Robust Discrete-Time Hybrid Controller for Non-Inverting Buck-Boost DC-DC Converter

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1, 68 - 82, 28.02.2023

Faruk Yalçın , İrfan Yazici

https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1182049

Cited By: 1

Öz

Petro-Processors of Louisiana, Inc. (PPI) site, located North of the city of Baton Rouge Parish, used two sites as depositories for various petrochemical wastes from mainly the 1960s until the 1980s. The main problem was the potential for leachate migration and for exposure of toxic materials, which had been released into local waterways. Therefore, the site is considered a public health hazard area because of risks to human health from past, present, and future exposure to hazardous substances. This study focuses on investigating selected chlorinated organic liquids, which are the predominant contaminants among all wastes: Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) with possible health effects using a risk assessment study. The results show that even though the petrochemical waste disposal has completely shut down since1980, it will still take an average of the HCB and HCBD to reach the domestic well with groundwater is 68 years and 57 years, respectively via slow migration, which will increase the cancer risks for the people who live near PPI site. Our results indicated that the cancer risks of exposure to HCB and HCBD are 4.6x10-6 and 2.6x10-3, respectively, which are more than the 10-6 goal. In addition, this study can be used at similar sites and for different compounds to investigate the potential impacts of pollutants on human health.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Petro-Processors of Louisiana, chlorinated hydrocarbons, risk assessment

Destekleyen Kurum

Sakarya University of Applied Sciences Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit

Proje Numarası

2021-01-04-033

Kaynakça

• [1] K. B. Mirzayevich, "Problems of Global Ecology and Socio-Natural Environment," International Journal of Discoveries and Innovations in Applied Sciences, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 182-186, 2021.
• [2] B. Commoner, "The closing circle: nature, man, and technology," in Thinking About The Environment, M. A. Chan, R. O'Brien, New York: Routledge, 2015, pp. 161-166.
• [3] T. Mester, G. Szabó, D. Balla, "Assessment of shallow groundwater purification processes after the construction of a municipal sewerage network," Water, vol. 13, no. 14, p. 1946, 2021.
• [4] E. Hastuti, R. Riyana, B. Joy, U. Supratman, R. Pamekas, "Integrated Community Onsite Sanitation System for Close Loop Faecal Management," in E3S Web of Conferences, 2021, vol. 249: EDP Sciences, p. 01005.
• [5] E. Moore, G. Udom, N. Ngobiri, "Assessment and impact of current sewage disposal practices in selected niger delta environment," African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research, vol. 2, pp. 77-86, 2019.
• [6] S. Kanmani, R. Gandhimathi, "Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soil due to leachate migration from an open dumping site," Applied water science, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 193-205, 2013.
• [7] G. M. Hughes, "Selection of refuse disposal sites in northeastern Illinois," Environmental geology no. 017, 1967.
• [8] R. M. Yoada, D. Chirawurah, P. B. Adongo, "Domestic waste disposal practice and perceptions of private sector waste management in urban Accra," BMC public health, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2014.
• [9] S. Appleyard, "Impact of liquid waste disposal on potable groundwater resources near Perth, Western Australia," Environmental Geology, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 106-110, 1996.
• [10] J. Ringo, "Status of Sewage Disposal in Dodoma Municipality, Tanzania," International Journal of Marine, Atmospheric & Earth Sciences, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 24-34, 2016.
• [11] D. Marek, M. Baun, M. Dąbrowski, "The challenge of implementing European Union environmental law in the new member states: The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive in the Czech Republic and Poland," Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1117-1135, 2017.
• [12] U. S. EPA. (2000). Petro Processors of Louisiana, Inc., Region 6, East Baton Rouge Parish [Online]. Available:https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0600442
• [13] Y. B. Acar, M. R. Taha, W. D. Constant, "The PPI Superfund site: remedial measures and alternatives," in Geoenvironment 2000: Characterization, Containment, Remediation, and Performance in Environmental Geotechnics, ASCE, New York, NY, 1995, pp. 1684-1699.
• [14] U. S. EPA. (2015). Petro Processors of Louisiana, Inc., Region 6, East Baton Rouge Parish [Online]. Available:https://fliphtml5.com/mypc/pwjl/basic
• [15] W. D. Constant, J. H. Pardue, R. D. Delaune, K. Blanchard, G. A. Breitenbeck, "Enhancement of in situ microbial degradation of chlorinated organic waste at the petro processors superfund site," Environmental progress, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 51-60, 1995.
• [16] M. C. Blad, M. T. Gutierrez-Wing, W. D. Constant, "Characterization of mass transfer of lower chlorinated benzenes from contaminated sediment into water," Journal of hazardous materials, vol. 221, pp. 109-117, 2012.
• [17] C. Zhang, K. T. Valsaraj, W. D. Constant, D. Roy, "Nutrient and surfactant enhancement for the biodegradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the wastewater from a Louisiana Superfund site," Journal of hazardous materials, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 41-58, 1998.
• [18] S. Lee, J. H. Pardue, W. M. Moe, K. T. Valsaraj, "Mineralization of desorption‐resistant 1, 4‐dichlorobenzene in wetland soils," Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 2312-2322, 2003.
• [19] H. C. Gomez, "Plant uptake of desorption resistant organic chemicals from sediments," Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 2002.
• [20] S. Lee, R. Kommalapati, K. Valsaraj, J. Pardue, W. Constant, "Bioavailability of reversibly sorbed and desorption-resistant 1, 3-dichlorobenzene from a Louisiana superfund site soil," Water, air, and soil pollution, vol. 158, no. 1, pp. 207-221, 2004.
• [21] W. S. Shin, "Biphasic Sorption of Hydrophobic Organic contaminants in Natural Soils: Desorption-Resistance," Environmental Engineering Research, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 179-189, 2001.
• [22] S. Lee, J. Pardue, W. Moe, D. Kim, "Effect of sorption and desorption-resistance on biodegradation of chlorobenzene in two wetland soils," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 161, no. 1, pp. 492-498, 2009.
• [23] C. Q. Surbeck, J. Kuo, Site Assessment and Remediation for Environmental Engineers, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021.
• [24] B. S. Ausmus, S. Kimbrough, D. R. Jackson, S. Lindberg, "The behaviour of hexachlorobenzene in pine forest microcosms: transport and effects on soil processes," Environmental Pollution (1970), vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 103-111, 1979.
• [25] D. Mackay, W. Y. Shiu, K.-C. Ma, Illustrated handbook of physical-chemical properties of environmental fate for organic chemicals, Boca Raton: CRC press, 1997.
• [26] K. T. Valsaraj, R. R. Kommalapati, E. D. Robertson, W. Constant, "Partition constants and adsorption/desorption hysteresis for volatile organic compounds on soil from a Louisiana Superfund site," Environmental monitoring and assessment, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 227-243, 1999.
• [27] T. P. Clement, M. J. Truex, P. Lee, "A case study for demonstrating the application of US EPA's monitored natural attenuation screening protocol at a hazardous waste site," Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, vol. 59, no. 1-2, pp. 133-162, 2002.
• [28] M. C. Blad, "Mass transfer of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene and lower chlorinated benzenes from sediment into water," Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 2001.
• [29] A. Giddens, "Risk and responsibility," Modern Law Review, vol. 62, p. 1, 1999.
• [30] M. S. Olson, P. L. Gurian, "Risk assessment strategies as nanomaterials transition into commercial applications," Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1-7, 2012.
• [31] C. Gerba, "Chapter 14: risk assessment," in Environmental and pollution science, I. L. Pepper, C. Gerba, M. L. Brusseau, Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2006, p. 553, 2006.
• [32] G. Choudhary, "Human health perspectives on environmental exposure to hexachlorobutadiene: A review," Journal of Environmental Science & Health Part C, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 179-203, 1995.
• [33] U. S. EPA. (1986). Factsheets for regulated chemicals: Hexachlorobutadiene. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment [Online]. Available:https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-09/documents/hexachlorobutadeine.pdf
• [34] U. S. EPA. (2005). First Five-Year Review Report for the Petro-Processors of Louisiana, Inc. (PPI) Site East Baton Rouge Parish Lousiana [Online]. Available:https://semspub.epa.gov/work/06/643263.pdf
• [35] U. S. EPA. (1991). Technical support document for water quality-based toxics control [Online]. Available: https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/owm0264.pdf
• [36] L. Casado, J. P. Arrebola, A. Fontalba, A. Munoz, "Adverse effects of hexaclorobenzene exposure in children and adolescents," Environmental research, vol. 176, p. 108421, 2019.
• [37] R. P. Pohanish, Sittig's handbook of pesticides and agricultural chemicals. Norwich: William Andrew, 2014.
• [38] U. S. EPA. (1988). Factsheets for regulated chemicals: Hexachlorobenzene. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment [Online]. Available:https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-09/documents/hexachlorobenzene.pdf
• [39] M. Porta, T. López, M. Gasull, M. Rodríguez-Sanz, M. Garí, J. Pumarega, C. Borrell, J. O. Grimalt, "Distribution of blood concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in a representative sample of the population of Barcelona in 2006, and comparison with levels in 2002," Science of the total environment, vol. 423, pp. 151-161, 2012.
• [40] B. A. Grice, R. G. Nelson, D. E. Williams, W. Knowler, C. Mason, R. L. Hanson, K. M. Bullard, M.E. Pavkov, "Associations between persistent organic pollutants, type 2 diabetes, diabetic nephropathy and mortality," Occupational and environmental medicine, vol. 74, no. 7, pp. 521-527, 2017.
• [41] S. Hansen, M. Strøm, S. F. Olsen, R. Dahl, H. J. Hoffmann, C. Granström, D. Rytter, B. H. Bech, A. Linneberg, E. Maslova, H. Kiviranta, P. Rantakokko, T. I. Halldorsson, "Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and offspring allergic sensitization and lung function at 20 years of age," Clinical & Experimental Allergy, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 329-336, 2016.
• [42] X. Liu, H. Fiedler, W. Gong, B. Wang, G. Yu, "Potential sources of unintentionally produced PCB, HCB, and PeCBz in China: A preliminary overview," Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1-14, 2018.
• [43] B. Starek-Świechowicz, B. Budziszewska, A. Starek, "Hexachlorobenzene as a persistent organic pollutant: toxicity and molecular mechanism of action," Pharmacological Reports, vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 1232-1239, 2017.
• [44] C. C. Michielsen, H. van Loveren, J. G. Vos, "The role of the immune system in hexachlorobenzene-induced toxicity," Environmental health perspectives, vol. 107, no. suppl 5, pp. 783-792, 1999.
• [45] N. V. Miret, C. A. Pontillo, L. V. Zárate, D. K. de Pisarev, C. Cocca, A. S. Randi, "Impact of endocrine disruptor hexachlorobenzene on the mammary gland and breast cancer: the story thus far," Environmental research, vol. 173, pp. 330-341, 2019.
• [46] A. A. Krönke, A. Jurkutat, M. Schlingmann, T. Poulain, M. Nüchter, A. Hilbert, H. Kiviranta, A. Körner, M. Vogel, O. Söder, C. G. Bornehag, W. Kiess, "Persistent organic pollutants in pregnant women potentially affect child development and thyroid hormone status," Pediatric research, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 690-698, 2022.
• [47] Q. Kong, Y. Wang, X. Yang, "A review on hexachloro-1, 3-butadiene (HCBD): sources, occurrence, toxicity and transformation," Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, vol. 104, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2020.
• [48] H. Zhang, Y. Shen, W. Liu, Z. He, J. Fu, Z. Cai, Z., G. Jiang, "A review of sources, environmental occurrences and human exposure risks of hexachlorobutadiene and its association with some other chlorinated organics," Environmental Pollution, vol. 253, pp. 831-840, 2019.
• [49] E. Belova, Z. Dzhivanova, G. Tkhorzhnitsky, S. Stefanovsky, "The effect of irradiation with accelerated electrons on the extraction of Pu with 30% solution of TBP in Isopar-M," Progress in Nuclear Energy, vol. 94, pp. 202-207, 2017.
• [50] C. E. P. Act. (1999). ARCHIVED-Priority Substances List Assessment Report for Hexachlorobutadiene [Online]. Available:https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/migration/hc-sc/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/pubs/contaminants/psl2-lsp2/hexachlorobutadiene/hexachlorobutadiene-eng.pdf
• [51] J. Derco, M. Valičková, K. Šilhárová, J. Dudáš, A. Luptáková, "Removal of selected chlorinated micropollutants by ozonation," Chemical Papers, vol. 67, no. 12, pp. 1585-1593, 2013.
• [52] P. Duprat, D. Gradiski, "Percutaneous toxicity of hexachlorobutadiene," Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 346-353, 1978.
• [53] T. Green, R. Lee, D. Farrar, J. Hill, "Assessing the health risks following environmental exposure to hexachlorobutadiene," Toxicology letters, vol. 138, no. 1-2, pp. 63-73, 2003.
• [54] P. Cristofori, A. V. Sauer, A. Trevisan, "Three common pathways of nephrotoxicity induced by halogenated alkenes," Cell Biology and Toxicology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 1-13, 2015.
• [55] J. Ishmael, I. Pratt, E. Lock, "Necrosis of the pars recta (S3 segment) of the rat kidney produced by hexachloro 1: 3 butadiene," The Journal of Pathology, vol. 138, no. 2, pp. 99-113, 1982.
• [56] A. Chiusolo, R. Defazio, A. Casartelli, N. Bocchini, M. Mongillo, E. Zanetti, P. Cristofori, A. Trevisan, "Regucalcin down-regulation in rat kidney tissue after treatment with nephrotoxicants," Toxicology letters, vol. 182, no. 1-3, pp. 84-90, 2008.
• [57] A. Chiusolo, R. Defazio, E. Zanetti, M. Mongillo, N. Mori, P. Cristofori, A. Trevisan, "Kidney injury molecule-1 expression in rat proximal tubule after treatment with segment-specific nephrotoxicants: a tool for early screening of potential kidney toxicity," Toxicologic pathology, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 338-345, 2010.
• [58] G. Birner, M. Werner, E. Rosner, C. Mehler, W. Dekant, "Biotransformation, excretion, and nephrotoxicity of the hexachlorobutadiene metabolite (E)-N-acetyl-S-(1, 2, 3, 4, 4-pentachlorobutadienyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxide," Chemical research in toxicology, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 750-757, 1998.
• [59] A. Swain, J. Turton, C. Scudamore, D. Maguire, I. Pereira, S. Freitas, R. Smyth, M. Munday, C. Stamp, M. Gandhi, S. Sondh, H. Ashall, I. Francis, J. Woodfine, J. Bowles, M. York, "Nephrotoxicity of hexachloro‐1: 3‐butadiene in the male Hanover Wistar rat; correlation of minimal histopathological changes with biomarkers of renal injury," Journal of Applied Toxicology, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 417-428, 2012.
• [60] B. J. Brüschweiler, W. Märki, R. Wülser, "In vitro genotoxicity of polychlorinated butadienes (Cl4–Cl6)," Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, vol. 699, no. 1-2, pp. 47-54, 2010.