleri Birliği (TVHB) Ana Sayfa-Basın Arşivi. 2020 tvhb.org.tr/basin-arsivi.
• 44. Wong ACP, Li X, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Global Epidemiology of Bat Coronaviruses. Viruses 2019;11:174. doi: 10.3390/v11020174.
• 45. Woo PC, Lau SK, Lam CS, Lau CC, Tsang AK, Lau JH et al. Discovery of seven novel Mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus. J Virol 2012;86(7):3995-4008.
• 46. Yorguner N, Bulut NS., Akvardar Y. COVID-19 Salgını Sırasında Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Karşılaştığı Psikososyal Zorlukların ve Hastalığa Yönelik Bilgi, Tutum ve Davranışlarının İncelenmesi. Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi 2020;58:3- 10.
• 47. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020; 579:270-3.