Duygusal İstismar ve İhmal Konusunda Ebeveyn Farkındalığı

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 177 - 201, 30.12.2019

Seher Ersoy Quadir , Nisa Özer , Gizem Yücel , Abdülbaki Akar , Musa Puse

Öz

Bu araştırma ile anne ve babaların çocuk ihmali ve duygusal istismarı konusundaki farkındalık düzeylerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini, 2018 yılında Konya iline bağlı merkez ilçelerinde yaşayan halk arasından tesadüfi örneklem yöntemi ile seçilen 248 ebeveyn oluşturmuştur. Ebeveynlerin farkındalık düzeyini ölçmek amacıyla ‘’Ebeveynlerin İhmal ve Duygusal İstismar Davranışları Ölçeği’’ kullanılmıştır. Örneklem grubunun ortalama ölçek puanlarına göre, çocuklarına yönelik duygusal istismar ve ihmal uygulamadıkları bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte maksimum değerlerde, örneklem grubu içindeki bazı ebeveynlerin çocuklarına bazı duygusal istismar ve ihmal davranışlarını “ara sıra” uyguladıkları saptanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

çocuk ihmali, çocuğa duygusal istismar

Parental Awareness On Emotional Abuse And Neglect

Öz

The aim of this study was to determine the awareness level of parents about child neglect and emotional abuse. The sample of the study consisted of 248 parents who were selected by random sampling method from among the people living in the central districts of Konya province in 2018. “Parental Emotional Abuse and Neglect Scale” was used to measure the awareness level of the parents. According to the mean scale scores of the sample group, it was found that they did not apply emotional abuse and neglect to their children. However, at maximum values, it was found that some parents in the sample group “occasionally” applied to their children some emotional abuse and neglect.

Anahtar Kelimeler

child neglect, emotional abuse to child

Kaynakça

• Aksel, Ş. & Yılmaz Irmak, T. (2015). Çocuk Cinsel İstismarı Konusunda Öğretmenlerin Bilgi ve Deneyimleri. (Teachers' Knowledge and Experience about Child Sexual Abuse) Ege Eğitim Dergisi (Ege Journal of Education), 16(2); pp.373-391.
• Altıparmak, S., Yıldırım, G., Yardımcı, F., & Ergin, D. (2013). Annelerden alınan bilgilerle çocuk istismarı ve etkileyen etkenler (Child abuse and neglect based on the information obtained from mothers, and the factors affecting child abuse). Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 14; pp.354-361.
• Altunsu, B.A.(2004). Çocuklara Bakım Veren Hemşirelerin Çocuk İstismar ve İhmalini Tanıyabilmeleri (Recognition of Child Abuse and Neglect by Nursing Nurses ). Unpublished Master's Thesis, Marmara University, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul/ Turkey.
• Arıkan, Ç. (2016). Davranışçı Yaklaşım (Behavioral Approach). İnsan Davranışları ve Sosyal Çevre I (Human Behavior and Social Environment I), Unit 6, Atatürk University Open Education Faculty Publication. Erzurum/ Turkey; pp. 1-27. (Retrieved on October 28, 2016).
• Ayan, S. (2007). Aile içinde şiddete uğrayan çocukların saldırganlık eğilimleri. (Aggressiveness tendencies of the children exposed to domestic violence) Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 8; pp. 206-214.
• Ayaz, T., Yılmaz Özpolat, A., Yücel, D., & Altunöz, U. (2013). Kendi çocuğunu fiziksel olarak istismar eden ve kendisi de fiziksel istismar gören bir OKB vakası (A case of OCD that physically abused its own child and was physically abused). Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi (Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research), 2; pp. 116-120.
• Bekçi, B. (2006). İlköğretim İkinci Kademe Öğrencilerinde Aile İçi Çocuk İstismarı ve Öfke Tetikleyicileri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. (Evaluation of the relationship between the Child Abuse in the Family and Anger Triggers of elementary school students.) Unpublished Master's Thesis, İstanbul University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Education Sciences, Istanbul/ Turkey.
• Bethea, L. (1999). Primary Prevention of Child Abuse. American Family Physician, 59(6); pp. 1577-1585.
• Browne, K. (1995). Preventing Child Maltreatment Trough Community Nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21 (1); pp. 57-63.
• Can Özcan, M. (2010). İstismar ve İhmalin Çocuklar Üzerindeki Fiziksel ve Psikolojik Etkilerinin İncelenmesi (Examination of the physical and psychological effects of abuse and neglect on children). Unpublished Master's Thesis, Atatürk University , Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Child Health and Diseases Nursing, Erzurum/ Turkey.
• Can Yaşar, M., Şenol, F.B., & Akyol, T. (2015). Öğretmen Adaylarının Çocuğa Yönelik Cinsel İstismar Tutumlarının İncelenmesi (Investigation of Teacher Candidates’ Attitudes about Sexual Abuse through to Child). Uluslararası Katılımlı III. Çocuk Gelişimi ve Eğitimi Kongresi “Erken Müdahale”, 11-13 Mayıs 2015, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Kültür Merkezi, Ankara , Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 1(Suppl2); pp.228-241.
• CANS (Child Abuse and Neglect Statistics) (2008). National Child Abuse and Neglect Statistics. Arizona Child Abuse and Neglect Center. Retrieved from http://childhelpinfocenter.org
• CAT (Child Abuse in Turkey) (2010). Türkiye’de Çocuk İstismarı ve Aile İçi Şiddet Araştırması (Child Abuse and Domestic Violence in Turkey). Başbakanlık Sosyal Hizmetler ve Çocuk Esirgeme Kurumu Yayını (Prime Ministry Social Services and Child Protection Agency Publication), Retrieved on June 17, 2019 from http://panel.unicef.org.tr/vera/app/var/files/c/o/cocuk-istismari-raporu-tr.pdf.
• Child Protection Law (Çocuk Koruma Kanunu) (2005). Çocuk Koruma Kanunu. T.C. Resmi Gazete (Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey) Sayı (Number): 25876, Başbakanlık Basımevi (Prime Ministry Printing House), Ankara/ Turkey. Retrieved on June 17, 2019 from http://www.mevzuat.adalet.gov.tr/html/1527.html.
• Chung, E.K., Mathew, L., Rothkopf, A.C., Elo, I.T., Coyne, J.C.,& Culhane, J.F. (2009). Parenting attitudes and infant spanking: the influence of childhood experiences. Pediatrics, 124; pp. 278-286.
• Clark, J.W. (2001). Parent-Focused Interventions: A Meta-Analytic Consideration of Risk and Outcome Categories. Paper present at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association (109th, San Francisco, CA, August 24-28, 2001); 24 pages.
• Coohey, C. (1996). Child maltreatment: Testing the social isolation hypothesis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20; pp. 241-254.
• Coohey, C. (2001). The relationship between familism and child maltreatment in Latino and Anglo families. Child Maltreatment, 6; pp.130–142.
• Çatık, A.E. & Çam, O. (2006). Hemşire ve Ebelerin Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmalinin Belirti ve Risklerini Tanıma Düzeylerinin Saptanması (Determination of the Levels of Recognition of Symptoms and Risks of Child Abuse and Neglect by Nurses and Midwives). Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksek Okulu Dergisi (Journal of Ege University School of Nursing), 22 (2); pp.103-119.
• Çoknaz, H., Aydın, M., & Mısır, E. (2017). Physical Health Self-Perception Levels of the Middle School Children Subjected to Abuse. Marmara University Journal of Sport Science, 2 (1), June; pp. 8-15 (DOI: 10.22396/sbd.2017.21).
• Dallar Bilge, Y., Taşar, M.A., Kılınçoğlu, B., Özmen, S., & Tıraş, Ü. (2013). Alt sosyo ekonomik düzeye sahip anne-babaların çocuk istismarı ve ihmali hakkındaki bilgi düzeyleri, deneyimleri ve kullandıkları disiplin yöntemleri (Socioeconomic status lower levels of parental knowledge about child abuse, neglect, experiences and discipline methods used). Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi (Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry), 14; pp. 27-35.
• DHHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). (2004). Child maltreatment 2002: Summary of key findings. Retrieved on September 1 (2004), from http://nccanch.acf.hhs.gov
• Deveci, E. & Açık, Y. (2003). Çocuk İstismarı Nedenlerinin İncelenmesi (Investigation of Causes of Child Abuse). ARŞİV (Archive), 12; pp. 396-405.
• Dilsiz, H. & Mağden, D. (2015). Öğretmenlerin Çocuk İstismar ve İhmali Konusunda Bilgi ve Risk Tanıma Düzeylerinin Tespit Edilmesi (Determination of of Teachers' Knowledge and Risk Recognition Levels on Child Abuse and Neglect). Uluslararası Katılımlı III. Çocuk Gelişimi ve Eğitimi Kongresi “Erken Müdahale”, 11-13 Mayıs 2015, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Kültür Merkezi, Ankara , Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 1(Suppl2); pp. 678-694.
• Dubowitz, H. (2005). Preventing Child Neglect and Physical Abuse. Pediatrics in Review, 23(6): pp. 191-196.
• FCAN (Fatal Child Abuse and Neglect ).(1995). A Nation's Shame: Fatal Child Abuse and Neglect in the United States. A Report of the U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect. Fifth Report, Washington, DC.
• Gölge, Z.B., Hamzaoğlu, N., & Türk, B. (2012). Sağlık Çalışanlarının Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmali Konusundaki Farkındalık Düzeylerinin Ölçülmesi (Assesment of Medical Staff Awareness About Child Abuse and Neglect). Adli Tıp Dergisi (Journal of Forensic Medicine), 26(2); pp. 86-96. (DOI: 10.5505/adlitip.2012.36349).
• Güler, N., Uzun, S. Boztaş, Z., & Aydoğan, S. (2002). Anneleri Tarafından Çocuklara UygulananDuygusal ve Fiziksel İstismar/İhmal Davranışı ve Bunu Etkileyen Faktörler (The behaviours of mothers who perform physical or emotional abuse/neglect of their children). Cumhuriyet University Medical Journal, 24 (3): pp.128 – 134.
• Güner, Ş.İ., Güner, S. & Şahan, M.H. (2010). Çocuklarda Sosyal ve Medikal Bir Problem; İstismar (A Social and Medical Problem in Children; Abuse). Van Medical Journal, 17(3); pp. 108-113.
• Harder, J. (2005). Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect: An Evaluation of a Home Visitation Parent Aide Program Using Recidivism Data. Research on Social Work Practice, 15 (4), July; pp. 246-256. (DOI: 10.1177/1049731505275062).
• Harford, T.C., Yia, H., & Grant, B. F. (2014). Associations between childhood abuse and interpersonal aggression and suicide attempt among U.S. adults in anational study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, pp. 1389–1398.
• Howe, D. (2005). Child Abuse and Neglect. Palgrave Macmillan. New York.
• HRA (İnsan Hakları Derneği: Human Rights Association) (2008). Çocuk İhmali ve İstismarını Önleme: Öğretmenler ve Aileler İçin Eğitim Kılavuzu (Prevention of Child Neglect and Abuse: Education Guide for Teachers and Families). Berkay Ofset, Ankara/ Turkey.
• İzmirli, M., Sur, H. & Polat, N. (2000). Çocuğa karşı dayak olgusu ve çocuk istismarı (Child beating and child abuse). Çocuk Forumu Dergisi (Journal of Children’s Forum), 3(1), pp. 37-49.
• Jennings, K. D., Stagg, V., & Connors, R. E. (1991). Social networks and mothers' interactions with their preschool children. Child Development, 62(5); pp. 966–978.
• Kara, B., Biçer, Ü. & Gökalp, A.S. (2004). Çocuk İstismarı (Child Abuse). Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi (Journal of Child Health Diseases), 47; pp. 140-151.
• Kara, Ö. (2010). Ankara İlinde Görev Yapan Pediatri Asistanları, Uzmanları ve Pratisyen Hekimlerin Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmali Konusunda Bilgi Düzeyleri ve Yaklaşımlarının Karşılaştırılması. (Comparison of Pediatric Assistants, Specialists and General Practitioners' Knowledge Levels and Approaches on Child Abuse and Neglect Who were Working in Ankara) Department of Child Health and Diseases Specialty Thesis in Medicine, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara/ Turkey.
• Kaya, İ. & Çeçen-Eroğul, A.R. (2015). Relationship between resilience and childhood abuse/neglect in adolescent. Proceedings of INTCESS15- 2nd International Conference on Education and Social Sciences, 2-4 February 2015- Istanbul, Turkey; pp. 1177-1182.
• Keeling, J. D. (2013). Children’s physical abuse and developmental risk: The contributıon of mothers’ attachment experiences, parenting stress, and caregiving helplessness. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Mills College, Oakland, California.
• Keser, N., Odabaş, E.& Elibüyük, S. (2010). Ana-Babaların Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmali Konusundaki Bilgi Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi (The Evaluation of Parents’ Knowledge About Child Abuse. Türkiye Çocuk Hastalıkları Dergisi (Turkish Journal of Pediatric Disease), 4(3): pp. 150-157.
• Kocaer, Ü. (2006). Hekim ve Hemşirelerin Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmaline Yönelik Farkındalık Düzeyleri (Awareness Levels of Physicians and Nurses for Child Abuse and Neglect). Unpublished Master's Thesis, Marmara University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul/ Turkey.
• Koçak, C. & Büyükgönenç, L. (2011). Toplumdaki Bireylerin Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmaline Yönelik Bilgi ve Görüşleri (Knowledge and View of Individuals on Child Abuse and Neglect). Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (Hitit University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences), 4(1), June; pp. 89-104.
• Kubin Mete, B. (2015). Çocuk İstismarı: Stres, Aile İşlevselliği, Sosyal Yalıtım, Kabul/Red (Child Abuse: Stress, Family Functioning, Social Isolation, Acceptance/Rejection). Unpublished Master's Thesis, Hacettepe University, Department of Education Sciences, Ankara/ Turkey.
• Kürklü, A. (2011). Öğretmenlerin Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmaline Yönelik Farkındalık Düzeyleri (Levels of Teachers’ Awareness about Child Exploitation and Negligence). Unpublished Master's Thesis, Afyon Kocatepe University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Child Health and Disease Nursing, Afyonkarahisar/ Turkey.
• Li, F., Godinet, M. T., & Arnsberger, P. (2011). Protective factors among families with children at risk of maltreatment: Follow up to early school years. Children and Youth Services Review, 33; pp. 139–148.
• Maggiolo, C.E. (1998). Defining the Unknown-Neglect. US Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement ( The Educational Resources İnformation Center: ERIC); pp. 1-15.
• Mersky, J. P., Berger, L. M., Reynolds, A. J., & Gromoske, A. N. (2009). Risk factors for child and adolescent maltreatment: A longitudinal investigation of a cohort of inner-city youth. Child Maltreatment, 14(1); pp. 73-88.
• Murry, S.K., Baker. A.W., & Lewin L.(2000). Screening families with young children for child maltreatment potantial. Pediatric Nursing, 26(1); pp. 47-54.
• Oral, R., Can, D., Kaplan, S., Polat, S., Ateş, N., Cetin, G., Miral, S., Hanci, H., Ersahin, Y., Tepeli, N., Bulguc, A. G., ve Tiras, B. (2001). Child abuse in Turkey: an experience in overcoming denial and a description of 50 cases. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25 (2); pp. 279–290.
• Öncü, E., Kurt, A. Ö., & Esenay, F. I. (2012). Çalışan çocukların ailede istismarı (Abuse of working children within the family). Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Dergisi (Turkey Journal of Public Health), 10(3); pp. 128-140.
• Özer, G. (2014). Ebeveynlerin Çocuk Cinsel İstismarına Dair Bilinçleri, Endişeleri ve Aldıkları Önlemler (Parents' Awareness of Child Sexual Abuse, Concerns and Precautions ). Unpublished Master's Thesis, İstanbul University, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Social Sciences, Istanbul/ Turkey.
• Özgentürk, İ. (2014). Child abuse and neglect. International Journal of Human Sciences, 11 (2); pp. 265-278. (doi: 10.14687/ijhs.v11i1.2943).
• Paavilainen, E., Astedt-Kurki, P., Paunonen-Ilmonen, M., & Laippala, P. (2001). Risk factors of child maltreatment within the family: towards a knowledgeable base of family nursing. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 38, pp. 297–303.
• Pala, B. (2011). Geleceğin Öğretmenlerinin Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmali Konusunda Bilgi ve Farkındalık Düzeyleri (Knowledge and Awareness About Child Abuse and Neglect of The Teachers of Future).Unpublished Speciality Thesis. Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Eskişehir/ Turkey.
• Pala, B., Ünalacak, M. & Ünlüoğlu, İ. (2011). Çocuklara kötü muamele: İstismar ve ihmal (Child maltreatment: Abuse and neglect). Dicle Medical Journal, 38 (1); pp. 121-127.
• Pekdoğan, S. (2016). Annelerin İstismar Potansiyellerinin Bazı Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi (Investigation of Mothers’ Abuse Potentials According to Some Variables). Ege Eğitim Dergisi (Ege Journal of Education), 2(17); pp. 425 – 441.
• Polat Külcü, D. & Karataş, H. (2016). Çocuk Kliniklerinde Çalışan Hemşirelerin Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmali Konusunda Bilgi Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi (Examination of the pediatric nurses’ knowledge about child abuse and neglect). Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi (Journal of Ege University Faculty of Nursing), 32 (1): pp. 48-58.
• Rodriguez, C. M., & Tucker, M. C. (2015). Predicting maternal physical child abuse risk beyond distress and social support: Additive role of cognitive processes. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24 (6); 1780-1790 (doi: 10.1007/s10826-014-9981-9).
• Sidebotham, P., & Golding, J. (2001). Child maltreatment in the “Children of the Nineties”. A longitudinal study of parental risk factors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25; pp. 1177-1200.
• Şimşek, S. & Cenkseven-Önder, F. (2011). An Investigation the Behavioral Problems of Adolescents, Who Perceived Emotional Abuse from Parents and Teachers. Elementary Education Online, 10(3); pp. 1124-1137.
• Tıraşçı, Y. & Gören, S. (2007). Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmali (Child Abuse and Neglect). Dicle Medical Journal, 34(1); pp. 70-74.
• Tugay, D. (2008). Öğretmenlerin Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmaline Yönelik Farkındalık Düzeyleri (Teachers' Awareness Levels for Child Abuse and Neglect). Unpublished Master's Thesis, Marmara University, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul/ Turkey.
• Tuna, S. (2010). Aile İçi Çocuk İstismarı: Annelerin Bazı Risk Faktörleri Açısından İncelenmesi. (Domestic child abuse: Investigation of mothers in terms of some risk factors). Unpublished Master's Thesis, İstanbul University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Education Sciences, Istanbul/ Turkey.
• Turhan, E., Sangün, Ö. & İnandı, T. (2006). Birinci Basamakta Çocuk İstismarı ve Önlenmesi (Child Abuse and Prevention In Primary Care). Sted, 5(9); pp. 153-157.
• Uysal, A. (1998). Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmalinin Belirti ve Risklerini Tanılamada Hemşire ve Ebelerin Bilgi Düzeylerinin Saptanması (Determination of Knowledge Levels of Nurses and Midwives in Diagnosing Symptoms and Risks of Child Abuse and Neglect ). Unpublished Master's Thesis, Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, İzmir/ Turkey.
• Uysal-Bayrak, H. (2019). Ebeveynlerin gözünde Çocuk İstisması: Metaforik Bir Çalışma (Child Abuse From Parent's Eyes: A Metaphoric Study). Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet (Society and Social Work), 30 (2); pp. 376-389.
• Veltkamp, L. J. &Miller, T. W. (1994). Clinical Handbook of Child Abuse and Neglect. International Universities Press, USA.
• Walker, C. E., Bonner, B. L. & Kaufman, K. L. (1988). The Physically and Sexually Abused Child. Evalutaion and Treatment. Pergamon Press, New York.
• Wang, C. & Dora, D. (1997). Current Trends in Child Abuse Reporting and Fatalities: The Results of the 1996 Annual Fifty State Survey. National Committe to Prevent Child Abuse, Chicago, USA; 19 pages. Retrieved on July 14, 2019 from http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=167158
• Westman, J. C. (1996). Reducing Governmental Interventions in Families by Licensing Parents. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Orthopsychiatric Association (73rd, Boston, MA, May 1-4,1996); 9 pages.
• Yalçın, H., Koçak, N., & Duman, G. (2014). Anne Babaların Çocuk İstismarıyla İlgili Tutumlarının İncelenmesi (Investigation Parents’ Attitudes Related of Child Abuse). KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomı̇k Arastırmalar Dergı̇si (KMU Journal of Social and Economic Research),16(Special Issue-1); pp. 137-143.
• Yılmaz Irmak, T. (2008). Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmalinin Yaygınlığı ve Dayanıklılıkla İlişkili Faktörler Prevalance of Child Abuse and Neglect and Resilience Factors). Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Ege University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Izmir/ Turkey.
• Zoroğlu, S.S., Tüzün, Ü., Şar, V., Öztürk, M., Eröcal Kora, M. & Alyanak, B. (2001). Çocukluk dönemi istismar ve ihmalinin olası sonuçları (Probable consequences of childhood abuse and neglect. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 2(2); pp. 69-78.