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HEALTH EXPENDITURES, CO2 EMISSION, RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM THE BOOTSRAP PANEL CAUSALITY TEST

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 20, 285 - 305, 31.12.2020

Nazlı Keyifli , Mürşit Recepoğlu

Öz

This study aims to analyze empirically the nexus among health expenditures, CO2 emissions-renewable energy consumption and economic growth including Turkey the E7 countries (China, Indonesia Brazil, Mexico, India, Russia, Turkey) by using annual data for the period 2000-2016. The study obtained by Bootstrap panel granger causality test reveal the existence of a causal relationship between health expenditures and CO2 emissions-renewable energy consumption -economic growth. The policy makers' incentives to invest in renewable energy sources that increase economic growth, reduce CO2 emissions will also alleviate the pressure on health expenditures caused by the deterioration of environmental quality.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Health Expenditures Carbon Emission Bootstrap Panel Granger Causality Analysis E7 Countries

Kaynakça

  • Abdullah, H., Azam, M. & Zakariya, K. (2016). The Impact of Environmental Quality on Public Health Expenditure in Malaysia, Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Sturdies, 2(2), 365-379.
  • Abdul Samad, R.A, Ming, L.H., Ziyu, S. & Teng, W. (2016). Air Pollution and Government Health Expenditure in Malaysia, Environmental Economics, ECN 5341.
  • Amiri, A. & Ventelou B. (2012). Granger Causality between Total Expenditure on Health and GDP in OECD: Evidence from The Toda–Yamamoto Approach, Economic Letters, 116, 541–544.
  • Apergis, N., Jebli, M. B. & Youssef, S. B. (2018). Does Renewable Energy Consumption and Health Expenditures Decrease Carbon Dioxide Emissions? Evidence for Sub-Saharan, Renewable Energy, 127, 1011-1016.
  • Apergis, N., Gupta, R., Keung, C., Lau, M. & Mukherjee, Z. (2016). An Analysis of the Relationship between U.S. State Level Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Health Care Expenditure, University of Pretoria Department of Economics Working Paper.
  • Aydemir, C. & Baylan, S. (2015). Sağlık Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama, DUSBED, 7(13), 417-435.
  • Azam, M. & Ahmed, A. M. (2015). Role of Human Capital and Foreign Direct Investment in Promoting Economic Growth, International Journal of Social Economics, 42(2), 98-111.
  • Boussalem, F., Boussalem, Z. & Taiba, A. (2014). The Relationship between Public Spending on Health and Economic Growth in Algeria: Testing for co-integration and Causality. International Journal of Business and Management, 2(3), 25.
  • Boz, C. & Aslan, Ö. (2018). Türkiye’de 1980-2014 Yılları Arasında Kişi Başı Kamu Sağlık Harcamaları ile Kişi Başı Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hâsıla Arasındaki İlişki, Sosyal Güvence Dergisi, 7(14), 1-27.
  • Bölükbaş, M. (2019). The Relationship of Economic Growth with Employment, Unemployment and Youth Unemployment in the Balkan Countries: An Empirical Analysis, İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 34(3), 385-398.
  • BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2019). BP Statistical Review of World Energy.
  • Breusch, T.S. & Pagan, A.R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification Tests in Econometrics, Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-253.
  • Buonocore, J. J., Luckow, P., Norris, G., Spengler, J. D. & Biewald, B. (2015). Health and Climate Benefits of Different Energy-Efficiency and Renewable Energy Choices, Nature Climate Change, 6, 100-105.
  • Chaabouni, S. & Abednnadher, C. (2014). The Determinants of Health Expenditures in Tunisia: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach, International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector, 6(4), 60-72.
  • Chaabouni, S. & Saidi, K. (2017). The Dynamic Links between Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions, Health Spending and GDP Growth: A Case Study for 51 Countries, Environmental Research, 158, 137-144.
  • Chaabouni, S., Zghidi, N. & Mbarek, M. (2016). On The Causal Dynamics between CO2 Emissions, Health Expenditures and Economic Growth, Sustainable Cities and Society, 22, 184–191.
  • Çınar, S. & Yılmazer, M. (2015). Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Belirleyicileri ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Örneği, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 30 (1), 55-78.
  • Dell, M., Jones, B.F. & Olken, B.A. (2012). Temperature Shocks and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Half Century, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 4(3), 66–95.
  • Devlin, N. & Hansen, P. (2001). Health Care Spending and Economic Output: Granger Causality, Applied Economics Letters, 8, 561–564.
  • Elmi Z.M. & Sadeghi S. (2012). Health Care Expenditures and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Panel Co-Integration and Causality, Middle-East J Sci Res, 12, 88–91.
  • Erden, C. & Turan, K. F. (2014). Kalkınma ve Çevresel Sağlık Riskleri: Türkiye için Ekonometrik Bir Analiz, Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 9-23.
  • Gövdeli, T. (2019). Health Expenditure, Economis Growth, and CO2 Emissions: Evidence From The OECD Countries, Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11 (31), 488-516.
  • Gschwind, B., Lefevre, M., Blanc, I., Ranchin, T., Wyrwa, A., Drebszok, K., Cofala ve J. & Fuss, S. (2014). Including the Temporal Change in PM2.5 Concentration in the Assessment of Human Health Impact: Illustration with Renewable Energy Scenarios to 2050.
  • İşleyen, Ş. (2019). Sağlık Harcamaları, Çevre Kirliliği ve Ekonomik Kalkınma İlişkisi: 1998-2016 OECD Ülkeleri Örneği, Van YYÜ İİBF Dergisi, 4(7), 63-79.
  • Karakurt, B., Şentürk, S.H. & Ela, M. (2015). Çevre Vergilerinin Teknolojik İnovasyon Üzerinde Etkisi: Türkiye’nin Durumunun Değerlendirilmesi ve Öneriler, 30. Türkiye Maliye Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı, Antalya.
  • Khan, A., Hussaina, J. Bano, S. & Chenggang, Y. (2019). The Repercussions of Foreign Direct Investment, Renewable Energy and Health Expenditure on Environmental Decay? An Econometric Analysis of B&RI Countries, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 5, 2-22.
  • Khan, R.U., Mina, L., Khan, W.A., Qadeem, F. & Rawal S. (2019). Nexus between CO2, Trade Openness, Economic Growth, and Health Expenditures in Pakistan: An Application of the ARDL Bounds Testing Approach, New York Science Journal, 13(1), 93-100.
  • Kónya, L. (2006). Exports and Growth: Granger Causality Analysis on OECD Countries with a Panel Data Approach, Economic Modelling, 23(6), 978-992.
  • Mehrara, M. & Musai, M. (2011). The Causality Between Health Expenditure and Economic Growth in Iran, Int. J. Eco. Res, 2(4), 13-19.
  • Narayan, P.K. & Narayan, S. (2008). Does Environmental Quality Influence Health Expenditures? Empirical Evidence from A Panel of Selected OECD Countries, Ecological Economics, 65, 367-374.
  • Özmen, İ., Mucuk, M., Özcan, G. & Gerçeker, M. (2019). G7 Ülkelerinde Karbon Salınımı ve Sağlık Harcamaları Etkileşimi: Bootstrap Panel Nedensellik Testi, International Congress of Energy Economy and Security, İstanbul.
  • Pablo-Romero, M., Roman, R., Sánchez-Braza, A. & Yñiguez, R. (2016). Renewable Energy, Emissions, and Health, Renewable Energy - Utilisation and System Integration.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435, London: BP.
  • Pesaran, M.H. & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels, Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Pesaran, M.H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias‐Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross‐Section Independence, The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
  • Polat, A.M. & Ergun, S. (2018). Yapısal Kırılma Altında Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme, CO2 Emisyonu ve Sağlık Harcamaları İlişkisi, Business and Economics Research Journal, 9 (3), 481-497.
  • Saida, Z. & Kais, S. (2018). Environmental Pollution, Health Expenditure and Economic Growth and in the Sub-Saharan Africa Countries: Panel ARDL Approach, Sustainable Cities and Society, 41, 833-840.
  • Saraçoğlu, S. & Songur, M. (2017). Sağlık Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Avrasya Ülkeleri Örneği, Kafkas Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 8(16), 353-372).
  • Schmieder, J. & Neidell, M. (2008). Air Pollution and Infant Health: Lessons from New Jersey, National Bureau of Economic Research, Journal of Health Economics, 28(3): 688–703.
  • Sileem, H.H.M. (2016). Health Expenditure, Climate Changes and Corruption in the MENA Region: A Granger Causality Approach, Journal of African Development, 18(2):61–72.
  • Swamy, P.A.V.B. (1970). Efficient Inference in a Random Coefficient Regression Model, Econometrica, 38(2), 311 323.
  • Şahin, D. & Durmuş, S. (2019). OECD Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevre Kirliliğinin Sağlık Harcamaları Üzerine Etkisinin Analizi, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 647, 185-201.
  • Şen, H. & Kaya, A. (2018). Kamu Kesimi Büyüklüğü, Dış Şoklar ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Seçilmiş OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Çalışma, Bankacılar Dergisi, Sayı 105, 27-46.
  • Şen, H., Kaya, A. & Alpaslan, B. (2015). Education, Health, and Economic Growth Nexus: A Bootstrap Panel Granger Causality Analysis for Developing Countries, Economics Discussion Paper Series, EDP-1502.
  • Tapsoba, P.P.Y. (2017). Sustainable Health Financing for Progress Towards Universal Health Coverage in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Economies and Finances Université Clermont Auvergne.
  • Ullah, I., Ali, S., Shah, M.H., Yasim, F., Rehman, A. & Al-Ghazali, B. (2019). Linkages between Trade, CO2 Emissions and Healthcare Spending in China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), 2-15.
  • Wang, C., Hsueh, H. Li, F. & Wu, C. (2019). Bootstrap ARDL on Health Expenditure, CO2 Emissions, and GDP Growth Relationship for 18 OECD Countries, Front Public Health, 7(324), 1-9.
  • Wang, Z., Asghar, M.M., Zaidi, H.S.A. & Wang, B. (2019). Dynamic Linkages among CO2 Emissions, Health expenditures and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 285-299.
  • World Health Organization (2010). WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants, Fact Sheet No. 187.
  • Yahaya, A. Nor, M.N., Habibullah, M. S., Ghani, J.A. & Noor, Z.M. (2016). How Relevant is Environmental Quality to Per Capita Health Expenditures? Empirical Evidence From Panel of Developing Countries, SpringerPlus, 5(925), 2-14.
  • Yazdi, S.K. & Khanalizadeh, B. (2017). Air Pollution, Economic Growth and Health Care Expenditure, Economic Research, 30 (1), 1181-1190.
  • Yazdi, S.K., Tahmasebi, Z. & Mastorakis, N. (2014). Public Healthcare Expenditure and Environmental Quality in Iran, Recent Advances in Applied Economics, 126-134.
  • Zaidi, S. & Saidi, K. (2018). Environmental Pollution, Health Expenditure and Economic Growth and in the Sub-Saharan Africa Countries: Panel ARDL Approach, Sustainable Cities and Society, 41, 833-840.
  • Zhang B., Wang B. & Wang Z (2017). Role of Renewable Energy and Nonrenewable Energy Consumption on EKC: Evidence from Pakistan, Journal of Cleaner Production, 156, 855–864.

SAĞLIK HARCAMALARI, CO2 EMİSYONU, YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BOOTSTRAP PANEL NEDENSELLİK TESTİNDEN KANITLAR

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 20, 285 - 305, 31.12.2020

Nazlı Keyifli , Mürşit Recepoğlu

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin de içinde bulunduğu E7 ülkeleri (Brezilya, Çin, Hindistan, Endonezya, Meksika, Rusya, Türkiye) özelinde sağlık harcamaları ile CO2 emisyonu, ekonomik büyüme ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi arasındaki ilişkiyi 2000-2016 dönemi için yıllık veri seti kullanılarak ampirik olarak analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada yöntem olarak Kónya (2006) tarafından geliştirilen Bootstrap Panel Granger nedensellik testi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın ampirik bulguları sağlık harcamaları ile CO2 emisyonu, ekonomik büyüme ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisinin varlığını ortaya koymaktadır. Politika yapıcıların ekonomik büyümeyi artırması, CO2 emisyonunu azaltması ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yatırımı teşvik etmesi, sağlık harcamaları üzerinde çevre kalitesinin bozulması nedeniyle oluşan baskıyı hafifletecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sağlık Harcamaları Karbon Emisyonu Bootstrap Panel Granger Nedensellik Analizi E7 Ülkeleri

Kaynakça

  • Abdullah, H., Azam, M. & Zakariya, K. (2016). The Impact of Environmental Quality on Public Health Expenditure in Malaysia, Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Sturdies, 2(2), 365-379.
  • Abdul Samad, R.A, Ming, L.H., Ziyu, S. & Teng, W. (2016). Air Pollution and Government Health Expenditure in Malaysia, Environmental Economics, ECN 5341.
  • Amiri, A. & Ventelou B. (2012). Granger Causality between Total Expenditure on Health and GDP in OECD: Evidence from The Toda–Yamamoto Approach, Economic Letters, 116, 541–544.
  • Apergis, N., Jebli, M. B. & Youssef, S. B. (2018). Does Renewable Energy Consumption and Health Expenditures Decrease Carbon Dioxide Emissions? Evidence for Sub-Saharan, Renewable Energy, 127, 1011-1016.
  • Apergis, N., Gupta, R., Keung, C., Lau, M. & Mukherjee, Z. (2016). An Analysis of the Relationship between U.S. State Level Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Health Care Expenditure, University of Pretoria Department of Economics Working Paper.
  • Aydemir, C. & Baylan, S. (2015). Sağlık Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama, DUSBED, 7(13), 417-435.
  • Azam, M. & Ahmed, A. M. (2015). Role of Human Capital and Foreign Direct Investment in Promoting Economic Growth, International Journal of Social Economics, 42(2), 98-111.
  • Boussalem, F., Boussalem, Z. & Taiba, A. (2014). The Relationship between Public Spending on Health and Economic Growth in Algeria: Testing for co-integration and Causality. International Journal of Business and Management, 2(3), 25.
  • Boz, C. & Aslan, Ö. (2018). Türkiye’de 1980-2014 Yılları Arasında Kişi Başı Kamu Sağlık Harcamaları ile Kişi Başı Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hâsıla Arasındaki İlişki, Sosyal Güvence Dergisi, 7(14), 1-27.
  • Bölükbaş, M. (2019). The Relationship of Economic Growth with Employment, Unemployment and Youth Unemployment in the Balkan Countries: An Empirical Analysis, İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 34(3), 385-398.
  • BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2019). BP Statistical Review of World Energy.
  • Breusch, T.S. & Pagan, A.R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification Tests in Econometrics, Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-253.
  • Buonocore, J. J., Luckow, P., Norris, G., Spengler, J. D. & Biewald, B. (2015). Health and Climate Benefits of Different Energy-Efficiency and Renewable Energy Choices, Nature Climate Change, 6, 100-105.
  • Chaabouni, S. & Abednnadher, C. (2014). The Determinants of Health Expenditures in Tunisia: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach, International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector, 6(4), 60-72.
  • Chaabouni, S. & Saidi, K. (2017). The Dynamic Links between Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions, Health Spending and GDP Growth: A Case Study for 51 Countries, Environmental Research, 158, 137-144.
  • Chaabouni, S., Zghidi, N. & Mbarek, M. (2016). On The Causal Dynamics between CO2 Emissions, Health Expenditures and Economic Growth, Sustainable Cities and Society, 22, 184–191.
  • Çınar, S. & Yılmazer, M. (2015). Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Belirleyicileri ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Örneği, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 30 (1), 55-78.
  • Dell, M., Jones, B.F. & Olken, B.A. (2012). Temperature Shocks and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Half Century, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 4(3), 66–95.
  • Devlin, N. & Hansen, P. (2001). Health Care Spending and Economic Output: Granger Causality, Applied Economics Letters, 8, 561–564.
  • Elmi Z.M. & Sadeghi S. (2012). Health Care Expenditures and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Panel Co-Integration and Causality, Middle-East J Sci Res, 12, 88–91.
  • Erden, C. & Turan, K. F. (2014). Kalkınma ve Çevresel Sağlık Riskleri: Türkiye için Ekonometrik Bir Analiz, Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 9-23.
  • Gövdeli, T. (2019). Health Expenditure, Economis Growth, and CO2 Emissions: Evidence From The OECD Countries, Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11 (31), 488-516.
  • Gschwind, B., Lefevre, M., Blanc, I., Ranchin, T., Wyrwa, A., Drebszok, K., Cofala ve J. & Fuss, S. (2014). Including the Temporal Change in PM2.5 Concentration in the Assessment of Human Health Impact: Illustration with Renewable Energy Scenarios to 2050.
  • İşleyen, Ş. (2019). Sağlık Harcamaları, Çevre Kirliliği ve Ekonomik Kalkınma İlişkisi: 1998-2016 OECD Ülkeleri Örneği, Van YYÜ İİBF Dergisi, 4(7), 63-79.
  • Karakurt, B., Şentürk, S.H. & Ela, M. (2015). Çevre Vergilerinin Teknolojik İnovasyon Üzerinde Etkisi: Türkiye’nin Durumunun Değerlendirilmesi ve Öneriler, 30. Türkiye Maliye Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı, Antalya.
  • Khan, A., Hussaina, J. Bano, S. & Chenggang, Y. (2019). The Repercussions of Foreign Direct Investment, Renewable Energy and Health Expenditure on Environmental Decay? An Econometric Analysis of B&RI Countries, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 5, 2-22.
  • Khan, R.U., Mina, L., Khan, W.A., Qadeem, F. & Rawal S. (2019). Nexus between CO2, Trade Openness, Economic Growth, and Health Expenditures in Pakistan: An Application of the ARDL Bounds Testing Approach, New York Science Journal, 13(1), 93-100.
  • Kónya, L. (2006). Exports and Growth: Granger Causality Analysis on OECD Countries with a Panel Data Approach, Economic Modelling, 23(6), 978-992.
  • Mehrara, M. & Musai, M. (2011). The Causality Between Health Expenditure and Economic Growth in Iran, Int. J. Eco. Res, 2(4), 13-19.
  • Narayan, P.K. & Narayan, S. (2008). Does Environmental Quality Influence Health Expenditures? Empirical Evidence from A Panel of Selected OECD Countries, Ecological Economics, 65, 367-374.
  • Özmen, İ., Mucuk, M., Özcan, G. & Gerçeker, M. (2019). G7 Ülkelerinde Karbon Salınımı ve Sağlık Harcamaları Etkileşimi: Bootstrap Panel Nedensellik Testi, International Congress of Energy Economy and Security, İstanbul.
  • Pablo-Romero, M., Roman, R., Sánchez-Braza, A. & Yñiguez, R. (2016). Renewable Energy, Emissions, and Health, Renewable Energy - Utilisation and System Integration.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435, London: BP.
  • Pesaran, M.H. & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels, Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Pesaran, M.H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias‐Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross‐Section Independence, The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
  • Polat, A.M. & Ergun, S. (2018). Yapısal Kırılma Altında Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme, CO2 Emisyonu ve Sağlık Harcamaları İlişkisi, Business and Economics Research Journal, 9 (3), 481-497.
  • Saida, Z. & Kais, S. (2018). Environmental Pollution, Health Expenditure and Economic Growth and in the Sub-Saharan Africa Countries: Panel ARDL Approach, Sustainable Cities and Society, 41, 833-840.
  • Saraçoğlu, S. & Songur, M. (2017). Sağlık Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Avrasya Ülkeleri Örneği, Kafkas Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 8(16), 353-372).
  • Schmieder, J. & Neidell, M. (2008). Air Pollution and Infant Health: Lessons from New Jersey, National Bureau of Economic Research, Journal of Health Economics, 28(3): 688–703.
  • Sileem, H.H.M. (2016). Health Expenditure, Climate Changes and Corruption in the MENA Region: A Granger Causality Approach, Journal of African Development, 18(2):61–72.
  • Swamy, P.A.V.B. (1970). Efficient Inference in a Random Coefficient Regression Model, Econometrica, 38(2), 311 323.
  • Şahin, D. & Durmuş, S. (2019). OECD Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevre Kirliliğinin Sağlık Harcamaları Üzerine Etkisinin Analizi, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 647, 185-201.
  • Şen, H. & Kaya, A. (2018). Kamu Kesimi Büyüklüğü, Dış Şoklar ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Seçilmiş OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Çalışma, Bankacılar Dergisi, Sayı 105, 27-46.
  • Şen, H., Kaya, A. & Alpaslan, B. (2015). Education, Health, and Economic Growth Nexus: A Bootstrap Panel Granger Causality Analysis for Developing Countries, Economics Discussion Paper Series, EDP-1502.
  • Tapsoba, P.P.Y. (2017). Sustainable Health Financing for Progress Towards Universal Health Coverage in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Economies and Finances Université Clermont Auvergne.
  • Ullah, I., Ali, S., Shah, M.H., Yasim, F., Rehman, A. & Al-Ghazali, B. (2019). Linkages between Trade, CO2 Emissions and Healthcare Spending in China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), 2-15.
  • Wang, C., Hsueh, H. Li, F. & Wu, C. (2019). Bootstrap ARDL on Health Expenditure, CO2 Emissions, and GDP Growth Relationship for 18 OECD Countries, Front Public Health, 7(324), 1-9.
  • Wang, Z., Asghar, M.M., Zaidi, H.S.A. & Wang, B. (2019). Dynamic Linkages among CO2 Emissions, Health expenditures and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 285-299.
  • World Health Organization (2010). WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants, Fact Sheet No. 187.
  • Yahaya, A. Nor, M.N., Habibullah, M. S., Ghani, J.A. & Noor, Z.M. (2016). How Relevant is Environmental Quality to Per Capita Health Expenditures? Empirical Evidence From Panel of Developing Countries, SpringerPlus, 5(925), 2-14.
  • Yazdi, S.K. & Khanalizadeh, B. (2017). Air Pollution, Economic Growth and Health Care Expenditure, Economic Research, 30 (1), 1181-1190.
  • Yazdi, S.K., Tahmasebi, Z. & Mastorakis, N. (2014). Public Healthcare Expenditure and Environmental Quality in Iran, Recent Advances in Applied Economics, 126-134.
  • Zaidi, S. & Saidi, K. (2018). Environmental Pollution, Health Expenditure and Economic Growth and in the Sub-Saharan Africa Countries: Panel ARDL Approach, Sustainable Cities and Society, 41, 833-840.
  • Zhang B., Wang B. & Wang Z (2017). Role of Renewable Energy and Nonrenewable Energy Consumption on EKC: Evidence from Pakistan, Journal of Cleaner Production, 156, 855–864.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nazlı Keyifli 0000-0002-0589-8089

Mürşit Recepoğlu 0000-0002-6861-2607

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 20

Kaynak Göster

APA Keyifli, N., & Recepoğlu, M. (2020). SAĞLIK HARCAMALARI, CO2 EMİSYONU, YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BOOTSTRAP PANEL NEDENSELLİK TESTİNDEN KANITLAR. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(20), 285-305.
AMA Keyifli N, Recepoğlu M. SAĞLIK HARCAMALARI, CO2 EMİSYONU, YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BOOTSTRAP PANEL NEDENSELLİK TESTİNDEN KANITLAR. KTÜSBD. Aralık 2020;10(20):285-305.
Chicago Keyifli, Nazlı, ve Mürşit Recepoğlu. “SAĞLIK HARCAMALARI, CO2 EMİSYONU, YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BOOTSTRAP PANEL NEDENSELLİK TESTİNDEN KANITLAR”. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 10, sy. 20 (Aralık 2020): 285-305.
EndNote Keyifli N, Recepoğlu M (01 Aralık 2020) SAĞLIK HARCAMALARI, CO2 EMİSYONU, YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BOOTSTRAP PANEL NEDENSELLİK TESTİNDEN KANITLAR. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 10 20 285–305.
IEEE N. Keyifli ve M. Recepoğlu, “SAĞLIK HARCAMALARI, CO2 EMİSYONU, YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BOOTSTRAP PANEL NEDENSELLİK TESTİNDEN KANITLAR”, KTÜSBD, c. 10, sy. 20, ss. 285–305, 2020.
ISNAD Keyifli, Nazlı - Recepoğlu, Mürşit. “SAĞLIK HARCAMALARI, CO2 EMİSYONU, YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BOOTSTRAP PANEL NEDENSELLİK TESTİNDEN KANITLAR”. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 10/20 (Aralık 2020), 285-305.
JAMA Keyifli N, Recepoğlu M. SAĞLIK HARCAMALARI, CO2 EMİSYONU, YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BOOTSTRAP PANEL NEDENSELLİK TESTİNDEN KANITLAR. KTÜSBD. 2020;10:285–305.
MLA Keyifli, Nazlı ve Mürşit Recepoğlu. “SAĞLIK HARCAMALARI, CO2 EMİSYONU, YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BOOTSTRAP PANEL NEDENSELLİK TESTİNDEN KANITLAR”. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 10, sy. 20, 2020, ss. 285-0.
Vancouver Keyifli N, Recepoğlu M. SAĞLIK HARCAMALARI, CO2 EMİSYONU, YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: BOOTSTRAP PANEL NEDENSELLİK TESTİNDEN KANITLAR. KTÜSBD. 2020;10(20):285-30.

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