SAHADA ETNOGRAFİK NOT ALMA STRATEJİLERİ: DÜŞÜNÜMSELLİK VE METİN İNŞA ETMENİN İNCELİKLERİ ÜZERİNE
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 1159 - 1175, 30.12.2021
Şevket Burak Işık
,
Fuat Güllüpınar
Öz
Bu çalışma, etnografik bir araştırma yürütmenin en önemli unsurlarından birisi olan saha notları yazmanın ve metin inşa etmenin incelikleri ve stratejilerinin neler olabileceği üzerine odaklanmıştır. Bu kapsamda makale, alan notları yazma deneyimine ilişkin bazı stratejik adımlar hakkında açıklamalar ve bir perspektif sunmayı hedeflemiştir. Etnografik bir çalışma yürütürken, sahaya ulaşarak bir araştırma bağlamına odaklanma, katılımcı gözlemci rolünü layıkıyla yerine getirme ve özellikle etnografik deneyimleri ve gözlemleri yazılı bir açıklamaya dönüştürme yani metinselleştirme sürecinin şifreleri analiz edilmiştir. Etnografik araştırmanın zengin ve çok katmanlı ortamında, her bir araştırmacının kendi özgün saha deneyimlerini metinselleştirirken, başvuracakları konumsallık ve düşünümsellik tarzlarını da sorgulayan bu çalışma, saha notları almanın araştırmacıların kendilerini keşfetme ve araştırdıkları temaları inşa süreçlerinin diyalektik olarak birbirinden ayrılamayacak süreçler olduğunu ileri sürmektedir.
Kaynakça
- Armstrong, Gary. ‘Like that Desmond Morris?’, in D. Hobbs and T. May (eds), Interpreting the Field: Accounts of Ethnography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1993.
- Arnould, Eric. - Wallendorf, Melanie. Market-Oriented Ethnography: Interpretation Building and Marketing Strategy Formulation. Journal of MarketingResearch, 31/4, (1994). 484-504.
- Atkinson, Paul. The Clinical Experience. Farnborough: Gower. 1981.
- Atkinson, P.A. - Delamont, S. - Coffey, A. - Lofland, L. - Lofland H. Handbook of Ethnography. Sage. 2007.
- Bateson, Gregory. "Autobiographical sketch". İçinde Schaffner, B. (ed.). Group Processes: Transactions of the Fourth Conference, October. (1959). 13- 16.
- Bhaskar, Roy. Scientific Realism and Human Emancipation, Verso. London. 1987.
Bohannan, Laura. "Dahomean Marriage: A Revaluation" Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 19/4 (1949), 273–287.
- Bohannan, Laura. "A Genealogical Charter" Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 22/4 (1952). 301–315
- Bryman, Alan. Social Research Methods. (4th Ed). Oxford University Press. 2012.
- Clammer John. - Giri Kumar. Philosophy and Anthropology: Border Crossing and Transformations. Anthem Press. London. 2013.
- Clifford James - Marcus George E. Writing culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography: a School of American Research advanced seminar. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1986.
- Clifford, James. On ethnographic authority. Representations 1 (1983). 118-46.
- Clifford, James. Partial Truths. (Edited by Clifford, J. and Marcus, G. E.), Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethograpy, Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1986a.
- Clifford, James. On Ethographic Allegory. (Edited by Clifford, J. and Marcus, G. E.), Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethograpy, Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1986b.
- Clifford, James. The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-century Ethnography, Literature, and Art. 1988.
- Coffey, Amanda. The Ethnographic Self: Fieldwork and the Representation of Identity. 1999.
- DasGupta, S. Narrative medicine, narrative humility. Creative Nonfiction. (2014). 52, 6.
- Davies, C. A. Reflexive Ethnography; A Guide to Researching Selves and Others. Routledge. 1999.
- Davis, M. S. That's interesting. Philosophy ofSocial Science (1). (1971). 309-44.
- Delamont, Sara. Ethnographic Fieldnotes: The Foundations of Ethnography. In P. Atkinson, S. Delamont, A. Cernat, J.W. Sakshaug, & R.A. Williams (Eds.), SAGE Research Methods. 2019. Foundations. https://www.doi.org/10.4135/9781526421036829734
- Denzin, Norman. Interpretative Ethnography, London: Sage. 1977.
- Ditton, Jason. Part-Time Crime: An Ethnography of Fiddling and Pilferage. London: Macmillan. 1977.
- Ehn, B - Löfgren, O - Wilk, R. R. Exploring Everyday Life: Strategies for Ethnography and Cultural Analysis. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, cop. 2016.
- Ellen, R. F. - Hicks, D. Coping with Physical Health. R. F. Ellen (ed.). 1984.
- Emerson, A. - Shaw Linda L. - Rachel I. - Fretz Robert M. Çev. Erkan Koca. Birleşik Yayınevi. Ankara. 2008.
- Eriksson, P. - Henttonen, E. - Meriläinen, S. Ethnographic field notes and reflexivity. L. Naidoo (Ed.), An ethnography of global landscapes and corridors. 2012. 9-22), https://doi.org/10.5772/36039
- Feinberg, Walter. Philosophical Ethnography: Or, How Philosophy and Ethnography Can Live Together in the World of Educational Research. 2006.
- Fetterman, David. Ethnography: step-by-step. SAGE Publications, Los Angeles. 2010.
- Freilich, M. The meaning of sociocultural. In B. Bernado, ed., The concept and dynamics ofculture. The Hague: Mouton. 1978.
- Garfinkel, Harold. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Oxford: Polity Press. 1967.
- Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic. New York. (1973a).
- Geertz, Clifford. "Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture", The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, New York: Basic Books, pp. 3–30. (1973b).
- Geertz, Clifford. Yerel Bilgi. (Çev: K. Emiroğlu) Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları. 2007.
- Glenwick. S. - Jason L. A. Handbook of Methodological Approaches to Community-Based Research Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods. Oxford University Press. New York. 2016.
- Gullion, Smartt Jessica. Writing Ethnography. Sense Publishers. Netherlands. 2016.
- Hammersley Martyn. What's Wrong With Ethnography. Routledge. London. 1992.
- Hart, Jack. Storycraft: The complete guide to writing narrative nonfiction. Chicago, IL. 2011.
- Hoey, B.A. A Simple Introduction to the Practice of Ethnography and Guide to Ethnographic Fieldnotes. 2014. http://works.bepress.com/brian_hoey/12/
- Ingold, Tim. Bu Kadar Etnografi Yeter! Moment Dergi. 4/1. 2017. 173-188. Erişildi https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/moment/issue/36383/411582
- Karasar, Niyazi. Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi Kavramlar İlkeler Teknikler, Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. 2014.
- Kükrer, Meriç. Antropolojide Paradigma Değişimi: Metinselliğe Dönüş ve Edebiyat. Sosyoloji Notları, 4/1. 2020. 16-32. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sosnot/issue/55689/749549
- Lather, Patricia. Getting Smart: Feminist Research and Pedagogy within the Postmodern, New York: Routledge. 1991.
- Laughame, C. Ethnography: research method or philosophy? Nurse Researcher, 3/2. 1995. 45–54. doi:10.7748/nr.3.2.45.s5
- Lederman, Rena. “Pretexts for Ethnography: On Reading Fieldnotes.” In Fieldnotes: The Makings of Anthropology, edited by R. Sanjek, 71–91. New York: Cornell University Press. 1990.
- Lönngren, Johanna. On the value of using shorthand notation in ethnographic fieldwork, Ethnography and Education, 16:1. 2021. 60-76, DOI: 10.1080/17457823.2020.1746917
- Maharaj, Nandini. Using field notes to facilitate critical reflection, Reflective Practice, 17/2. 2016. 114-124, DOI: 10.1080/14623943.2015.1134472
- Malinowski, Bronislaw. Argonauts ofthe Western Pacific. NewYork: E. P. Dutton. 1922/1961.
- Mannik, L. - McGarry, K. Practicing Ethnography: A Student Guide to Method and Methodology. University of Toronto Press. Canada. 2017.
- Marcus, George E. Rhetoric and the Ethnographic Genre in Anthropological Research. Current Anthropology. 21. 1980. 507-10.
- Marcus, George E. ve Fischer Michael M. Kültürel Eleştiri Olarak Antropoloji: İnsan Bilimlerinde Deneysel Bir An. (Çev: B. Cezar) İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları. 2013.
McNeill Patrick. Research Methods. Routledge. London. 1990.
- Murchison, Julian. M. Ethnography Essentials: Designing, Conducting, and Presenting Your Research. Jossey-Bass. San Francisco. 2010.
- Nahya, Z. Nilüfer. - Harmanşah, Rabia. ‘Etnografik Hikâyeler’in Hikâyesi ve Ötesi: Alan Deneyimini Paylaşmak Üzerine Bazı İlave Düşünceler. Moment. 4/1. (2017). 258-270.
- Okely, Judith. Anthropology and Autobiography: Participatory Experience and Embodied Knowledge. (Edited by Okely, J. and Callaway, H.) Anthropology and Autobiography, New York: Routledge. 1992.
- Powdermaker, Hortense. Stranger and Friend. Norton Press. New York. 1966.
- Ryle, Gilbert. ‘The Thinking of Thoughts. What is Le Penseur Doing?’ Collected Papers, Vol. 2, J. Tanney (ed.) (London: Routledge). 1968/ 2009.
- Saldaña, Johnny. Fundamentals of qualitative research. New York, NY: Oxford University. 2011.
- Schensul J.J. and LeCompte, M.D. Essential Ethnographic Methods. AltaMira. Maryland. 2013.
- Schindler L ve Schäfer H. Practices of Writing in Ethnographic Work. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. 50/1 (2021). 11-32. doi:10.1177/0891241620923396
- Scholte, Bob. The Literary Turn in Contemporary Anthropology. Critique of Anthropology. 7/1 (1987). 33-47.
- Sperber, Dan. Rethinking symbolism. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. 1974.
- Spradley, James P. You Owe Yourself a Drunk. Boston: Little, Brown. 1970.
- Taylor, Avril. Women Drug Users: An Ethnography of an Injecting Community. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1993.
- Tedlock, Barbara. From Participant Observation to the Observation of Participation: The Emergence of Narrative Ethnography. Journal of Anthropological Research. 47/1 1991. 69-94.
- Thompson, Jennifer. A. On Writing Notes in the Field: Interrogating positionality, emotion, participation and ethics. McGill Journal of Education / Revue des sciences de l'éducation de McGill, 49/1. (2014). 247–254. https://doi.org/10.7202/1025781ar
- Van Maanen. J. Tales of the Field On Writing Ethnography. University of Chicago Press. 2011.
- Wagner, Roy. The invention ofculture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1981.
- Walford, Geoffrey. The Practice of Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Ethnography and Education. 4/2. (2009). 117-130.
- Whittemore, Robert D. Fieldnotes, Student Writing and Ethnographic Sensibility, Anthtropology News, 46/3. 2004. 25-26.
- Wolfinger, Nicholas H. On writing fieldnotes: collection strategies and background expectancies. Qualitative Research, 2/1. (2002). 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794102002001640
ETHNOGRAPHİC NOTE-TAKİNG STRATEGİES İN THE FİELD: ON REFLEXİVİTY AND THE REFİNEMENT OF TEXT CONSTRUCTİON
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 1159 - 1175, 30.12.2021
Şevket Burak Işık
,
Fuat Güllüpınar
Öz
This study focuses on the refinement and strategies of writing field notes and constructing texts, which are one of the crucial elements of conducting ethnographic research. This article aims to provide a perspective and explanation of some of the strategic steps involved in the experience of writing fieldnotes. In this context, while conducting an ethnographic study, focusing on a research context by reaching the field, fulfilling the role of participant-observer properly, and especially transforming ethnographic experiences and observations into a written explanation, the codes of the textualization process were analyzed. In the rich and multi-layered environment of ethnographic research, this study also questions the positionality and reflexivity styles that each researcher will apply while texturizing their unique field experiences.
Kaynakça
- Armstrong, Gary. ‘Like that Desmond Morris?’, in D. Hobbs and T. May (eds), Interpreting the Field: Accounts of Ethnography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1993.
- Arnould, Eric. - Wallendorf, Melanie. Market-Oriented Ethnography: Interpretation Building and Marketing Strategy Formulation. Journal of MarketingResearch, 31/4, (1994). 484-504.
- Atkinson, Paul. The Clinical Experience. Farnborough: Gower. 1981.
- Atkinson, P.A. - Delamont, S. - Coffey, A. - Lofland, L. - Lofland H. Handbook of Ethnography. Sage. 2007.
- Bateson, Gregory. "Autobiographical sketch". İçinde Schaffner, B. (ed.). Group Processes: Transactions of the Fourth Conference, October. (1959). 13- 16.
- Bhaskar, Roy. Scientific Realism and Human Emancipation, Verso. London. 1987.
Bohannan, Laura. "Dahomean Marriage: A Revaluation" Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 19/4 (1949), 273–287.
- Bohannan, Laura. "A Genealogical Charter" Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 22/4 (1952). 301–315
- Bryman, Alan. Social Research Methods. (4th Ed). Oxford University Press. 2012.
- Clammer John. - Giri Kumar. Philosophy and Anthropology: Border Crossing and Transformations. Anthem Press. London. 2013.
- Clifford James - Marcus George E. Writing culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography: a School of American Research advanced seminar. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1986.
- Clifford, James. On ethnographic authority. Representations 1 (1983). 118-46.
- Clifford, James. Partial Truths. (Edited by Clifford, J. and Marcus, G. E.), Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethograpy, Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1986a.
- Clifford, James. On Ethographic Allegory. (Edited by Clifford, J. and Marcus, G. E.), Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethograpy, Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1986b.
- Clifford, James. The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-century Ethnography, Literature, and Art. 1988.
- Coffey, Amanda. The Ethnographic Self: Fieldwork and the Representation of Identity. 1999.
- DasGupta, S. Narrative medicine, narrative humility. Creative Nonfiction. (2014). 52, 6.
- Davies, C. A. Reflexive Ethnography; A Guide to Researching Selves and Others. Routledge. 1999.
- Davis, M. S. That's interesting. Philosophy ofSocial Science (1). (1971). 309-44.
- Delamont, Sara. Ethnographic Fieldnotes: The Foundations of Ethnography. In P. Atkinson, S. Delamont, A. Cernat, J.W. Sakshaug, & R.A. Williams (Eds.), SAGE Research Methods. 2019. Foundations. https://www.doi.org/10.4135/9781526421036829734
- Denzin, Norman. Interpretative Ethnography, London: Sage. 1977.
- Ditton, Jason. Part-Time Crime: An Ethnography of Fiddling and Pilferage. London: Macmillan. 1977.
- Ehn, B - Löfgren, O - Wilk, R. R. Exploring Everyday Life: Strategies for Ethnography and Cultural Analysis. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, cop. 2016.
- Ellen, R. F. - Hicks, D. Coping with Physical Health. R. F. Ellen (ed.). 1984.
- Emerson, A. - Shaw Linda L. - Rachel I. - Fretz Robert M. Çev. Erkan Koca. Birleşik Yayınevi. Ankara. 2008.
- Eriksson, P. - Henttonen, E. - Meriläinen, S. Ethnographic field notes and reflexivity. L. Naidoo (Ed.), An ethnography of global landscapes and corridors. 2012. 9-22), https://doi.org/10.5772/36039
- Feinberg, Walter. Philosophical Ethnography: Or, How Philosophy and Ethnography Can Live Together in the World of Educational Research. 2006.
- Fetterman, David. Ethnography: step-by-step. SAGE Publications, Los Angeles. 2010.
- Freilich, M. The meaning of sociocultural. In B. Bernado, ed., The concept and dynamics ofculture. The Hague: Mouton. 1978.
- Garfinkel, Harold. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Oxford: Polity Press. 1967.
- Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic. New York. (1973a).
- Geertz, Clifford. "Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture", The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, New York: Basic Books, pp. 3–30. (1973b).
- Geertz, Clifford. Yerel Bilgi. (Çev: K. Emiroğlu) Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları. 2007.
- Glenwick. S. - Jason L. A. Handbook of Methodological Approaches to Community-Based Research Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods. Oxford University Press. New York. 2016.
- Gullion, Smartt Jessica. Writing Ethnography. Sense Publishers. Netherlands. 2016.
- Hammersley Martyn. What's Wrong With Ethnography. Routledge. London. 1992.
- Hart, Jack. Storycraft: The complete guide to writing narrative nonfiction. Chicago, IL. 2011.
- Hoey, B.A. A Simple Introduction to the Practice of Ethnography and Guide to Ethnographic Fieldnotes. 2014. http://works.bepress.com/brian_hoey/12/
- Ingold, Tim. Bu Kadar Etnografi Yeter! Moment Dergi. 4/1. 2017. 173-188. Erişildi https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/moment/issue/36383/411582
- Karasar, Niyazi. Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi Kavramlar İlkeler Teknikler, Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. 2014.
- Kükrer, Meriç. Antropolojide Paradigma Değişimi: Metinselliğe Dönüş ve Edebiyat. Sosyoloji Notları, 4/1. 2020. 16-32. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sosnot/issue/55689/749549
- Lather, Patricia. Getting Smart: Feminist Research and Pedagogy within the Postmodern, New York: Routledge. 1991.
- Laughame, C. Ethnography: research method or philosophy? Nurse Researcher, 3/2. 1995. 45–54. doi:10.7748/nr.3.2.45.s5
- Lederman, Rena. “Pretexts for Ethnography: On Reading Fieldnotes.” In Fieldnotes: The Makings of Anthropology, edited by R. Sanjek, 71–91. New York: Cornell University Press. 1990.
- Lönngren, Johanna. On the value of using shorthand notation in ethnographic fieldwork, Ethnography and Education, 16:1. 2021. 60-76, DOI: 10.1080/17457823.2020.1746917
- Maharaj, Nandini. Using field notes to facilitate critical reflection, Reflective Practice, 17/2. 2016. 114-124, DOI: 10.1080/14623943.2015.1134472
- Malinowski, Bronislaw. Argonauts ofthe Western Pacific. NewYork: E. P. Dutton. 1922/1961.
- Mannik, L. - McGarry, K. Practicing Ethnography: A Student Guide to Method and Methodology. University of Toronto Press. Canada. 2017.
- Marcus, George E. Rhetoric and the Ethnographic Genre in Anthropological Research. Current Anthropology. 21. 1980. 507-10.
- Marcus, George E. ve Fischer Michael M. Kültürel Eleştiri Olarak Antropoloji: İnsan Bilimlerinde Deneysel Bir An. (Çev: B. Cezar) İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları. 2013.
McNeill Patrick. Research Methods. Routledge. London. 1990.
- Murchison, Julian. M. Ethnography Essentials: Designing, Conducting, and Presenting Your Research. Jossey-Bass. San Francisco. 2010.
- Nahya, Z. Nilüfer. - Harmanşah, Rabia. ‘Etnografik Hikâyeler’in Hikâyesi ve Ötesi: Alan Deneyimini Paylaşmak Üzerine Bazı İlave Düşünceler. Moment. 4/1. (2017). 258-270.
- Okely, Judith. Anthropology and Autobiography: Participatory Experience and Embodied Knowledge. (Edited by Okely, J. and Callaway, H.) Anthropology and Autobiography, New York: Routledge. 1992.
- Powdermaker, Hortense. Stranger and Friend. Norton Press. New York. 1966.
- Ryle, Gilbert. ‘The Thinking of Thoughts. What is Le Penseur Doing?’ Collected Papers, Vol. 2, J. Tanney (ed.) (London: Routledge). 1968/ 2009.
- Saldaña, Johnny. Fundamentals of qualitative research. New York, NY: Oxford University. 2011.
- Schensul J.J. and LeCompte, M.D. Essential Ethnographic Methods. AltaMira. Maryland. 2013.
- Schindler L ve Schäfer H. Practices of Writing in Ethnographic Work. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. 50/1 (2021). 11-32. doi:10.1177/0891241620923396
- Scholte, Bob. The Literary Turn in Contemporary Anthropology. Critique of Anthropology. 7/1 (1987). 33-47.
- Sperber, Dan. Rethinking symbolism. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. 1974.
- Spradley, James P. You Owe Yourself a Drunk. Boston: Little, Brown. 1970.
- Taylor, Avril. Women Drug Users: An Ethnography of an Injecting Community. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1993.
- Tedlock, Barbara. From Participant Observation to the Observation of Participation: The Emergence of Narrative Ethnography. Journal of Anthropological Research. 47/1 1991. 69-94.
- Thompson, Jennifer. A. On Writing Notes in the Field: Interrogating positionality, emotion, participation and ethics. McGill Journal of Education / Revue des sciences de l'éducation de McGill, 49/1. (2014). 247–254. https://doi.org/10.7202/1025781ar
- Van Maanen. J. Tales of the Field On Writing Ethnography. University of Chicago Press. 2011.
- Wagner, Roy. The invention ofculture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1981.
- Walford, Geoffrey. The Practice of Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Ethnography and Education. 4/2. (2009). 117-130.
- Whittemore, Robert D. Fieldnotes, Student Writing and Ethnographic Sensibility, Anthtropology News, 46/3. 2004. 25-26.
- Wolfinger, Nicholas H. On writing fieldnotes: collection strategies and background expectancies. Qualitative Research, 2/1. (2002). 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794102002001640