Knowledge Levels and Attitudes of Turkish Coaches About Sport Psychology
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 30 Sayı: 4, 146 - 157, 07.01.2020
Deniz Durdubaş
,
Selen Kelecek
,
Ziya Koruç
Öz
Purposes of this study were to exploring the Turkish coaches’ sport
psychology knowledge levels and examining the relationship between knowledge
levels and attitudes toward sport psychology consulting. Three hundred and
thirteen coaches from various sports took part in the study. Knowledge levels
of participants were determined by a survey developed by the researchers from
relevant literature. In order to measure the attitudes of the coaches towards
sport psychology services, the Shortened Version of Sport Psychology Attitudes
Revised Coaches-2 Scale was adapted to the Turkish language and applied to
coaches. Findings revealed that the coaches have average knowledge about sport
psychology, and that coaches with a higher level of certification were more
open to sports psychology services. These results reveal the importance of
sports psychology education of coaches to increase sports psychology services
in our country.
Kaynakça
- 1. Anderson AG, Hodge KP, Lavallee D, Martin SB. (2004). New Zealand athletes' attitudes towards seeking sport psychology consultation. The New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 33(3), 129-136.
- 2. Anderson R, Hanrahan SJ, Mallett CJ. (2014). Investigating the optimal psychological state for peak performance in Australian elite athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26(3), 318-333.
- 3. Arnold R, Sarkar M. (2015). Preparing athletes and teams for the Olympic Games: Experiences and lessons learned from the world's best sport psychologists. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(1), 4-20.
- 4. Brunner E, Domhof S, Langer F (2002). Nonparametric Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Factorial Experiments. John Wiley and Sons: New York, NY.
- 5. Connole IJ, Watson JC, Shannon VR, Wrisberg C, Etzel E, Schimmel C. (2014). NCAA athletic administrators’ preferred characteristics for sport psychology positions: a consumer market analysis. The Sport Psychologist, 28(4), 406-417.
- 6. Dieffenbach K, Gould D, Moffett A. (2002). The coach’s role in developing champions. International Journal of Volleyball Research, 5(1), 30-32.
- 7. Ellis AR, Burchett WW, Harrar SW, Bathke AC (2017). Nonparametric inference for multivariate data: the R package npmv. Journal of Statistical Software, 76(4), 1-18.
- 8. Gee CJ. (2010). How does sport psychology actually improve athletic performance? A framework to facilitate athletes’ and coaches’ understanding. Behavior modification, 34(5), 386-402.
- 9. Gould D, Damarjian N, Medbery R. (1999). An examination of mental skills training in junior tennis coaches. The Sport Psychologist, 13(2), 127-143.
- 10. Gould D, Tammen V, Murphy S, & May J (1991). An evaluation of US Olympic sport psychology consultant effectiveness. The Sport Psychologist, 5(2), 111-127.
- 11. Görgülü R (2018). Spor ve egzersiz psikolojisinde kariyer basamakları, güçlükler ve tehlikeler: Birleşik Krallık’tan model uygulamalar. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 164-178.
- 12. Gucciardi DF, Gordon S, Dimmock JA. (2009). Evaluation of a mental toughness training program for youth-aged Australian footballers: I. A quantitative analysis. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(3), 307-323.
- 13. Krosnick JR, Petty RE. (1995). Attitude strenght: An overview. (RE Petty, JR Krosnick, Ed.). Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequence. s.1-24. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
- 14. Lubker JR, Visek AJ, Geer JR, Watson II JC (2008). Characteristics of an effective sport psychology consultant: Perspectives from athletes and consultants. Journal of Sport Behavior, 31(2), 147.
- 15. Mallett CJ, Hanrahan SJ. (2004). Elite athletes: why does the ‘fire’burn so brightly? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(2), 183-200.
- 16. Martin SB. (2005). High school and college athletes' attitudes toward sport psychology consulting. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(2), 127-139.
- 17. Martin SB, Akers A, Jackson AW, Wrisberg CA, Nelson L, Leslie PJ, ve diğ. (2001). Male and female athletes' and nonathletes' expectations about sport psychology consulting. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(1), 18-39.
- 18. Martin SB, Kellmann M, Lavallee D, Page SJ. (2002). Development and psychometric evaluation of the sport psychology attitudes—revised form: A multiple group investigation. The Sport Psychologist, 16(3), 272-290.
- 19. Martin SB, Zakrajsek RA, Wrisberg CA. (2012). Attitudes toward sport psychology and seeking assistance: Key factors and a proposed model. Psychology of attitudes, 1-33.
- 20. Naoi A, Watson J, Deaner H, Sato M. (2011). Multicultural issues in sport psychology and consultation. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(2), 110-125. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2011.567101
- 21. Orlick T, Partington J. (1987). The sport psychology consultant: Analysis of critical components as viewed by Canadian Olympic athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 1(1), 4-17.
- 22. Pain MA, Harwood CG. (2004). Knowledge and perceptions of sport psychology within English soccer. Journal of sports sciences, 22(9), 813-826.
- 23. Partington J, Orlick T. (1987). The sport psychology consultant: Olympic coaches’ views. The Sport Psychologist, 1(2), 95-102.
- 24. Reid C, Stewart E, Thorne G. (2004). Multidisciplinary sport science teams in elite sport: Comprehensive servicing or conflict and confusion? The Sport Psychologist, 18(2), 204-217.
- 25. Reverter-Masía J, Legaz-Arrese A, Munguía-Izquierdo D, Roig-Pull M, Gimeno-Marco F, Barbany JR. (2008). The use of sports psychology consultants in elite sports teams. Revista de psicologia del deporte, 17(1).
- 26. Rice TS (1996). Should coaches administer psychological interventions to their athletes?. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. West Virgina University, Morgantown.
- 27. Schinke R, Hanrahan SJ. (2009). Cultural sport psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
- 28. Schinke RJ, Papaioannou AG, Schack T. (2016). Sport Psychology in emerging countries. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14(2), 103-185
- 29. Schinke RJ, Si G, Zhang L, Elbe AM, Watson J, Harwood,C, Terry PC (2018). Joint position stand of the ISSP, FEPSAC, ASPASP, and AASP on professional accreditation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 38, 107-115.
- 30. Sullivan J, Hodge KP. (1991). A survey of coaches and athletes about sport psychology in New Zealand. The Sport Psychologist, 5(2), 140-151.
- 31. Thelwell RC, Wood J, Harwood C, Woolway T, Van Raalte JL (2018). The role, benefits and selection of sport psychology consultants: Perceptions of youth-sport coaches and parents. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 35, 131-142.
- 32. Türkiye Basketbol Federasyonu, 2014. Türkiye Basketbol Federasyonu Ana Statüsü. 29136 sayılı Resmi Gazete.
- 33. Wilson KA, Gilbert JN, Gilbert WD, Sailor SR (2009). College athletic directors’ perceptions of sport psychology consulting. The Sport Psychologist, 23(3), 405-424.
- 34. Wrisberg CA, Withycombe JL, Simpson D, Loberg LA, Reed A. (2012). NCAA Division-I administrators’ perceptions of the benefits of sport psychology services and possible roles for a consultant. The Sport Psychologist, 26(1), 16-28.
- 35. Wrisberg, CA, Loberg LA, Simpson D, Withycombe JL, Reed A. (2010). An exploratory investigation of NCAA Division-I coaches’ support of sport psychology consultants and willingness to seek mental training services. The Sport Psychologist, 24(4), 489-503.
- 36. Zakrajsek RA, Martin SB, Zizzi SJ. (2011). American high school football coaches' attitudes toward sport psychology consultation and intentions to use sport psychology services. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 6(3), 461-478.
- 37. Zakrajsek RA., Steinfeldt JA, Bodey KJ, Martin SB, Zizzi SJ. (2013). NCAA Division I coaches’ perceptions and preferred use of sport psychology services: A qualitative perspective. The Sport Psychologist, 27(3), 258-268.
- 38. Zakrajsek RA, Zizzi SJ. (2007). Factors influencing track and swimming coaches’ intentions to use sport psychology services. Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 9(2), 1-21.
- 39. Zakrajsek RA, Zizzi SJ. (2008). How do Coaches’ Attitudes Change When Exposed to a Sport Psychology Workshop? Journal of Coaching Education, 1(1), 66-83.
Türk Antrenörlerin Spor Psikolojisine İlişkin Bilgi Düzeyleri ve Tutumları
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 30 Sayı: 4, 146 - 157, 07.01.2020
Deniz Durdubaş
,
Selen Kelecek
,
Ziya Koruç
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı
ülkemizdeki antrenörlerin spor psikolojisi bilgi düzeylerine ilişkin
algılarının belirlenmesi ve antrenörlerin bu algılarının spor psikolojisi
danışmanlığına yönelik tutumları ile ilişkisinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya
farklı spor branşlarından toplam 313 antrenör katılmıştır. Antrenörlerin spor
psikolojisine ilişkin bilgi düzeyleri araştırmacılar tarafından ilgili
literatürden hareketle geliştirilen anket ile ölçülmüştür. Antrenörlerin spor
psikolojisi hizmetlerine yönelik tutumlarının ölçümü için ise Antrenörlerin
Spor Psikolojisi Tutumları Ölçeği Kısaltılmış Versiyonu (Shortened Version of
the Sport Psychology Attitudes Revised Coaches – 2, SPARC-2) Türkçe’ye
uyarlanarak kullanılmıştır. Bulgular tüm antrenörlerin spor psikolojisi
bilgilerinin sınırlı olduğunu ve daha üst antrenörlük kademesine sahip
antrenörlerin spor psikolojisi hizmetlerine daha açık olduklarını ortaya
koymuştur. Bu sonuçlar ülkemizde spor psikolojisi hizmetlerinin arttırılması
adına antrenörlerin spor psikolojisi eğitimlerinin önemini ortaya koymaktadır.
Kaynakça
- 1. Anderson AG, Hodge KP, Lavallee D, Martin SB. (2004). New Zealand athletes' attitudes towards seeking sport psychology consultation. The New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 33(3), 129-136.
- 2. Anderson R, Hanrahan SJ, Mallett CJ. (2014). Investigating the optimal psychological state for peak performance in Australian elite athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26(3), 318-333.
- 3. Arnold R, Sarkar M. (2015). Preparing athletes and teams for the Olympic Games: Experiences and lessons learned from the world's best sport psychologists. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(1), 4-20.
- 4. Brunner E, Domhof S, Langer F (2002). Nonparametric Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Factorial Experiments. John Wiley and Sons: New York, NY.
- 5. Connole IJ, Watson JC, Shannon VR, Wrisberg C, Etzel E, Schimmel C. (2014). NCAA athletic administrators’ preferred characteristics for sport psychology positions: a consumer market analysis. The Sport Psychologist, 28(4), 406-417.
- 6. Dieffenbach K, Gould D, Moffett A. (2002). The coach’s role in developing champions. International Journal of Volleyball Research, 5(1), 30-32.
- 7. Ellis AR, Burchett WW, Harrar SW, Bathke AC (2017). Nonparametric inference for multivariate data: the R package npmv. Journal of Statistical Software, 76(4), 1-18.
- 8. Gee CJ. (2010). How does sport psychology actually improve athletic performance? A framework to facilitate athletes’ and coaches’ understanding. Behavior modification, 34(5), 386-402.
- 9. Gould D, Damarjian N, Medbery R. (1999). An examination of mental skills training in junior tennis coaches. The Sport Psychologist, 13(2), 127-143.
- 10. Gould D, Tammen V, Murphy S, & May J (1991). An evaluation of US Olympic sport psychology consultant effectiveness. The Sport Psychologist, 5(2), 111-127.
- 11. Görgülü R (2018). Spor ve egzersiz psikolojisinde kariyer basamakları, güçlükler ve tehlikeler: Birleşik Krallık’tan model uygulamalar. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 164-178.
- 12. Gucciardi DF, Gordon S, Dimmock JA. (2009). Evaluation of a mental toughness training program for youth-aged Australian footballers: I. A quantitative analysis. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(3), 307-323.
- 13. Krosnick JR, Petty RE. (1995). Attitude strenght: An overview. (RE Petty, JR Krosnick, Ed.). Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequence. s.1-24. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
- 14. Lubker JR, Visek AJ, Geer JR, Watson II JC (2008). Characteristics of an effective sport psychology consultant: Perspectives from athletes and consultants. Journal of Sport Behavior, 31(2), 147.
- 15. Mallett CJ, Hanrahan SJ. (2004). Elite athletes: why does the ‘fire’burn so brightly? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(2), 183-200.
- 16. Martin SB. (2005). High school and college athletes' attitudes toward sport psychology consulting. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(2), 127-139.
- 17. Martin SB, Akers A, Jackson AW, Wrisberg CA, Nelson L, Leslie PJ, ve diğ. (2001). Male and female athletes' and nonathletes' expectations about sport psychology consulting. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(1), 18-39.
- 18. Martin SB, Kellmann M, Lavallee D, Page SJ. (2002). Development and psychometric evaluation of the sport psychology attitudes—revised form: A multiple group investigation. The Sport Psychologist, 16(3), 272-290.
- 19. Martin SB, Zakrajsek RA, Wrisberg CA. (2012). Attitudes toward sport psychology and seeking assistance: Key factors and a proposed model. Psychology of attitudes, 1-33.
- 20. Naoi A, Watson J, Deaner H, Sato M. (2011). Multicultural issues in sport psychology and consultation. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(2), 110-125. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2011.567101
- 21. Orlick T, Partington J. (1987). The sport psychology consultant: Analysis of critical components as viewed by Canadian Olympic athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 1(1), 4-17.
- 22. Pain MA, Harwood CG. (2004). Knowledge and perceptions of sport psychology within English soccer. Journal of sports sciences, 22(9), 813-826.
- 23. Partington J, Orlick T. (1987). The sport psychology consultant: Olympic coaches’ views. The Sport Psychologist, 1(2), 95-102.
- 24. Reid C, Stewart E, Thorne G. (2004). Multidisciplinary sport science teams in elite sport: Comprehensive servicing or conflict and confusion? The Sport Psychologist, 18(2), 204-217.
- 25. Reverter-Masía J, Legaz-Arrese A, Munguía-Izquierdo D, Roig-Pull M, Gimeno-Marco F, Barbany JR. (2008). The use of sports psychology consultants in elite sports teams. Revista de psicologia del deporte, 17(1).
- 26. Rice TS (1996). Should coaches administer psychological interventions to their athletes?. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. West Virgina University, Morgantown.
- 27. Schinke R, Hanrahan SJ. (2009). Cultural sport psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
- 28. Schinke RJ, Papaioannou AG, Schack T. (2016). Sport Psychology in emerging countries. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14(2), 103-185
- 29. Schinke RJ, Si G, Zhang L, Elbe AM, Watson J, Harwood,C, Terry PC (2018). Joint position stand of the ISSP, FEPSAC, ASPASP, and AASP on professional accreditation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 38, 107-115.
- 30. Sullivan J, Hodge KP. (1991). A survey of coaches and athletes about sport psychology in New Zealand. The Sport Psychologist, 5(2), 140-151.
- 31. Thelwell RC, Wood J, Harwood C, Woolway T, Van Raalte JL (2018). The role, benefits and selection of sport psychology consultants: Perceptions of youth-sport coaches and parents. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 35, 131-142.
- 32. Türkiye Basketbol Federasyonu, 2014. Türkiye Basketbol Federasyonu Ana Statüsü. 29136 sayılı Resmi Gazete.
- 33. Wilson KA, Gilbert JN, Gilbert WD, Sailor SR (2009). College athletic directors’ perceptions of sport psychology consulting. The Sport Psychologist, 23(3), 405-424.
- 34. Wrisberg CA, Withycombe JL, Simpson D, Loberg LA, Reed A. (2012). NCAA Division-I administrators’ perceptions of the benefits of sport psychology services and possible roles for a consultant. The Sport Psychologist, 26(1), 16-28.
- 35. Wrisberg, CA, Loberg LA, Simpson D, Withycombe JL, Reed A. (2010). An exploratory investigation of NCAA Division-I coaches’ support of sport psychology consultants and willingness to seek mental training services. The Sport Psychologist, 24(4), 489-503.
- 36. Zakrajsek RA, Martin SB, Zizzi SJ. (2011). American high school football coaches' attitudes toward sport psychology consultation and intentions to use sport psychology services. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 6(3), 461-478.
- 37. Zakrajsek RA., Steinfeldt JA, Bodey KJ, Martin SB, Zizzi SJ. (2013). NCAA Division I coaches’ perceptions and preferred use of sport psychology services: A qualitative perspective. The Sport Psychologist, 27(3), 258-268.
- 38. Zakrajsek RA, Zizzi SJ. (2007). Factors influencing track and swimming coaches’ intentions to use sport psychology services. Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 9(2), 1-21.
- 39. Zakrajsek RA, Zizzi SJ. (2008). How do Coaches’ Attitudes Change When Exposed to a Sport Psychology Workshop? Journal of Coaching Education, 1(1), 66-83.