Effect of Sampling Orientation on The Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1, 58 - 72, 29.02.2024

Gökhan Demircan

https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1361581

Öz

Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are manufactured using various methods, with vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM or VARIM). This study's primary focus lies in assessing how the orientation of sampling impacts the mechanical properties of glass fiber-reinforced pure and nanocomposites. 2 wt.% nano Al2O3-doped and non-doped composites were produced using the VARTM process. Tensile, flexural, and density test specimens were extracted from three distinct zones and two distinc direction those aligned horizontally to the resin flow (HRF) and those oriented vertically to the resin flow (VRF). Remarkably, results showed up to a 3.91% increase in values from samples in the third zone, particularly on the vacuum outlet side. To facilitate precise stress value comparisons across plates, uniform sample orientation and consistent zone selection are essential.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Glass Fiber, Polymer, Nanocomposite, Mechanical Properties, Sampling Orientation

Kaynakça

• [1] G. Demircan, M. Kisa, M. Ozen, A. Acikgoz, Y. Işıker, E. Aytar, “Nano-gelcoat application of glass fiber reinforced polymer composites for marine application: Structural, mechanical, and thermal analysis,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 194, p. 115412, 2023.
• [2] T. Singh, B. Gangil, L. Ranakoti, A. Joshi, “Effect of silica nanoparticles on physical, mechanical, and wear properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites,” Polymer Composites, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 2396–2407, 2021.
• [3] G. Demircan, M. Ozen, M. Kisa, A. Acikgoz, Y. Işıker, “The effect of nano-gelcoat on freeze-thaw resistance of glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite for marine applications,” Ocean Engineering, vol. 269, p. 113589, 2023.
• [4] K. Srinivasan, W. C. Jackson, B. T. Smith, J. A. Hinkley, “Characterization of damage modes in impacted thermoset and thermoplastic composites,” Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 1111–1126, 1992.
• [5] G. Demircan, M. Kisa, M. Ozen, A. Acikgoz, “Quasi-Static Penetration behavior of glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites,” Mechanics of Composite Materials, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 503–516, Sep. 2021.
• [6] A. Siddika, M. A. Al Mamun, R. Alyousef, Y. H. M. Amran, “Strengthening of reinforced concrete beams by using fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 25, p. 100798, 2019.
• [7] J. J. Kenned, K. Sankaranarayanasamy, J. S. Binoj, S. K. Chelliah, “Thermo-mechanical and morphological characterization of needle punched non-woven banana fiber reinforced polymer composites,” Composites Science and Technology, vol. 185, p. 107890, 2020.
• [8] M. Özen, G. Demircan, M. Kisa, Z. Ilik, “Investigation of usability of waste textile fabrics in composites,” Emerging Materials Research, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–6, Mar. 2020.
• [9] T. D. Tavares, J. C. Antunes, F. Ferreira, H. P. Felgueiras, “Biofunctionalization of natural fiber-reinforced biocomposites for biomedical applications,” Biomolecules, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 148, Jan. 2020.
• [10] Y. Li, N. Li, J. Gao, “Tooling design and microwave curing technologies for the manufacturing of fiber-reinforced polymer composites in aerospace applications,” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 70, no. 1–4, pp. 591–606, 2013.
• [11] D. K. Rajak, D. D. Pagar, P. L. Menezes, E. Linul, “Fiber-reinforced polymer composites: Manufacturing, properties, and applications,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 11, no. 10, p. 1667, Oct. 2019.
• [12] A. T. Bhatt, P. P. Gohil, V. Chaudhary, “Primary manufacturing processes for fiber reinforced composites: History, development & future research trends,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering., vol. 330, p. 12107, 2018.
• [13] J. P. Davim, P. Reis, C. C. António, “Experimental study of drilling glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) manufactured by hand lay-up,” Composites Science and Technology, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 289–297, 2004.
• [14] S. G. Advani C. L. Tucker, “A numerical simulation of short fiber orientation in compression molding,” Polymer Composites, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 164–173, 1990.
• [15] N. O. Cabrera, B. Alcock, E. T. J. Klompen, T. Peijs, “Filament winding of co-extruded polypropylene tapes for fully recyclable all-polypropylene composite products,” Applied Composite Materials, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 27–45, 2008.
• [16] X. Peng, M. Fan, J. Hartley, M. Al-Zubaidy, “Properties of natural fiber composites made by pultrusion process,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 237–246, 2011.
• [17] J. H. Jeon, C. K. Yoon, S. H. Park, W. Il Lee, S. M. Kim, “Assessment of long fiber spray-up molding of chopped glass fiber reinforced polydicyclopentadiene composites,” Fibers and Polymers, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 1134–1141, 2020.
• [18] M. A. Agwa, S. M. Youssef, S. S. Ali-Eldin, M. Megahed, “Integrated vacuum assisted resin infusion and resin transfer molding technique for manufacturing of nano-filled glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite,” Journal of Industrial Textiles, vol. 51, no. 3_suppl, pp. 5113S-5144S, 2020.
• [19] M. Ozen, G. Demircan, M. Kisa, A. Acikgoz, G. Ceyhan, Y. Işıker, “Thermal properties of surface-modified nano-Al2O3/Kevlar fiber/epoxy composites,” Mater. Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 278, p. 125689, Feb. 2022.
• [20] U. K. Vaidya, M. V Kamath, H. Mahfuz, S. Jeelani, “Low velocity impact response of Resin Infusion Molded foam filled honeycomb sandwich composites,” Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 819–849, 1998.
• [21] G. Demircan, M. Kisa, M. Özen, A. Açikgöz, B. Aktaş, M. Ali Kurt, “A bio-based epoxy resin from rosin powder with improved mechanical performance,” Emerging Materials Research, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1076–1081, Dec. 2020.
• [22] M. Sánchez, M. Campo, A. Jiménez-Suárez, A. Ureña, “Effect of the carbon nanotube functionalization on flexural properties of multiscale carbon fiber/epoxy composites manufactured by VARIM,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 1613–1619, 2013.
• [23] Z. A. Oguz, A. Erklig, Ö. Y. Bozkurt, “Degradation of hybrid aramid/glass/epoxy composites hydrothermally aged in distilled water,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 55, no. 15, pp. 2043–2060, 2020.
• [24] A. Hindersmann, “Confusion about infusion: An overview of infusion processes,” Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 126, p. 105583, 2019.
• [25] R. Matsuzaki, S. Kobayashi, A. Todoroki, Y. Mizutani, “Full-field monitoring of resin flow using an area-sensor array in a VaRTM process,” Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 550–559, 2011.
• [26] G. Demircan, M. Kisa, M. Ozen, B. Aktas, “Surface-modified alumina nanoparticles-filled aramid fiber-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites: preparation and mechanical properties,” Iranian Polymer Journal, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 253–264, Mar. 2020.
• [27] M. Özer, H. Ulus, H. B. Kaybal, “Enhanced out-of-plane loading performance of multi-scale glass/epoxy composites doped with HNTs,” International Journal of Pioneering Technology and Engineering, vol. 2 no. 01, pp. 99-102, 2023.
• [28] H. Ulus, “The impact of seawater aging on basalt/graphene nanoplatelet-epoxy composites: performance evaluating by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and short beam shear (sbs) tests” Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol.10 no.1, pp. 412-419, 2021.
• [29] K.-T. Hsiao D. Heider, “Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) in polymer matrix composites,” Manufacturing Techniques for Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs). Elsevier, pp. 310–347, 2012.
• [30] Z. Fan, M. H. Santare, S. G. Advani, “Interlaminar shear strength of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites enhanced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes,” Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 540–554, 2008.
• [31] S. Movva, G. Zhou, D. Guerra, L. J. Lee, “Effect of carbon nanofibers on mold filling in a vacuum assisted Resin Transfer Molding system,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 611–620, 2009.
• [32] H. B. Kaybal, H. Ulus, O. Demir, Ö. S. Şahin, A. Avcı, “Effects of alumina nanoparticles on dynamic impact responses of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy matrix nanocomposites,” Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, vol. 21 no.3, pp. 399-407, 2018.
• [33] “Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials.” ASTM International. ASTM D3039/D3039M-17, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017.
• [34] “Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials.” ASTM International. ASTM D790-17, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017.
• [35] U. R. Hashim, A. Jumahat, M. Jawaid, “Mechanical properties of hybrid graphene nanoplatelet-nanosilica filled unidirectional basalt fibre composites,” Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 11, no. 6, p. 1468, Jun. 2021.
• [36] G. Francucci, S. Palmer, W. Hall, “External compaction pressure over vacuum-bagged composite parts: Effect on the quality of flax fiber/epoxy laminates,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 3–15, 2017.
• [37] K.-T. Hsiao, R. Mathur, S. G. Advani, Gillespie J. W., B. K. Fink, “A closed form solution for flow during the vacuum assisted Resin Transfer Molding Process,” Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, vol. 122, no. 3, pp. 463–475, 1999.
• [38] S. Cao, Z. WU, X. Wang, “Tensile Properties of CFRP Hybrid FRP Composites at Elevated Temperatures,” J Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 315–330, 2009.
• [39] A. C. N. Singleton, C. A. Baillie, P. W. R. Beaumont, T. Peijs, “On the mechanical properties, deformation and fracture of a natural fibre/recycled polymer composite,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 519–526, 2003.
• [40] R. M. Heiberger E. Neuwirth, “One-Way ANOVA,” R Through Excel. Springer New York, pp. 165–191, 2009.
• [41] J. P. Verma, “One-Way ANOVA: Comparing Means of More than Two Samples,” Data Analysis in Management with SPSS Software. Springer India, pp. 221–254, 2012.
• [42] J. E. McLean, J. M. Ernest, “The role of statistical significance testing in educational research,” Research in the Schools, vol. 5 no. 2, 1998.