Investigation of Physical Activity Levels of Middle School Students and Their Parents In the COVID-19 Pandemic Period

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 43 - 56, 25.04.2022

Halil İbrahim Çakır , Adnan Ersoy , Gökhan Çakır

https://doi.org/10.55238/seder.1039935

Öz

The aim of this study is to examine the physical activity levels of middle school students studying during the COVID-19 pandemic period and their parents in terms of some variables, and also to reveal the relationship between the physical activity levels of parents and their children. 381 middle school students studying in Rize during the 2021-2022 academic year and 667 parents participated in the study. As data collection tools, the personal information form, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form and the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children were used. In the statistical method, the percentage distribution and frequency values of the data were determined by descriptive statistics. Shapiro Wilk Test and Kurtosis-Skewness values were used as normality test. In pairwise comparisons, Independent Sample T Test was used for parametric data and Mann Whitney U Test was used for non-parametric data. One-way ANOVA was used for parametric data and Kruskal Wallis test was used for non-parametric data in the comparison of groups of three or more. Spearman correlation test was used in the relation analysis. It was observed that there were significant differences between the physical activity levels of the children according to their age and gender. Similarly, there were significant differences between the physical activity levels of parents according to their gender. It was determined that there was a moderate relationship between the physical activity scores of mothers and fathers. As a result, it was found that catching COVID 19 did not cause a difference in physical activity levels of parents and children, male parents and male children had more physical activity levels than female parents and female children, and there was no relationship between the physical activity levels of parents and their children.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid19, physical activity, parent, middle school students

Covıd-19 Pandemisi Döneminde Ortaokul Öğrencileri ile Ebeveynlerinin Fiziksel Aktivite Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı COVID-19 pandemisi döneminde öğrenim gören ortaokul öğrencileri ve ebeveynlerinin fiziksel aktivite düzeylerini bazı değişkenler açısından incelemek ve ebeveynlerle çocuklarının fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmaya 2021-2022 eğitim öğretim döneminde Rize’de öğrenim gören 381 ortaokul öğrencisi ile 667 ebeveyn katıldı. Veri toplama aracı olarak kişisel bilgi formu ile Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi Kısa Formu ve Çocuklar İçin Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi kullanıldı. İstatistik yöntemde verilerin yüzde dağılım ve frekans değerleri tanımlayıcı istatistikle belirlendi. Normallik testi olarak Shapiro Wilk Test ve Basıklık Çarpıklık değerleri kullanıldı. İkili karşılaştırmalarda parametrik veriller için Bağımsız Örneklem T Testi, parametrik olmayan veriler için ise Mann Whitney U Testi kullanıldı. Üç ve üzeri grupların karşılaştırılmasında parametrik veriler için Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi, parametrik olmayan veriler için ise Kruskal Wallis testi kullanıldı. İlişki analizinde ise Spearman Korelasyon testinden yararlanıldı. Ebeveynlerin anne baba durumlarına göre, çocukların yaş ve cinsiyetlerine göre fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri arasında anlamlı farklılıklar olduğu görüldü. Annelerle babaların fiziksek aktivite puanları arasında ise orta düzeyde bir ilişki olduğu tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak COVID 19’a yakalanmanın ebeveyn ve çocuklarda fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri açısından farklılığa sebep olmadığı, erkek ebeveynlerin ve erkek çocukların kadın ebeveyn ve kız çocuklara göre daha fazla fiziksel aktivite düzeyine sahip olduğu, ebeveynlerle çocukları arasında fiziksel aktivite düzeyi açısından bir ilişki olmadığı tespit edildi.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid19, Fiziksel Aktivite, Ebeveyn, Ortaokul öğrencileri

Kaynakça

• Ammar, A., Brach, M., Trabelsi, K., Chtourou, H., Boukhris, O., Masmoudi, L., Bouaziz, B., Bentlage, E., How, D. & Ahmed, M. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: results of the ECLB-COVID19 International online survey. Nutrients, 12, 1583.
• Barros, S.S, Lopes, A.S. & Barros M.V. (2012). Prevalence of low physical activity level among preschool children. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum, 14, 390-400.
• Bedford, J., Enria, D., Giesecke, J., Heymann, D. L., Ihekweazu, C., Kobinger, G., Lane, H. C., Memish, Z., Oh, M. D., & Schuchat, A. (2020). COVID-19: Towards controlling of a pandemic. Lancet, 395, 1015–1018.
• Caspersen, C.J., Powell, K.E. & Christenson, G.M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 126–131.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Guidance for Administrators in Parks and Recreational Facilities. Available online at: https://www.cdc. gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/parks-rec/park-administrators.html (accessed September 17, 2020).
• Chen, P., Mao, L., Nassis, G. P., Harmer, P., Ainsworth, B. E. & Li, F. (2020). Returning Chinese school-aged children and adolescents to physical activity in the wake of COVID-19: Actions and precautions. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9(4), 322–324.
• Christofaro, D., Andersen, L.B., Andrade, S.M., Barros, M., Saraiva, B., Fernandes, R.A. & Ritti-Dias, R. M. (2018). Adolescents' physical activity is associated with previous and current physical activity practice by their parents. Jornal de Pediatria, 94(1), 48–55.
• Craig, C.L., Marshall, A.L., Sjöström. M., Bauman. A.E., Booth, M.L., Ainsworth, B.E. (2003). International physi-cal activity questionnaire: 12-Country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 35, 1381-1395.
• Dunton, G.F., Do, B. & Wang, S.D. (2020). Early effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity and sedentary behavior in children living in the U.S. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1351.
• Erdim, L., Ergün, A. & Kuğuoğlu, S. (2019). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for older children. Turk J Med Sci, 49(1), 162-9.
• Eyler, A.A., Schmidt, L., Beck, A., Gilbert, A., Kepper, M. & Mazzucca, S. (2021). Children’s physical activity and screen time during COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative exploration of parent perceptions. Health Behavior and Policy Review, 8(3), 236-246.
• Eyler, A.A., Schmidt, L., Kepper. M., Mazzucca. S., Gilbert, A. & Beck, A. (2021). Parent perceptions of changes in child physical activity during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders. Front. Public Health 9:637151.
• Fogelholm, M., Nuutinen, O., Pasanen, M., Myöhänen, E. & Säätelä, T. (1999). Parent-child relationship of physical activity patterns and obesity. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders. Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 23(12), 1262–1268.
• Gilic, B., Ostojic, L., Corluka, M., Volaric, T. & Sekulic, D. (2020). Contextualizing parental/familial ınfluence on physical activity in adolescents before and during COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective analysis. Children (Basel, Switzerland), 7(9), 125.
• Guerrero, M.D., Vanderloo, L.M., Rhodes, R.E., Faulkner, G., Moore, S.A. & Tremblay, M.S. (2020). Canadian children’s and youth’s adherence to the 24-h movement guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic: a decision tree analysis. J Sport Health Sci, 9, 313-21.
• Jago, R., Fox, K.R., Page, A.S., Brockman, R. & Thompson, J.L. (2010). Parent and child physical activity and sedentary time: do active parents foster active children?. BMC Public Health, 10, 194.
• Kahn, E.B., Ramsey, L.T., Brownson, R.C., Heath, G.W., Howze, E.H., Powell, K.E., Stone, E.J., Rajab, M.W. & Corso, P. (2002). The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity. A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22(4), 73–107.
• Kheradmand, A., Hassabi, M., Alishahi, Y.& Seif, P. (2020). The relation of internet and smartphone addiction with physical activity level in medical students. Pakistan Journal Of Medical & Health Sciences. 14(2). 1039-1042.
• Korkmaz, N.H., Öztürk, İ.E., Rodoslu, C. & Uğur, S. (2020). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin COVID -19 salgını sürecinde fiziksel aktivite düzeylerindeki değişikliklerin incelenmesi (Bursa ili örneği). Atatürk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(4).
• Kowalski, K.C., Crocker, P.R.E., & Donen, R.M. (2004). The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) and Adolescents (PAQ-A) Manual. Saskatoon, Canada: University of Saskatchewan.
• Lai, C.C., Shih, T.P., Ko, W.C., Tang, H.J. & Hsueh, P.R. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 55(3), 105924.
• Langøy, A., Smith, O., Wold, B., Samdal, O. & Haug, E. M. (2019). Associations between family structure and young people's physical activity and screen time behaviors. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 433.
• Lesser, I.A. & Nienhuis, C.P. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on physical activity behavior and well-being of Canadians. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3899.
• Madsen, K.A., McCulloch, C.E. & Crawford, P.B. (2009). Parent modeling: perceptions of parents' physical activity predict girls' activity throughout adolescence. The Journal of Pediatrics, 154(2), 278–283.
• McCormack, G.R., Doyle-Baker, P.K., Petersen, J.A. & Ghoneim, D. (2020). Parent anxiety and perceptions of their child's physical activity and sedentary behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. Preventive Medicine Reports, 20, 101275.
• McMurray, R.G., Berry, D.C., Schwartz, T.A., Hall, E.G., Neal, M.N., Li, S. & Lam, D. (2016). Relationships of physical activity and sedentary time in obese parent-child dyads: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 16, 124.
• Medrano, M., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Oses, M., Arenaza, L., Amasene, M. & Labayen, I. (2021). Changes in lifestyle behaviours during the COVID-19 confinement in Spanish children: A longitudinal analysis from the MUGI project. Pediatric Obesity, 16(4), e12731.
• Mitra, R., Moore, S.A., Gillespie, M., Faulkner, G., Vanderloo, L.M., Chulak-Bozzer, T., Rhodes, R.E., Brussoni, M. & Tremblay, M. S. (2020). Healthy movement behaviours in children and youth during the COVID-19 pandemic: Exploring the role of the neighbourhood environment. Health & Place, 65, 102418.
• Moore, S.A., Faulkner, G., Rhodes, R.E., Brussoni, M., Chulak-Bozzer, T., Ferguson, L.J., Mitra, R., O'Reilly, N., Spence, J.C., Vanderloo, L.M. & Tremblay, M.S. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 virus outbreak on movement and play behaviours of Canadian children and youth: A national survey. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17, 1-11.
• Mutz, M. & Reimers, A. (2021). Leisure time sports and exercise activities during the COVID-19 pandemic: a survey of working parents. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research. 51. 1-6.
• Öztürk, M. (2005). Üniversitede eğitim-öğretim gören öğrencilerde uluslararası fiziksel aktivite anke-tinin geçerliliği ve güvenirliği ve fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Petersen, T.L., Møller, L.B., Brønd, J.C., Jepsen, R. & Grøntved, A. (2020). Association between parent and child physical activity: a systematic review. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 67.
• Riazi, N.A., Wunderlich, K., Gierc, M., Brussoni, M., Moore, S.A., Tremblay, M.S. & Faulkner, G. (2021). You can't go to the park, you can't go here, you can't go there": exploring parental experiences of COVID-19 and its impact on their children's movement behaviours. Children, 8(3), 219.
• Sallis, R., Young, D.R., Tartof, S.Y., Sallis, J.F., Sall, J., Li, Q., Smith, G.N., & Cohen, D.A. (2021). Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: a study in 48 440 adult patients. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(19), 1099–1105.
• Sigmundová, D., Sigmund, E., Badura, P., & Hollein, T. (2020). Parent-child physical activity association in families with 4-to 16-year-old children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 4015.
• Štveráková, T., Jačisko, J., Busch, A., Šafářová, M., Kolář, P. & Kobesová, A. (2021) The impact of COVID-19 on Physical Activity of Czech children. Plos One 16(7), e0254244.
• Tanir, H. (2021). The risk of physical activity and smart phone addiction in sports high school students: an example of a state school. Pakistan Journal Of Medical & Health Sciences, 15(2), 706-711.
• Telama, R. (2009). Tracking of physical activity from childhood to adulthood: a review. Obesity Facts, 2(3), 187–195.
• Thivel, D., Tremblay, A., Genin, P. M., Panahi, S., Rivière, D., & Duclos, M. (2018). Physical activity, ınactivity, and sedentary behaviors: definitions and ımplications in occupational health. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 288.
• Trost, S.G., Pate, R.R., Sallis, J.F., Freedson, P.S., Taylor, W.C., Dowda, M. & Sirard, J. (2002). Age and gender differences in objectively measured physical activity in youth. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(2), 350–355.
• Velde, G.T., Lubrecht, J., Arayess, L., Loo, C.V., Hesselink, M., Reijnders, D. & Vreugdenhil, A. (2021). Physical activity behaviour and screen time in Dutch children during the COVID-19 pandemic: Pre-, during- and post-school closures. Pediatric Obesity, 16, e12779.
• Wagner, A., Klein-Platat, C., Arveiler, D., Haan, M.C., Schlienger, J.L. & Simon, C. (2004). Parent-child physical activity relationships in 12-year old French students do not depend on family socioeconomic status. Diabetes & Metabolism, 30(4), 359–366.
• Worldometer. (2021). COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. World Health Organization, www. worldometers. info. Erişim: 23.06.2021.
• Xu, C., Quan, M., Zhang, H., Zhou, C. & Chen, P. (2018). Impact of parents' physical activity on preschool children's physical activity: a cross-sectional study. PeerJ, 6, e4405.
• Yılmaz, A. & Kocataş, S. (2019). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin obezite sıklığının, beslenme davranışlarının ve fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi. Halk Sağlığı Hemşireliği Dergisi, 1(3), 66-83.