ANNE SÜTÜ VE DİŞ SAĞLIĞI

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 593 - 602, 24.08.2022

Hülya Çerçi Akçay , Oya Aktören

https://doi.org/10.15311/selcukdentj.956187

Öz

ANNE SÜTÜ ve DİŞ SAĞLIĞI
Anne sütü bebeğin genel sağlığı açısından gerekli tüm besinsel değerleri içeren biyolojik bir besin kaynağıdır. Bu derlemede, anne sütünün içeriğinin tanımlanması ve diş sağlığına etkisini inceleyen güncel çalışmaların bildirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Proteinler, lipitler, karbonhidratlar, vitaminler, mineraller, büyüme faktörleri, hormonlar, makrofaj, lenfosit, nötrofil, epitelyal hücreler, mikro-RNA ve kök hücreler gibi çok sayıda bileşenleri içeren anne sütünün genel sağlık açısından sayısız fonksiyonlara sahip olduğu; anne sütü ile yeterli derecede beslenen çocuklarda büyüme ve gelişimin yanısıra çeşitli hastalık risklerinin de azaldığı belirtilmektedir. Anne sütünün diş sağlığına etkisine ilişkin çalışmalar incelendiğinde, farklı sonuçların literatürde yer aldığı ve çocuklarda sıklıkla beslenme ve emzirme modellerinin diş çürüğüne etkilerinin anket çalışmaları ile retrospektif olarak değerlendirildiği görülmektedir. Çalışmalarda, anne sütünün diş çürüğü oluşumunda bir risk faktörü olmadığı, ancak anne sütü ile beslenme süresi ve sıklığı arttığında diş sağlığının olumsuz etkilenebildiğine ilişkin sonuçlar bildirilmekte; emzirmenin 1 yaşından sonra günde 7’den fazla olmaması, özellikle geceleri sık aralıklarla yapılmaması ve oral hijyenin sağlanması önerilmektedir. Ayrıca çalışmalarda elde edilen bulguların limitasyonların dikkate alınarak değerlendirilmesi gerektiği belirtilmekte; bebeklerin beslenme şekilleri, çürük risk faktörleri, oral hijyen uygulamalarına ilişkin olarak ailelere verilecek eğitimlerin önemi vurgulanmaktadır.
BREAST MILK and DENTAL HEALTH
Breast milk is a biological source that contains all the nutritional values for general health. The aim of this review is to define the contents of breast milk and to report the current studies on effects of breast milk to dental health. Breast milk which contains many components such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, growth factors, hormones, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, epithelial cells, micro-RNA, stem cells, have numerous functions on general health; besides growth and development, the risks of many diseases are decreased in children who are breastfed efficiently. The reviewed studies on association between breastfeeding and dental health have demonstrated that contradictory results are present in the literature and it is seen that the studies have been mostly conducted as surveys analyzing the dietary and breastfeeding patterns of children retrospectively. It has been reported that breast milk is not a risk factor for caries; however, clinical findings revealing that the dental health can be affected negatively when breastfeeding’s duration and frequency increase, are also determined. It has been recommended that breastfeeding should not be more than 7 times a day after age of 1, not to be at frequent intervals, especially at night, and to ensure oral hygiene. Additionally, it has been stated that the findings should be evaluated within the limitations of the studies; and the importance of trainings for families on infants’ feeding methods, caries risk factors, and oral hygiene measures was highlighted.

Anahtar Kelimeler

anne sütü, çocuk dişhekimliği, diş sağlığı

Kaynakça

• 1. Muehlhoff E, Bennett A, McMahon D. Milk and dairy products in human nutrition. 1st ed. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2013. p.376.
• 2. Weaver CM. How sound is the science behind the dietary recommendations for dairy? Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(5 Suppl):1217- 22.
• 3. Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, et al. A summary of the agency for healthcare research and quality’s evidence report on breastfeeding in developed countries. Breastfeeding Medicine. 2009; 4(1):17–30.
• 4. Bachrach VR, Schwarz E, Bachrach LR. Breastfeeding and the risk of hospitalization for respiratory disease in infancy: a meta-analysis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003; 157(3):237–43.
• 5. Duijts L, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, et al. Prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of infectious diseases in infancy. Pediatrics. 2010; 126(1): e18–25.
• 6. Kwan M, Buffler P, Abrams B, et al. Breastfeeding and the risk of childhood leukemia: a metaanalysis. Public Health Rep. 2004; 119(6):521–35.
• 7. Singhal A, Lanigan J. Breastfeeding, early growth and later obesity. Obesity Reviews. 2007;8(Suppl 1):51–4.
• 8. Li R, Grummer-Strawn LM, Fein SB. Do infants fed from bottles lack self-regulation of milk intake compared with directly breastfed infants? Pediatrics. 2010; 125(6):e1386–e93.
• 9. Owen CG, Martin RM, Whincup PH, et al. Effect of infant feeding on the risk of obesity across the life course: a quantitative review of published evidence. Pediatrics. 2005; 115(5):1367–77.
• 10. Arenz S, Ruckerl R, Koletzko B, et al. Breast-feeding and childhood obesity--a systematic review. Interational Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders. 2004; 28(10):1247–56.
• 11. Owen CG, Martin RM, Whincup PH, et al. Does breastfeeding influence risk of type 2 diabetes in later life? A quantitative analysis of published evidence. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 84(5):1043–54.
• 12. Owen CG, Whincup PH, Cook DG. Symposium II: Infant and childhood nutrition and disease: Breast-feeding and cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in later life: Evidence from epidemiological studies. Proc Nutr Soc Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2011;70(4):478–84.
• 13. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Resmî Sitesi. http://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR/dosya/1-36418/h/a-7-annesutu.pdf, 2008. (Erişim tarihi Mart 2021)
• 14. Richard JS. Nutritional composition of human milk for full-term infants. www.uptodate.com, 2021 (Erişim tarihi Mart 2021)
• 15. Serdar Eymirli P, Güngör AE, Güngör HC. Milk, dairy products and dental caries in children: An update review. Turkiye Klin J Dent Sci. 2019;25(3):334–343.
• 16. Gür F, Güzel M, Öncül N, Yıldırım Z, Yıldırım M. Süt serum proteinleri ve türevlerinin biyolojik ve fizyolojik aktiviteleri. Akademik Gıda. 2010;8(1):23-31.
• 17. Çetin B, Avşar A, Ulusoy AT. Kazein içerikli besinler ve dental ürünler. Atatürk Üniv. Diş Hek. Fak. Derg. 2011;2011(4):24–31.
• 18. Aimutis WR. Bioactive properties of milk proteins with particular focus on anticariogenesis. J Nutr. 2004; 134: 989-995.
• 19. Hug N, Cross K, Tablo GH., Riley PF, Loganathan A, Reynolds EC. N- terminal sequence analyse of bovine dentin phosphophoryn after convertion of phosphoseryl to S-propylcysteinyl residues. J Dent Res 2000; 72(2): 474-480.
• 20. Dillar CJ, Walzem RL, German JB. Whey components: Millenia of evolution create functionalities for mammalian nutrition. Critical Review on Food Science and Nutrition. 2002; 42: 353-375.
• 21. Haque E, Chand R. Antihypertensive and antimicrobial bioactive peptides from milk proteins. European Food Research and Technology. 2008; 227: 7-15.
• 22. Pins JJ, Keenan JM. Effects of whey peptides on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 2006; 8: 775-782.
• 23. Papiz MZ, Sawyer L., Eliopoulas EE, North AC, Findlay JB, Sivaprosadaro R, Jones TA, Newcomer ME, Kraulis PJ. The structure of β-lactoglobulin and its similarity to plasma retinolbinding protein. Nature. 1986; 324: 383-385.
• 24. Brock JH. Lactoferrin in human milk: its role in iron absorption and protection against enteric infection in the newborn infant. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1980; 55: 417-421.
• 25. Kussendrager KD, van Hooijdonk AC. Lactoperoxidase: physico-chemical properties, occurrence, mechanism of action and applications. British Journal of Nutrition. 2000; 84: 19-25.
• 26. Boots JW, Floris R. Lactoperoxidase: From catalytic mechanism to practical applications. International Dairy Journal. 2006; 16: 1272-1276.
• 27. Tenovuo, J. Clinical applications of antimicrobial host proteins lactoperoxidase, lysozyme and lactoferrin in xerostomia: Efficacy and safety. Oral Diseases. 2002; 8: 23-29.
• 28. Tomita M, Bellamy W, Takase M, Yamauchi K, Wakabayashi H, Kawase K. Potent antibacterial peptides generated by pepsin digestion of bovine lactoferrin. Journal of Dairy Science. 1991; 74: 4137-4142.
• 29. Trulsson M, Yu H, Gisselsson L, Chao Y, Urbano A, Aits S, Mossberg AK, Svanborg C. HAMLET binding to α-actinin facilitates tumor cell detachment. PLoS One. 2011, 6(3): e17179.
• 30. Hassiotou F, Beltran A, Chetwynd E, Stuebe AM, Twigger AJ, Metzger P, Trengove N, Lai CT, Filgueira L, Blancafort P, Hartmann PE. Breastmilk is a novel source of stem cells with multilineage differentiation potential. Stem Cells. Oct; 2012, 30(10):2164-74.
• 31. Bowen WH, Lawrence RA. Comparison of the cariogenicity of cola, honey, cow milk, human milk, and sucrose. Pediatrics. 2005;116(4):921-6.
• 32. Shetty V, Hegde AM, Nandan S, Shetty S. Caries protective agents in human milk and bovine milk: an in vitro study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2011;35(4): 389-92.
• 33. Rugg-Gunn AJ, Roberts GJ, Wright WG. Effect of human milk on plaque pH in situ and enamel dissolution in vitro compared with bovine milk, lactose, and sucrose. Caries Res. 1985;19(4): 327-34.
• 34. Johansson I, Holgerson PL. Milk and oral health. In: Clemens RA, Hernell O, Michaelsen KF. Milk and Milk Products in Human Nutrition. 1st ed. Basel: Karger AG; 2011.55-66.
• 35. Grenby TH, Andrews AT, Mistry M, Williams RJ. Dental caries-protective agents in milk and milk products: investigations in vitro. J Dent. 2001;29(2):83-92.
• 36. Walker G, Cai F, Shen P, Reynolds C, Ward B, Fone C. Increased remineralization of tooth enamel by milk containing added casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate.J Dairy Res.2006;73(1):74-8.
• 37. Erickson PR, Mazhari E. Investigation of the role of human breast milk in caries development. Pediatr Dent. 1999;21(2):86–90.
• 38. Santos APP, Soviero VM. Caries prevelance and risk factors among children aged 0 to 36 months. Pesqui Odontol Bras 2002; 16(3): 203-8.
• 39. Schroth RJ. Moore P, Brothwell DJ. Prevalence of early childhood caries in 4 Manitoba communities. J Can Dent Assoc 2005; 71(8): 567.
• 40. Hallett KB, O’Rourke PK. Early childhood caries and infant feeding practice. Community Dent Health 2002;19: 237-42.
• 41. Hallonsten AL, Wendt LK, Mejàre I, Birkhed D, Håkansson C, Lindvall AM, Edwardsson S, Koch G. Dental caries and prolonged breast-feeding in 18- month-old Swedish children. Int J Paediatr Dent 1995; 5(3): 149-55.
• 42. Tinanoff N, Palmer C.A. Diatery determinants of dental caries and diatery recommendations for preschool children. J Public Health Dent 2000; 60: 197-206.
• 43. Lulic-Dukric O, Juric H, Dukic W, Glavina D. Factors predisposing to early childhood caries (ECC) in children of pre-school age in the city of Zagreb, Croatia. Coll Antropol 2001;25: 297-302.
• 44. Hallett KB, O’Rourke PK. Early childhood caries and infant feeding practice. Community Dent Health 2002;19: 237-42.
• 45. Klaiban MF. Risk of dental caries and breastfeeding: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2021;11:1173-1177.
• 46. van Meijeren-van Lunteren AW, Voortman T, Elfrink MEC, Wolvius EB, Kragt L. Breastfeeding and childhood dental caries: Results from a socially diverse birth- cohort study. Caries Res. 2021;1–9.
• 47. Carrillo-Díaz M, Ortega-Martínez AR, Ruiz-Guillén A, Romero-Maroto M, González-Olmo MJ. Impact of breastfeeding and cosleeping on early childhood caries: A cross-sectional study. J Clin Med. 2021;10(8):1561.
• 48. Chanpum P, Duangthip D, Trairatvorakul C, Songsiripradubboon S. Early childhood caries and its associated factors among 9-to 18-month old exclusively breastfed children in thailand: A cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9).
• 49. Devenish G, Mukhtar A, Begley A, Spencer AJ, Thomson WM, Ha D. Early childhood feeding practices and dental caries among Australian preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111(4):821–8.
• 50. Dahas ZAH, Khormi HAJ, Vishwanathaiah S, Maganur P, Owis AAA, Khanagar SB. Correlation of feeding practices and dental caries among preschool children of Jazan, KSA: A cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2020;13(4):327–31.
• 51. Sukmana BI, Huldani, Achmad H, Hidayah N, Putra AP, Ramadhany S. A review of breastfeeding in infants: Relation to the occurrence of early childhood caries (ECC). Syst Rev Pharm. 2020;11(5):116–22.
• 52. Branger B, Camelot F, Droz D, Houbiers B, Marchalot A, Bruel H. Erratum to “Breastfeeding and early childhood caries. Review of the literature, recommendations, and prevention” [Arch. Pediatr. (2019) 26(8) (497-503)] (S0929693X19301538) (10.1016/j.arcped.2019.10.004). Arch Pediatr [Internet]. 2020;27(3):172.
• 53. Haag DG, Jamieson LM, Hedges J, Smithers LG. Is there an association between breastfeeding and dental caries among three-year-old Australian aboriginal children? Nutrients. 2019;11(11).
• 54. Hartwig AD, Romano AR, Azevedo MS. Prolonged breastfeeding and dental caries in children in the third year of life. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2019;43(2):91–6.
• 55. Du MQ, Li Z, Jiang H, Wang X, Feng XP, Hu DY, et al. Dental caries status and its associated factors among 3- to 5-year-old children in China: A national survey. Chin J Dent Res. 2018;21(3):167–79.
• 56. Peres KG, Nascimento GG, Peres MA, Mittinty MN, Demarco FF, Santos IS, et al. Impact of prolonged breastfeeding on dental caries: A population-based birth cohort study. Pediatrics. 2017;140(1).
• 57. Peres KG, Chaffee BW, Feldens CA, Flores-Mir C, Moynihan P, Rugg-Gunn A. Breastfeeding and oral health: Evidence and methodological challenges. J Dent Res. 2018;97(3):251–8.
• 58. Puranik MP, Bullappa D, Sowmya K, Nagarathnamma T. Association of feeding methods and Streptococcus mutans count with early childhood caries: A cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2017;10(2):119–25.
• 59. Wong PD, Birken CS, Parkin PC, Venu I, Chen Y, Schroth RJ, et al. Total breast-feeding duration and dental caries in healthy urban children. Acad Pediatr. 2017;17(3):310–5.
• 60. Cui L, Li X, Tian Y, Bao J, Wang L, Xu D, et al. Breastfeeding and early childhood caries: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2017;26(5):867–80.
• 61. Nirunsittirat A, Pitiphat W, McKinney CM, Derouen TA, Chansamak N, Angwaravong O. Breastfeeding duration and childhood caries: A cohort study. Caries Res. 2016;50(5):498–507.
• 62. Avila WM, Pordeus IA, Paiva SM, Martins CC. Breast and bottle feeding as risk factors for dental caries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):1–14.
• 63. Kato T, Yorifuji T, Yamakawa M, Inoue S, Saito K, Doi H, et al. Association of breast feeding with early childhood dental caries: Japanese population-based study. BMJ Open. 2015;5(3):1–9.
• 64. Tham R, Bowatte G, Dharmage S, Tan D, Lau M, Dai X, et al. Breastfeeding and the risk of dental caries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. 2015;104:62-84.
• 65. Richards D. Breastfeeding up to 12 months of age not associated with increased risk of caries. Evid Based Dent. 2016;17(3):75–6.
• 66. Nakayama Y, Mori M. Association between nocturnal breastfeeding and snacking habits and the risk of early childhood caries in 18-to 23-month-old Japanese children. J Epidemiol. 2015;25(2):142–7.
• 67. Chaffee BW, Feldens CA, Vítolo MR. Association of long-duration breastfeeding and dental caries estimated with marginal structural models. Ann Epidemiol. 2014;24(6):448–54.
• 68. Nobile CG, Fortunato L, Bianco A, Pileggi C, Pavia M. Pattern and severity of early childhood caries in southern Italy:A preschool-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2014;14(1):1–12.
• 69. Tanaka K, Miyake Y. Association between breastfeeding and dental caries in Japanese children. J Epidemiol. 2012;22(1):72–7.
• 70. Prakash P, Subramaniam P, Durgesh BH, Konde S. Prevalence of early childhood caries and associated risk factors in preschool children of urban Bangalore, India: A cross-sectional study. Eur J Dent. 2012;6(2):141–52.
• 71. Sharma R, Gaur A. Mutans Streptococci colonization in relation to feeding practices, Age and the number of teeth in 6 to 30-month-old children:An in vivo study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2012;5(2):124–31.
• 72. Okawa R, Nakano K, Yamana A, Nishikawa N, Nakai M, Taniguchi M, Matsumoto M, Ooshima T. Evaluation of factors related to nursing caries in 18-month-old Japanese children, Pediatric Dental Journal. 2011; 21(1):49-55.
• 73. Tyagi R. The prevalence of nursing caries in Davangere preschool children and its relationship with feeding practices and socioeconomic status of the family. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2008 Dec;26(4):153-7.
• 74. Iida H, Auinger P, Billings RJ, Weitzman M. Association between infant breastfeeding and early childhood caries in the United States. Pediatrics. 2007;120(4).
• 75. Kramer MS, Vanilovich I, Matush L, Bogdanovich N, Zhang X, Shishko G. The effect of prolonged and exclusive breast-feeding on dental caries in rarly school-age children: New evidence from a large randomized trial. Caries Res. 2007;41(6):484–8.
• 76. Van Palenstein Helderman WH, Soe W, Van ’T Hof MA. Risk factors of early childhood caries in a southeast Asian population. J Dent Res. 2006;85(1):85–8.
• 77. Paes Leme Azevedo TD, Barreto Bezerra AC, Ayrton de Toledo O. Feeding habits and severe early childhood caries in Brazilian preschool children, Pediatr Dent 2005;27(1):28-33.
• 78. Vachirarojpisan T, Shinada K, Kawaguchi Y, Laungwechakan P, Somkote T, Detsomboonrat P. Early childhood caries in children aged 6-19 months. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004;32(2):133–42.
• 79. Araz M, Güven Y, Aktören O. Bebeklerde beslenme modelleri̇ ve erken çocukluk çağı çürükleri̇. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Derg. 2015;11(11):64–70.
• 80. Quadri G, Nourallah A, Splieth C. Early childhood caries and feeding practices in kindergarten children. Quintessence Int. 2012; 6:503-10 .
• 81. Feldens CA, Giugliani ERJ, Duncan BB, Drachler ML, Vitolo MR. Long-term effectiveness of a nutritional program in reducing early childhood caries: a randomized trial. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38:324-32.
• 82. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Policy on dietary recommendations for infants, children, and adolescents. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Chicago, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2020: 84-6. 83. Aktören O, Kargül B, Eden E, Tekçiçek M, Özalp N, Tuna EB, Kuvvetli S. Çocuk dişhekimliğinde çürük risk faktörleri ve topikal fluorid uygulama protokolü.Türk Dişhekimleri Birliği Derg 2013;135:60-4.
• 84. Early Childhood Caries: IAPD Bangkok Declaration. Int J Paediatric Dent 2019; 29:384-386.
• 85. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Fluoride therapy. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Chicago, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2020:288-91.
• 86. Toumba KJ, Twetman S, Splieth C, Parnell C, van Loveren C, Lygidakis NΑ. Guidelines on the use of fluoride for caries prevention in children: an updated EAPD policy document. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2019 Dec;20(6):507-516.
• 87. Public Health England. Department of Health. Delivering better oral health: an evidencebased toolkit for prevention, 3rd ed. 2017.