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The Consequences of Legal Regulations in the United Kingdom’s Counter-Terrorism

Yıl 2021, , 287 - 318, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1050459

Öz

Terrorism has always been a threat to the security with its strategies, methods, motivational factors, and attacks. In order to ensure security and maintain stability, measures should be taken in all fields. The causes of terrorism, especially in military, economic, social, and political areas, should be eliminated, and the activities of terrorist organizations should be neutralized.
To combat terrorism, states adopt different strategies and regulations. In this context; The United Kingdom, made fundamental rearrangements in their counterterrorism strategies after the 9/11 attacks. It is seen that, with the new regulations, the United Kingdom has showed a proactive approach, developed measures, and affected the counterterrorism strategies of the other countries. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the effects of the measures taken by analyzing the regulations made by the United Kingdom. The comparative analysis method is applied by pointing out the regulations made by the United Kingdom before and after the 9/11 attacks. The data were obtained by document analysis. In consequence, it is emphasized that in democracies; a fine line between security and fundamental freedoms must be threaded on the basis of having the necessary legal powers to counter threats and to ensure their appropriate and proportionate use.

Kaynakça

  • Anti-Terrorism, crime and security act (2001). 25 Aralık 2020 tarihinde http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2001/24/contents adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Aydın, MK (2000). Terör ve hukuk, ‘Türkiye’de terörizm’ bildiriler, Ankara, 10-11 Mayıs 2000, 1. Baskı, s. 35-40, Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
  • Bozbayındır, AE (2017). “Yeni nesil terörle mücadele hukuku: İngiltere örneği”. 23 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz-haber/yeni-nesil-terorle-mucadele-hukuku-ingiltere-ornegi/725727 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Chin, W. (2013). Britain and the war on terror: Policy, strategy and operations. 1st Ed., England, Ashgate Publishing Limited.
  • Cities Jammed in Worldwide Protest of War in Iraq (2003). 10 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://edition.cnn.com/2003/US/02/15/sprj.irq.protests.main/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • CONTEST (2018). The United Kingdom’s strategy for countering terrorism June 2018, Cm 9608, UK, APS Group.
  • Cornish, P. (2007). Domestic security, civil contingencies and resilience in the United Kingdom, Chatham House. 02 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/International%20Security/0607ukresilience.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Counter-Extremism Strategy (2015). Counter-extremism strategy. Home Office, Cm 9148, UK, Williams Lea Group.
  • Counter-Terrorism Act (2008). 06 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/28/contents adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Counter-Terrorism Act (2008). 06 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/jan/19/counter-terrorism-act adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Counter-Terrorism and Security Act (2015). 26 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/6/notes/division/2 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Counter-Terrorism and Border Security Act (2019a). 13 Ocak 2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/counter-terrorism-and-border-security-bill-2018 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Counter-Terrorism and Border Security Act (2019b). 08 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2019/3/contents/enacted adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Donohue, L. (2001). Counter-terrorist law and emergency powers in the United Kingdom 1922-2000. 1st Ed., Irish Academic Press.
  • Donohue, L. (2008). The cost of counterterrorism: Power, politics, and liberty. 1st Ed., New York Cambridge University Press.
  • Fisher, K.M. (2015). Security, identity, and British counterterrorism policy. 1st Ed., Hampshire, Macmillan Publishers Limited.
  • Foley, F. (2013). Countering terrorism in Britain and France. 3rd Ed. New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Hewitt, S. (2011). The British war on terror. 3rd Ed., London, Continuum International Publishing Group.
  • Hillsborough Castle Agreement (2010). 30 Kasım 2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hillsborough-castle-agreement adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Hoffman, B. (2014). The 7 July 2005 London bombings. In B. Hoffman ve F. Rinares (Ed.) The Evolutıon Of The Global Terrorist Threat, From 9/11 to Osama bin Laden’s Death. 1st Ed., (192-223). New York, Columbia University Press.
  • Inquiry Into Legislation Against Terrorism (1996). 23 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldselect/lddereg/57/5707.htm adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Jeffery, S. (2003). UK's biggest peace rally. 25 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/feb/15/politics.politicalnews adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Jeffery, S. (2005). The rules of the game are changing. 25 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/aug/05/july7.uksecurity5 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Keskin, S. (2011). Kişi özgürlüğü ve güvenliği hakkına ilişkin anayasal değişiklikler. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty, 60 (1-2) , 49-61. 10 Kasım 2021 tarihinde https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iuhfm/issue/9081/113315 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Landman, T. (2007). The United Kingdom: The continuity of terror and counterterror. In A. Brysk ve G. Shafir (Ed.), National Insecurity and Human Rights: Democracies Debate Counterterrorism, 1st Ed., (75-91), Los Angeles, University of California Press.
  • Landow, C. ve Sergie, MA (2020). The Northern Ireland peace process. Council on Foreign Relations. 30 Kasım 2020 tarihinde https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/northern-ireland-peace-process adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Lord Carlile of Berriew (2007). Independent reviewer of terrorism legislation, the definition of terrorism: A report. 23 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-definition-of-terrorism-a-report-by-lord-carlile-of-berriew adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Makarenko, T. (2007). International terrorism and the UK. In Wilkinson Paul (Ed.) Homeland Security In The UK: Future Preparedness for Terrorist Attack Since 9/11, 1st Ed., (37-56). New York, Routledge.
  • McGiverin, B. (2008). In the face of danger: A comparative analysis of the use of emergency powers in the United States and the United Kingdom in the 20th century. Indiana International & Comparative Law Review, Vol. 18, I:1, s. 233-275, 10 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/iiclr/pdf/vol18p233.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 (2015). Chapter 3-The National Security Context, Cm 9161, UK, Williams Lea Group.
  • Neumann, PR ve Evans, R. (2014). Operation crevice in London. In B.Hoffman ve F. Rinares (Ed.), The Evolution of the Global Terrorist Threat, From 9/11 to Osama Bin Laden’s Death, 1st Ed. (61-80). New York, Columbia University Press.
  • New Protocol on Ireland/Northern (2019). 11 Kasım 2021 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/new-protocol-on-irelandnorthern-ireland-and-political-declaration adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Norris, M. (2016) Fifteen years on from 9/11, how the UK bypassed justice to become a counter-terrorism state. 27 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2016/09/fifteen-years-911-how-uk-bypassed-justice-become-counter-terrorism-state adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Northern Ireland Emergency Provisions Act (1973). 18 Nisan 2020 tarihinde http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1973/53 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act (1974). Part III general and miscellaneous, 9 supplemental provisions. 18 Nisan 2020 tarihinde https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1974/56/enacted?wrap=true adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Proscribed Terrorist Organisations (2021). 11 Kasım 2021 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2/proscribed-terrorist-groups-or-organisations-accessible-version adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Reports and Statements by the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning (2011), 28 Kasım 2020 tarihinde https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/peace/decommission/iicdreports.htm adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Russell, M. (2020). Northern Ireland after Brexit, 20 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/649416/EPRS_BRI(2020)649416_EN.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Scheuer, M. (2006). Through our enemies’ eyes, 1st Ed., Washington, Potomac Books Inc.
  • Search Results (2020a). 14 Haziran 2020 tarihinde http://www.legislation.gov.uk/title/terrorism adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Search Results (2020b). 14 Haziran 2020 tarihinde http://www.legislation.gov.uk/1974-2020?title=terrorist adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Security Situation in Northern Ireland (2019). 04 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/security-situation-in-northern-ireland adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Stern, Robbie (2019). New U.K. border security law: A frightening response to the skripal poisoning. 15 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.justsecurity.org/63305/new-u-k-border-security-law-a-frightening-response-to-the-skripal-poisoning/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Terrorism Act (2000). 23 Kasım 2020 tarihinde https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/contents adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Terrorism Act (2000). Port and border controls. 06 Haziran 2020 tarihinde https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/7 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Terrorism Act (2006). 24 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/11/section/1 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act (2011). 24 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/23/contents/enacted adresinden alınmıştır.
  • The Belfast Agreement (1998). 24 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-belfast-agreement adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Threat Levels (2020). 28 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.mi5.gov.uk/threat-levels adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Türkiye Barolar Birliği (2006). Türkiye ve terörizm raporu. Ankara, Şen Matbaa.
  • UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement (2020). 18 Ocak 2021 tarihinde https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/957694/TCA_SUMMARY_PDF_V1.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Universities UK (2020a). 26 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/about/Pages/about-us.aspx adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Universities UK (2020b). Oversight of security-sensitive research material in UK universities: guidance. 26 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/policy-and-analysis/reports/Pages/security-sensitive-research-material-UK-universities-guidance.aspx#:~:text=The%20guidance%20recommends%20that%3A&text=Security%2Dsensitive%20research%20material%20should,not%20be%20transmitted%20or%20exchanged adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Wilkinson, Paul (1974). Political terrorism. 1st Ed., London, the Macmillan Press Ltd.

BİRLEŞİK KRALLIK’IN TERÖRİZMLE MÜCADELESİNDE YASAL DÜZENLEMELERİN SONUÇLARI

Yıl 2021, , 287 - 318, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1050459

Öz

Terörizm; ideolojisi, stratejisi, yöntemi, güdüleyici etkenleri, eylem ve saldırıları; zamana, mekâna ve kuvvetine göre değişiklik gösterse de daima güvenlik için bir tehdit olmuştur. Güvenliğin sağlanması ve istikrarın devamlılığı için askerî, ekonomik, toplumsal ve siyasi alan başta olmak üzere her alanda tedbirler alınmalı, terörizmin nedenleri ortadan kaldırılmalı ve terör örgütlerinin faaliyetleri etkisiz hâle getirilmelidir.
Terörizmle mücadele edebilmek için devletler, değişik stratejiler uygulamakta ve düzenlemeler yapmaktadır. Bu kapsamda; geniş bir ayaklanmayla ve terörizmle mücadele deneyimine sahip Birleşik Krallık 11 Eylül 2001 terör saldırısı sonrasında terörizmle mücadele stratejisinde köklü düzenlemeler yapmıştır. Birleşik Krallık’ın söz konusu düzenlemeler ile proaktif yaklaşım sergilediği, tedbirler geliştirdiği ve diğer devletlerin terörizmle mücadele stratejilerini etkilediği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada Birleşik Krallık’ın terörizmle mücadele için yaptığı düzenlemeler analiz edilerek, terörizme karşı aldığı tedbirlerin, etkisinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmaktadır. Birleşik Krallık’ın 11 Eylül 2001 saldırıları öncesi ve sonrası süreçte, terörizmle mücadele için yaptığı düzenlemeler belirtilerek karşılaştırmalı analiz yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Veriler, belge incelemesi ile elde edilmiştir. Sonuçta demokrasilerde; tehditlere karşı koymak için gerekli yasal yetkilere sahip olunması ve bunların uygun ve orantılı kullanılması temelinde, güvenlik ve temel özgürlükler arasında denge kurulması gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Anti-Terrorism, crime and security act (2001). 25 Aralık 2020 tarihinde http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2001/24/contents adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Aydın, MK (2000). Terör ve hukuk, ‘Türkiye’de terörizm’ bildiriler, Ankara, 10-11 Mayıs 2000, 1. Baskı, s. 35-40, Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
  • Bozbayındır, AE (2017). “Yeni nesil terörle mücadele hukuku: İngiltere örneği”. 23 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz-haber/yeni-nesil-terorle-mucadele-hukuku-ingiltere-ornegi/725727 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Chin, W. (2013). Britain and the war on terror: Policy, strategy and operations. 1st Ed., England, Ashgate Publishing Limited.
  • Cities Jammed in Worldwide Protest of War in Iraq (2003). 10 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://edition.cnn.com/2003/US/02/15/sprj.irq.protests.main/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • CONTEST (2018). The United Kingdom’s strategy for countering terrorism June 2018, Cm 9608, UK, APS Group.
  • Cornish, P. (2007). Domestic security, civil contingencies and resilience in the United Kingdom, Chatham House. 02 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/International%20Security/0607ukresilience.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Counter-Extremism Strategy (2015). Counter-extremism strategy. Home Office, Cm 9148, UK, Williams Lea Group.
  • Counter-Terrorism Act (2008). 06 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/28/contents adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Counter-Terrorism Act (2008). 06 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/jan/19/counter-terrorism-act adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Counter-Terrorism and Security Act (2015). 26 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/6/notes/division/2 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Counter-Terrorism and Border Security Act (2019a). 13 Ocak 2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/counter-terrorism-and-border-security-bill-2018 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Counter-Terrorism and Border Security Act (2019b). 08 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2019/3/contents/enacted adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Donohue, L. (2001). Counter-terrorist law and emergency powers in the United Kingdom 1922-2000. 1st Ed., Irish Academic Press.
  • Donohue, L. (2008). The cost of counterterrorism: Power, politics, and liberty. 1st Ed., New York Cambridge University Press.
  • Fisher, K.M. (2015). Security, identity, and British counterterrorism policy. 1st Ed., Hampshire, Macmillan Publishers Limited.
  • Foley, F. (2013). Countering terrorism in Britain and France. 3rd Ed. New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Hewitt, S. (2011). The British war on terror. 3rd Ed., London, Continuum International Publishing Group.
  • Hillsborough Castle Agreement (2010). 30 Kasım 2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hillsborough-castle-agreement adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Hoffman, B. (2014). The 7 July 2005 London bombings. In B. Hoffman ve F. Rinares (Ed.) The Evolutıon Of The Global Terrorist Threat, From 9/11 to Osama bin Laden’s Death. 1st Ed., (192-223). New York, Columbia University Press.
  • Inquiry Into Legislation Against Terrorism (1996). 23 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldselect/lddereg/57/5707.htm adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Jeffery, S. (2003). UK's biggest peace rally. 25 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/feb/15/politics.politicalnews adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Jeffery, S. (2005). The rules of the game are changing. 25 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/aug/05/july7.uksecurity5 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Keskin, S. (2011). Kişi özgürlüğü ve güvenliği hakkına ilişkin anayasal değişiklikler. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty, 60 (1-2) , 49-61. 10 Kasım 2021 tarihinde https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iuhfm/issue/9081/113315 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Landman, T. (2007). The United Kingdom: The continuity of terror and counterterror. In A. Brysk ve G. Shafir (Ed.), National Insecurity and Human Rights: Democracies Debate Counterterrorism, 1st Ed., (75-91), Los Angeles, University of California Press.
  • Landow, C. ve Sergie, MA (2020). The Northern Ireland peace process. Council on Foreign Relations. 30 Kasım 2020 tarihinde https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/northern-ireland-peace-process adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Lord Carlile of Berriew (2007). Independent reviewer of terrorism legislation, the definition of terrorism: A report. 23 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-definition-of-terrorism-a-report-by-lord-carlile-of-berriew adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Makarenko, T. (2007). International terrorism and the UK. In Wilkinson Paul (Ed.) Homeland Security In The UK: Future Preparedness for Terrorist Attack Since 9/11, 1st Ed., (37-56). New York, Routledge.
  • McGiverin, B. (2008). In the face of danger: A comparative analysis of the use of emergency powers in the United States and the United Kingdom in the 20th century. Indiana International & Comparative Law Review, Vol. 18, I:1, s. 233-275, 10 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/iiclr/pdf/vol18p233.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 (2015). Chapter 3-The National Security Context, Cm 9161, UK, Williams Lea Group.
  • Neumann, PR ve Evans, R. (2014). Operation crevice in London. In B.Hoffman ve F. Rinares (Ed.), The Evolution of the Global Terrorist Threat, From 9/11 to Osama Bin Laden’s Death, 1st Ed. (61-80). New York, Columbia University Press.
  • New Protocol on Ireland/Northern (2019). 11 Kasım 2021 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/new-protocol-on-irelandnorthern-ireland-and-political-declaration adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Norris, M. (2016) Fifteen years on from 9/11, how the UK bypassed justice to become a counter-terrorism state. 27 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2016/09/fifteen-years-911-how-uk-bypassed-justice-become-counter-terrorism-state adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Northern Ireland Emergency Provisions Act (1973). 18 Nisan 2020 tarihinde http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1973/53 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act (1974). Part III general and miscellaneous, 9 supplemental provisions. 18 Nisan 2020 tarihinde https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1974/56/enacted?wrap=true adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Proscribed Terrorist Organisations (2021). 11 Kasım 2021 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2/proscribed-terrorist-groups-or-organisations-accessible-version adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Reports and Statements by the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning (2011), 28 Kasım 2020 tarihinde https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/peace/decommission/iicdreports.htm adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Russell, M. (2020). Northern Ireland after Brexit, 20 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/649416/EPRS_BRI(2020)649416_EN.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Scheuer, M. (2006). Through our enemies’ eyes, 1st Ed., Washington, Potomac Books Inc.
  • Search Results (2020a). 14 Haziran 2020 tarihinde http://www.legislation.gov.uk/title/terrorism adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Search Results (2020b). 14 Haziran 2020 tarihinde http://www.legislation.gov.uk/1974-2020?title=terrorist adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Security Situation in Northern Ireland (2019). 04 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/security-situation-in-northern-ireland adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Stern, Robbie (2019). New U.K. border security law: A frightening response to the skripal poisoning. 15 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.justsecurity.org/63305/new-u-k-border-security-law-a-frightening-response-to-the-skripal-poisoning/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Terrorism Act (2000). 23 Kasım 2020 tarihinde https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/contents adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Terrorism Act (2000). Port and border controls. 06 Haziran 2020 tarihinde https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/7 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Terrorism Act (2006). 24 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/11/section/1 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act (2011). 24 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/23/contents/enacted adresinden alınmıştır.
  • The Belfast Agreement (1998). 24 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-belfast-agreement adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Threat Levels (2020). 28 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.mi5.gov.uk/threat-levels adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Türkiye Barolar Birliği (2006). Türkiye ve terörizm raporu. Ankara, Şen Matbaa.
  • UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement (2020). 18 Ocak 2021 tarihinde https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/957694/TCA_SUMMARY_PDF_V1.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Universities UK (2020a). 26 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/about/Pages/about-us.aspx adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Universities UK (2020b). Oversight of security-sensitive research material in UK universities: guidance. 26 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/policy-and-analysis/reports/Pages/security-sensitive-research-material-UK-universities-guidance.aspx#:~:text=The%20guidance%20recommends%20that%3A&text=Security%2Dsensitive%20research%20material%20should,not%20be%20transmitted%20or%20exchanged adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Wilkinson, Paul (1974). Political terrorism. 1st Ed., London, the Macmillan Press Ltd.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm SAVSAD Savunma ve Savaş Araştırmaları Dergisi Aralık 2021
Yazarlar

Kazim Murat Özkan Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-6206-3224

Ömer Furkan Demirci 0000-0003-4629-3075

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Özkan, K. M., & Demirci, Ö. F. (2021). BİRLEŞİK KRALLIK’IN TERÖRİZMLE MÜCADELESİNDE YASAL DÜZENLEMELERİN SONUÇLARI. SAVSAD Savunma Ve Savaş Araştırmaları Dergisi, 31(2), 287-318. https://doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1050459