Pasif Sigara İçiciliğinin Çocuklarda Sistemik ve Ağız-Diş Sağlığına Etkisi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 881 - 887, 31.12.2021

Solmaz Mobaraki , Aysun Avşar

https://doi.org/10.15311/selcukdentj.773109

Cited By: 1

Öz

Büyük bir halk sağlığı problemi olan pasif sigara içiciliği, uterusta başlayabilir ve doğumdan sonra çocukluk döneminde de devam edebilir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün (DSÖ) verilerine göre yaklaşık 700 milyon çocuk 1,2 milyar sigara kullanıcısı tarafından çoğunlukla evde olmak üzere sigara dumanına maruz bırakılmaktadır. Pasif sigara içiciliği çocuklarda genel ve ağız sağlığı üzerinde olumsuz etkilere sahiptir. En sık neden olduğu sistemik hastalıklar; fetal malformasyon ve gelişme geriliği, ani bebek ölüm sendromu, prematür doğum, baş çevresi ölçümünde azalma, orta kulak enfeksiyonu, solunum yolu hastalıkları, dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, diyabet, çocukluk çağı kanserleri, nörogelişimsel bozukluklardır. Ağız-diş sağlığında diş çürüğü, peridontal hastalıklar, gecikmiş dental gelişim, yarık dudak ve damak görülme sıklığı üzerine olumsuz etkileri vardır. Bu derleme, çocukların pasif sigara içiciliğine maruz kalmasının bu çeşitli sistemik ve dental problemler ile bağlantılı olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Bu derlemenin sonucunda ebeveynlerin pasif sigara içiciliği konusunda erken eğitiminin önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pasif sigara içiciliği,, sistemik hastalıklar,, ağız-diş sağlığı,, çocuk,

Kaynakça

• 1. Mackay J., Eriksen M. The Tobacco Atlas. WHO. 2002.
• 2. BAT 2010. Tütünün Tarihçesi. http://www.bat.com.tr/group/sites/, 2019.
• 3. Hoffmann D, Hoffmann I. The changing cigarette, 1950-1995. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1997;50(4):307-64.
• 4. Hoffmann, D, Hoffmann, I. Tobacco smoke components. Betir. Tabak. Int. 1998;18, 49–52.
• 5. Guerin M.R. Jenkins R.A.ve Tomkins B.A. The Chemistry o f Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Composition and Measurement, Eisenberg, M. The Chemistry of Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Composition and Measurement. 2th Ed., Chelsea, Lewis Publishers,1992, 49-69.
• 6. WHO, Report on the global tobacco epidemic. https://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/2009/en/,2019.
• 7. Oberg M, Jaakkola MS, Woodward A, Peruga A, Prüss-Ustün A. Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet. 2011 ;377(9760):139-46.
• 8. Boyaci H, Etiler N, Duman C, Basyigit I, Pala A. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure in school children: parent report and urine cotinine measures. Pediatr Int. 2006 ;48(4):382-9.
• 9. Ekerbiçer HC, Çelik M, Güler E, Davutoğlu M, Kılınc M. Evaluating environmental tobacco smoke exposure in a group of Turkish primary school students and developing intervention methods for prevention. BMC Public Health 2007; 7: 202.
• 10. Jaakkola MS, Jaakkola JJ. Assessment of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 2384-2397.
• 11. Florescu A, Ferrence R, Einarson T, Selby P, Soldin O, Koren G. Methods for quantification of exposure to cigarette smoking and environmental tobacco smoke: focus on developmental toxicology. Ther Drug Monit 2009; 31(1): 14-30.
• 12. Polanska K KA, Merecz-Kot D, Ligocka D, Mikolajewska K, Mirabella F, Chiarotti F, Calamandrei G, Hanke W. Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure during Pregnancy and Child Neurodevelopment. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 ;14(7).
• 13. Li Z LZ, Zhang J, Huo W, Zhu Y, Xie J, Lu Q, Wang B. Using nicotine in scalp hair to assess maternal passive exposure to tobacco smoke. Environ Pollut. 2017 ;222:276-282.
• 14. Robinson O MD, Aurrekoetxea JJ, Estarlich M, Somoano AF, Íñiguez C, Santa-Marina L, Tardón A, Torrent M, Sunyer J, Valvi D, Vrijheid M. The association between passive and active tobacco smoke exposure and child weight status among Spanish children. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016 ;24(8):1767-77.
• 15. Wu H CT, Ma Q, Xu X, Xie K, Chen Y. Associations of maternal, perinatal and postnatal factors with the eruption timing of the first primary tooth. Sci Rep. 2019 ;9(1):2645.
• 16. Luck W, Nau H, Hansen R, Steldinger R. Extent of nicotine and cotinine transfer to the human fetus, placenta and amniotic fluid of smoking mothers. Dev Pharmacol Ther. 1985;285:931-945.
• 17. Hudson DB, Timiras PS. Nicotine injection during gestation: impairment of reproduction, fetal viability, and development. Biol Reprod. 1972 ;7(2):247-253.
• 18. Zhang K, Wang X. Maternal smoking and increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome: a meta-analysis. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2013;15(3):115-21.
• 19. Torchin H, Lous ML, Houdouin V.Gynecol Obstet Fertil Senol. In utero exposure to maternal smoking : Impact on the child from birth to adulthood - CNGOF-SFT Expert Report and Guidelines on the management of smoking during pregnancy. 2020 Apr S2468-7189(20)30139-2
• 20. Vicedo- Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Schindler C, Radovanovic D, Grize L, Witassek F, Dratva J, Röösli M, Perez L.Benefits of smoking bans on preterm and early-term births: a natural experimental design in Switzerland.Tobacco Control 2016;25:e135-e141.
• 21. Ion, R., & Bernal, A. L. Smoking and Preterm Birth. Reproductive Sciences,2014; 22(8): 918–926.
• 22. Roza SJ, Verburg BO, Jaddoe VW, Hofman A, Mackenbach JP, Steegers EA, Witteman JC, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. Effects of maternal smoking in pregnancy on prenatal brain development. Eur J Neuro. 2007; (25): 611–617.
• 23. Zhou S, Rosenthal DG, Sherman S, Zelikoff J, Gordon T, Weitzman M. Physical, behavioral, and cognitive effects of prenatal tobacco and postnatal secondhand smoke exposure. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2014 ;44(8):219-41.
• 24. Bowatte G, Tham R, Perret JL, Bloom MS, Dong G, Waidyatillake N, Bui D, Morgan GG, Jalaludin B, Lodge CJ, Dharmage SC. Air Pollution and Otitis Media in Children: A Systematic Review of Literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 ;15(2).
• 25. Zhang Y, Xu M, Zhang J, Zeng L, Wang Y, Zheng QY. Risk factors for chronic and recurrent otitis media-a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014 ;9(1):e86397.
• 26. Fukuma M, Seto Y, Fukushima K, Sakurai T, Dan K, Fujita H, Toyoshima S. The effect of food dye and other environmental substances on the host defense reaction in mice in relation to virus infection. J Toxicol Sci. 1986 ;11(3):169-77.
• 27. Murphy TD. Passive Smoking and Lung Disease. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1005579-treatment, 2018.
• 28. Linnet KM, Dalsgaard S, Obel C, Wisborg K, Henriksen TB, Rodriguez A, Kotimaa A, Moilanen I, Thomsen PH, Olsen J, Jarvelin MR. Maternal lifestyle factors in pregnancy risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and associated behaviors: review of the current evidence. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 ;160(6):1028-40.
• 29. Schmitz M, Denardin D, Laufer Silva T, Pianca T, Hutz MH, Faraone S, Rohde LA. Smoking during pregnancy and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive type: a case-control study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006 ;45(11):1338-45.
• 30. Hoffman JI, Kaplan S, Liberthson RR. Prevalence of congenital heart disease. Am Heart J. 2004 ;147(3):425-39.
• 31. Alverson CJ, Strickland MJ, Gilboa SM, Correa A. Maternal smoking and congenital heart defects in the Baltimore-Washington Infant Study. Pediatrics. 2011 ;127(3):e647-53.
• 32. Ambrose JA, Barua RS. The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(10):1731-7.
• 33. Damasceno DC, Sinzato YK, Bueno A, Dallaqua B, Lima PH, Calderon IM, Rudge MV, Campos KE. Metabolic profile and genotoxicity in obese rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013 ;21(8):1596-601.
• 34. Hecht SS. Tobacco carcinogens, their biomarkers and tobaccoinduced cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2003;3:733–44.
• 35. Pluth JM, Ramsey MJ, Tucker JD. Role of maternal exposures and newborn genotypes on newborn chromosome aberration frequencies. Mutat Res. 2000 ;465(1-2):101-11.
• 36. Wang B, Zhang Y, Xu DZ, Wang AH, Zhang L, Sun CS, Li LS. Meta-analysis on the relationship between tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and p53 alteration in cases with esophageal carcinoma. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2004 ;25(9):775-8.
• 37. Williams SA, Kwan SY, Parsons S. Parental smoking practices and caries experience in pre–school children. Caries Res. 2000;34:117–22.
• 38. Aligne C, Moss M, Auinger P, Weitzman M. Association of pediatric dental caries with passive smoking. J Am Med Assoc. 2003;289:1258–64.
• 39. Billings RJ, Berkowitz RJ, Watson G. Teeth. Pediatrics. 2004 ;113(4 Suppl):1120-7.
• 40. Shenkin JD, Broffitt B, Levy SM, Warren JJ. The association between environmental tobacco smoke and primary tooth caries. J Public Health Dent. 2004;64(3):184–6.
• 41. Tanaka K, Hanioka T, Miyake Y, Ojima M, Aoyama H. Association of smoking in household and dental caries in Japan. J Public Health Dent. 2006;66:279–81.
• 42. Ayo-Yusuf OA, Reddy PS, van Wyk PJ, van den Borne BW. Household smoking as a risk indicator for caries in adolescents' permanent teeth. J Adolesc Health. 2007 ;41(3):309-11.
• 43. Bernabe E, MacRitchie H, Longbottom C, Pitts NB, Sabbah W. Birth Weight, Breastfeeding, Maternal Smoking and Caries Trajectories. J Dent Res. 2017 ;96(2):171-178.
• 44. Goto Y, Wada K, Konishi K, Uji T, Koda S, Mizuta F, Yamakawa M, Watanabe K, Ando K, Ueyama J, Kondo T, Nagata C. Association between exposure to household smoking and dental caries in preschool children: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health Prev Med 2019;24(1):9
• 45. Avsar A, Darka O, Topaloglu B, Bek Y. Association of passive smoking with caries and related salivary biomarkers in young children. Arch Oral Biol. 2008;53:969–74.
• 46. Avşar A, Darka O, Bodrumlu EH, Bek Y. Evaluation of the relationship between passive smoking and salivary electrolytes, protein, secretory IgA, sialic acid and amylase in young children. Arch Oral Biol. 2009;54(5):457-63.
• 47. Lindemeyer, Rochelle G.Baum, Robert H.Hsu, Stephen C.Going, Robert E. et al. In Vitro Effect of Tobacco on the Growth of Oral Cariogenic Streptococci.The Journal of the American Dental Association1981; 103(5): 719 - 722
• 48. Strauss RS. Environmental tobacco smoke and serum vitamin C levels in children. Pediatrics. 2001;107(3):540-2.
• 49. Roesink JM, Terhaard CH. The influence of clinical factors on human stimulated parotid flow rate in cancer and other patients. Oral Oncol. 2002;38(3):291-5.
• 50. Iida T, Ono K, Inagaki T, Hosokawa R, Inenaga K. Nicotinic receptor agonist-induced salivation and its cellular mechanism in parotid acini of rats. Auton Neurosci. 2011;161(1-2):81-6.
• 51. Ginzkey C, Kampfinger K, Friehs G, Köhler C, Hagen R, Richter E, Kleinsasser NH. Nicotine induces DNA damage in human salivary glands. Toxicol Lett. 2009;184(1):1-4.
• 52. Nishida N, Yamamoto Y, Tanaka M, Kataoka K, Kuboniwa M, Nakayama K, Morimoto K, Shizukuishi S. Association between involuntary smoking and salivary markers related to periodontitis: a 2-year longitudinal study. J Periodontol. 2008 ;79(12):2233-40.
• 53. Nishida N, Yamamoto Y, Tanaka M, Maeda K, Kataoka K, Nakayama K, Morimoto K, Shizukuishi S. Association between passive smoking and salivary markers related to periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2006 ;33(10):717-23.
• 54. Masumo R, Birungi N, Bardsen A, Fadnes LT, Astrom AN. Impact of low birthweight on early childhood caries in 6-36 months old infants in Uganda: A cross-sectional study. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72(4): 312-320.
• 55. Nelson S, Albert JM, Geng C, Curtan S, Lang K, Miadich S, Heima M, Malik A, Ferretti G, Eggertsson H, Slayton RL, Milgrom P. Increased enamel hypoplasia and very low birthweight infants. J Dent Res 2013; 92(9): 788-794.
• 56. Tinanoff, N, Baez, RJ, Diaz Guillory, C, et al. Early childhood caries epidemiology, aetiology, risk assessment, societal burden, management, education, and policy: Global perspective. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2019; 29(3): 238‐ 248.
• 57. Tanaka K MY, Sasaki S: The effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy and postna- tal household smoking on dental caries in young children. J Pediatr 2009;155(3):410–415.
• 58. Watanabe M, Wang DH, Ijichi A, Shirai C, Zou Y, Kubo M, Takemoto K, Masatomi C, Ogino K. The influence of lifestyle on the incidence of dental caries among 3-year-old Japanese children. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11(12): 12611-12622.
• 59. Sayers NM, James JA, Drucker DB, Blinkhorn AS. Possible potentiation of toxins from Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, and Porphyromonas gingivalis by cotinine. J Periodontol. 1999 ;70(11):1269-75.
• 60. Chen LC, Quan C, Hwang JS, Jin X, Li Q, Zhong M, Rajagopalan S, Sun Q. Atherosclerosis lesion progression during inhalation exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: a comparison to concentrated ambient air fine particles exposure. Inhal Toxicol. 2010 ;22(6):449-59.
• 61. Sanders AE, Slade GD, Beck JD, Agústsdóttir H. Secondhand smoke and periodontal disease: atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Am J Public Health. 2011;101 :S339–46.
• 62. Hutcherson JA, Scott DA, Bagaitkar J. Scratching the surface – tobacco-induced bacterial biofilms. Tob Induc Dis. 2015;13:1.
• 63. Silverstein P. Smoking and wound healing. Am J Med. 1992 ;93(1A):22S-24S.
• 64. Alves LB, Costa PP, Scombatti de Souza SL, de Moraes Grisi MF, Palioto DB, Taba Jr M, Novaes Jr AB Jr. Acellular dermal matrix graft with or without enamel matrix derivative for root coverage in smokers: a randomized clinical study. J Clin Periodontol. 2012;39(4):393-399.
• 65. Eid HA, Syed S, Soliman AN. The role of gingival melanin pigmentation in inflammation of gingiva, based on genetic analysis. J Int Oral Health. 2013 ;5(4):1-7.
• 66. Heikkinen T, Alvesalo L, Osborne RH, Pirttiniemi P. Maternal smoking and tooth formation in the foetus. I. Tooth crown size in the deciduous dentition. Early Hum Dev. 1992;30:49-49.
• 67. Heikkinen T, Alvesalo L, Osborne RH, Tienari J. Maternal smoking and tooth formation in the foetus. II. Tooth crown size in the permanent dentition. Early Hum Dev. 1994;40:73-86.
• 68. Dong Q, Wu H, Dong G, Lou B, Yang L, Zhang L. The morphology and mineralization of dental hard tissue in the offspring of passive smoking rats. Arch Oral Biol. 2011 ;56(10):1005-13.
• 69. Avsar A, Topaloglu B, Hazar-Bodrumlu E. Association of passive smoking with dental development in young children. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2013 ;14(3):215-8.
• 70. Li Z, Liu J, Ye R, Zhang L, Zheng X, Ren A. Maternal passive smoking and risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Epidemiology 2010; 21: 240-242.
• 71. . Rankin J. Second-hand smoke exposure and orofacial clefts .Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2018 ;32(5):428-429