Determination of Energy Utilization Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emission in Apple Production: Case of Isparta
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2, 216 - 225, 22.08.2024
Osman Gökdoğan
,
Önder Uysal
Öz
The purpose of this study is to determine the energy utilization and greenhouse gas emission in apple production. Within the scope of the study, energy utilization efficiency indicators and greenhouse gas emission calculations were made in apple production. Total energy input in apple production has been calculated as 35338.97 MJ/ha, totals energy output as 60038.50 MJ/ha, energy utilization efficiency as 1.70, specific energy 1.39 MJ/kg, energy productivity as 0.72 kg/MJ and net energy value as 24699.53 MJ/ha. Energy inputs in apple production consisted of direct energy with 11958.05 MJ/ha (33.84%). indirect energy with 23380.92 MJ/ha (66.16%). renewable energy with 3486.55 MJ/ha (9.87%) and non-renewable with 31852.42 MJ/ha (90.13%). In apple production greenhouse gas emission arising from inputs has been calculated as 1718.90 kgCO2eq/ha while greenhouse gas emission rate has been calculated as 0.07 kgCO2eq/kg. In respect to energy utilization efficiency, it is possible to claim that apple production was efficient for the 2021 production season.
Kaynakça
- Akbolat D, Ekinci K, Demircan V (2014). Carbon dioxide emissions depending on ınputs used in the cultivation of some agricultural products. Fresenius Environ Bull 23: 795-800.
- Alluivone F, Moretti B, Sacco D, Grignani C (2011). EUE (energy use efficiency) of cropping systems for a sustainable agriculture. Energy 36: 4468-4481.
- Anonymous (2020). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/# data (access date: 20.01.2020).
- Akbolat D, Ekinci K, Demircan V (2014). Carbon dioxide emissions depend on inputs used in the cultivation of some agricultural products. Fresenius Environ Bull 23(3): 795-800.
- Anonymous (2008). Karaman Tarım Müdürlüğü Kayıtları.
- Anonymous (2024a). T.C. Gönen Kaymakamlığı. http://www.ispartagonen.gov.tr/ilcemizin-tarihi (access date: 20.02.2024).
- Anonymous (2024b). https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/mpgm/editordosya/file/CDP100000/abi/PlanAciklama Raporu_ 01072016_ABI.pdf (access date: 29.02.2024).
- Aydın B, Aktürk D, Özkan E, Hurma H, Kiracı MA (2017). Armut üretiminde karşılaştırmalı enerji kullanım etkinliği ve ekonomik analiz: Trakya bölgesi örneği. Türk Tarım-Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 5(9): 1072-1079.
- Aydın B, Aktürk D, Özkan E, Hurma H, Kiracı MA (2019) Comparative energy use efficiency and economic analysis of apple production in Turkey: Case of Thrace region. Erwerbs-Obstbau 61: 39-45.
- Baran MF (2022). Determination of energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) production in Turkey (A case study in Adıyaman province). Erwerbs-Obstbau 64: 499-505.
- Bayav A, Karlı B (2020). Isparta ve Karaman illerinde elma üretim maliyetinin karşılaştırılması. MKU Tar Bil Derg 25(2): 225-236.
- Clark S, Khoshnevisan B, Sefeedpari P (2016). Energy Efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions during transition to organic and reduced-input practices: Student farm case study. Ecological Engineering 88: 186-194.
- Çelen İH, Baran MF, Önler E, Bayhan Y (2017). Determination of energy balance of apple (Malus domestica) production in Turkey: A case study for Tekirdag province. Anadolu Tarım Bilim Derg 32: 40-45.
- Demir C (2023) Analyses of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in watermelon production. Int J Agric & Biol Eng 16(5): 221-225.
- Demircan V, Ekinci K, Keener HM, Akbolat D, Ekinci Ç (2006). Energy and economic analysis of sweet cherry production in Turkey: A case study from Isparta province. Energy Conversion and Management 47: 1761-1769.
- Dyer JA, Desjardins RL (2006). Carbon dioxide emissions associated with the manufacturing of tractors and farm machinery in Canada. Biosystems Engineering 93(1): 107-118.
- Ekinci K, Demircan V, Atasay A, Karamursel D, Sarica D (2020) Energy, economic and environmental analysis of organic and conventional apple production in Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau 62(1): 1-12.
- El Saleh Y (2000). Suriye ve Türkiye’de Mercimek ve Nohut Hasadında Mekanizasyon Olanaklarının Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı. Doktora Tezi, Adana.
- Eren O, Baran MF, Gokdogan O (2019) Determination of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in the production of different fruits in Turkey. Fresenius Environ Bull 28(1): 464-472.
- Fluck RC (1992). Energy in farm production. In Energy in world agriculture (pp. 218-267).
- Gökduman E, Gökdogan O, Yılmaz D (2022) Determination of energy-economic balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) production in Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau 64(4):759-766.
- Göktürk B (1999). Kuru Soğanın Hasada Yönelik Bazı Özelliklerinin Saptanması, Kazıcı Bıçaklı Tip Hasat Makinasının Geliştirilmesi ve Diğer Hasat Yöntemleri ile Karşılaştırılması Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı. Doktora Tezi, Tekirdağ.
- Graefe S, Tapasco J, Gonzalez A (2013). Resource use and greenhouse gas emissions of eight tropical fruits species cultivated in Colombia. Fruits 68(4): 303-314.
- Güceyü Ş (2020). Zeytin Üretiminde Mekanizasyon Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi, Enerji ve Maliyet Analizi: Mersin İli Örneği. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adana.
- Güzel E (1986). Çukurova Bölgesinde Yerfıstığının Söküm ve Harmanlanmasının Mekanizasyonu ve Bitkinin Mekanizasyona Yönelik Özelliklerinin Saptanması Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Türkiye Zirai Donatım Kurumu Mesleki Yayınları. Yayın No: 47, Ankara.
- Houshyar E, Dalgaard T, Tarazgar MH, Jorgensen U (2015). Energy input for tomato production what economy says, and what is good for the environment. Journal of Cleaner Production 89: 99-109.
- Hughes DJ, West JS, Atkins SD, Gladders P, Jeger MJ, Fitt BD (2011). Effects of disease control by fungicides on greenhouse gas emissions by UK arable crop production. Pest Management Science 67: 1082-1092.
- Karaağaç MA, Aykanat S, Cakır B, Eren Ö, Turgut MM, Barut ZB, Öztürk HH (2011). Energy balance of wheat and maize crops production in Hacıali undertaking. 11th International Congress on Mechanization and Energy in Agriculture Congress, 21-23 September, Istanbul, Turkey, 388-391.
- Karaağaç HA, Baran MF, Mart D, Bolat A, Eren Ö (2019). Nohut üretiminde enerji kullanım etkinliği ve sera gazı (GHG) emisyonunun belirlenmesi (Adana ili örneği). Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 16: 41-50.
- Karakaya E, Kızıloğlu S (2021). TRB1 Bölgesinde (Bingöl, Elazığ ve Malatya İlleri) elma yetiştiriciliğinin mevcut durumu. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 8(2): 470-483.
- Khoshnevisan B, Rafiee S, Omid M, Yousefi M, Movahedi M (2013) Modelling of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in wheat production in Esfahan Province of Iran using artificial neural networks. Energy 52:333-338.
- Khoshnevisan B, Shariati HM, Rafiee S, Mousazadeh H (2014) Comparison of energy consumption and GHG emissions of open field and greenhouse strawberry production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 29:316-324.
- Lal R (2004). Carbon Emission From Farm Operations. Environment International 30: 981-990.
- Mandal KG, Saha KP, Ghosh PK, Hati K, Bandyopadhyay KK (2002). Bioenergy and economic analysis of soybean based crop production systems in central India. Biomass and Bioenergy 23: 337-345.
- Mani I, Kumar P, Panwar JS, Kant K (2007). Variation in energy consumption in production of wheat-maize with varying altitudes in hill regions of Hi-machal Prades, India. Energy 32: 2336-2339.
- Maraseni TN, Cockfield G, Maroulis J, Chen G (2010). An assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from the Australian Vegetables Industry. J Environ Sci Health B 45: 578-588.
- Mardani A, Taghavifar H (2016). An overview on energy inputs and environmental emissions of grape production in West Azerbayjan of Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54: 918-924.
- Mohammadi A, Tabatabaeefar A, Shahin S, Rafiee S, Keyhani A (2008). Energy use economical analysis of potato production in İran A case study; Ardabil province. Energy Conversion and Management 49: 3566-3570.
- Mohammadi A, Rafiee S, Mohtasebi SS, Rafiee H (2010). Energy inputs-yield relationship and cost analysis of kiwifruit production in Iran. Renewable Energy 35: 1071-1075.
- Mohammadshirazi A, Akram A, Rafiee S, Avval SHM, Kalhor EB (2012). An analysis of energy use and relation between energy inputs and yield in tangerine production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 4515-4521.
- Mrini M, Senhaji F, Pimentel D (2002). Energy analysis of sugar beet production under traditional and ıntensive farming systems and ımpacts on sustainable agriculture in Morocco. J Sustain Agric 20: 5-28.
- Nagy CN (1999). Energy coefficients for agriculture inputs in western Canada.
- http://www.csale.usask.ca/PDFDocuments/energyCoefficientsAg.pdf (access date: 31.05.1999).
- Oğuz C, Karaçayır HF (2009). Türkiye’de elma üretimi, tüketimi, pazar yapısı ve dış ticareti. Tarım Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi 2(1): 41-49.
- Ozalp A, Yilmaz S, Ertekin C, Yilmaz I (2018). Energy analysis and emissions of greenhouse gases of pomegranate production in Antalya province of Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau 60(4): 321-329.
- Ozkan B. Akcaoz H, Karadeniz F (2004a). Energy requirement and economic analysis of citrus production in Turkey. Energy Convers Manag 45: 1821-1830.
- Ozkan B, Kurklu A, Akcaoz H (2004b). An input-output energy analysis in greenhouse vegetable production: A case study for Antalya region of Turkey. Biomass Bioenergy 26: 89-95.
- Ozkan B, Fert C, Karadeniz CF (2005). Energy and cost analysis for greenhouse and open-field grape production. Energy 32: 1500-1504.
- Özcan MT (1986). Mercimek Hasat ve Harman Yöntemlerinin İş Verimi, Kalitesi, Enerji Tüketimi ve Maliyet Yönünden Karşılaştırılması ve Uygun Bir Hasat Makinası Geliştirilmesi Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Türkiye Zirai Donatım Kurumu Yayınları. Yayın No: 46, Ankara.
- Pan EL (2023). Buğday, Ayçiçeği ve Üzüm Üretiminde Mekanizasyon Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi, Enerji Girdi Çıktı ve Karbon Ayakizi Analizleri: Tekirdağ İli Örneği. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
- Pimentel D (1980). Handbook of Energy Utilization in Agriculture; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA.
- Rafiee S, Avval SHM, Mohammadi A (2010). Modeling and sensitivity analysis of energy inputs for apple production in Iran. Energy 35: 3301-3306.
- Saltuk B, Jagosz B, Gökdoğan O, Rolbiecki R, Atilgan A, Rolbiecki S (2022). An Investigation on the energy balance and greenhouse gas emissions of orange production in Turkey. Energies 15: 8591.
- Singh JM (2002). On farm energy use pattern in different cropping systems in Haryana, India. International Institute of Management University of Flensburg, Sustainable Energy Systems and Management. Master of Science, Germany.
- Sonmete MH (2006). Fasulyenin Hasat-Harman Mekanizasyonu ve Geliştirme Olanakları. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Doktora Tezi, Konya.
- Sonmete MH, Demir F (2007) Fasulyenin Hasat-Harman Mekanizasyonunda Enerji Tüketimleri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 21(41): 109-117.
- Şenyurt M, Kalkışım Ö, Karadeniz T (2015). Gümüşhane Yöresinde yetiştirilen bazı standart ve mahalli elma (Malus communis L.) çeşitlerinin pomolojik özellikleri. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi 4(2): 59-64.
- Şimşek E, Oğuz Hİ, Gökdoğan O (2022). Energy use efficiency of grape production in vineyard areas of Nevşehir province in Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau 64(Suppl 1): 113-118.
- TÜİK. (2024). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr (Erişim Tarihi: 26 May 2024).
- Yaldiz O, Ozturk HH, Zeren Y, Bascetincelik A (1993) Energy usage in production of field crops in Turkey. 5th International Congress on Mechanization and Energy Use in Agriculture, Izmir, pp 527-536.
- Yılmaz İ, Özalp A, Aydoğmuş F (2010). Antalya ili bodur elma üretiminde enerji kullanım etkinliğinin belirlenmesi: Elmalı ilçesi örneği. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 23(2): 93-97.
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2, 216 - 225, 22.08.2024
Osman Gökdoğan
,
Önder Uysal
Kaynakça
- Akbolat D, Ekinci K, Demircan V (2014). Carbon dioxide emissions depending on ınputs used in the cultivation of some agricultural products. Fresenius Environ Bull 23: 795-800.
- Alluivone F, Moretti B, Sacco D, Grignani C (2011). EUE (energy use efficiency) of cropping systems for a sustainable agriculture. Energy 36: 4468-4481.
- Anonymous (2020). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/# data (access date: 20.01.2020).
- Akbolat D, Ekinci K, Demircan V (2014). Carbon dioxide emissions depend on inputs used in the cultivation of some agricultural products. Fresenius Environ Bull 23(3): 795-800.
- Anonymous (2008). Karaman Tarım Müdürlüğü Kayıtları.
- Anonymous (2024a). T.C. Gönen Kaymakamlığı. http://www.ispartagonen.gov.tr/ilcemizin-tarihi (access date: 20.02.2024).
- Anonymous (2024b). https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/mpgm/editordosya/file/CDP100000/abi/PlanAciklama Raporu_ 01072016_ABI.pdf (access date: 29.02.2024).
- Aydın B, Aktürk D, Özkan E, Hurma H, Kiracı MA (2017). Armut üretiminde karşılaştırmalı enerji kullanım etkinliği ve ekonomik analiz: Trakya bölgesi örneği. Türk Tarım-Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 5(9): 1072-1079.
- Aydın B, Aktürk D, Özkan E, Hurma H, Kiracı MA (2019) Comparative energy use efficiency and economic analysis of apple production in Turkey: Case of Thrace region. Erwerbs-Obstbau 61: 39-45.
- Baran MF (2022). Determination of energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) production in Turkey (A case study in Adıyaman province). Erwerbs-Obstbau 64: 499-505.
- Bayav A, Karlı B (2020). Isparta ve Karaman illerinde elma üretim maliyetinin karşılaştırılması. MKU Tar Bil Derg 25(2): 225-236.
- Clark S, Khoshnevisan B, Sefeedpari P (2016). Energy Efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions during transition to organic and reduced-input practices: Student farm case study. Ecological Engineering 88: 186-194.
- Çelen İH, Baran MF, Önler E, Bayhan Y (2017). Determination of energy balance of apple (Malus domestica) production in Turkey: A case study for Tekirdag province. Anadolu Tarım Bilim Derg 32: 40-45.
- Demir C (2023) Analyses of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in watermelon production. Int J Agric & Biol Eng 16(5): 221-225.
- Demircan V, Ekinci K, Keener HM, Akbolat D, Ekinci Ç (2006). Energy and economic analysis of sweet cherry production in Turkey: A case study from Isparta province. Energy Conversion and Management 47: 1761-1769.
- Dyer JA, Desjardins RL (2006). Carbon dioxide emissions associated with the manufacturing of tractors and farm machinery in Canada. Biosystems Engineering 93(1): 107-118.
- Ekinci K, Demircan V, Atasay A, Karamursel D, Sarica D (2020) Energy, economic and environmental analysis of organic and conventional apple production in Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau 62(1): 1-12.
- El Saleh Y (2000). Suriye ve Türkiye’de Mercimek ve Nohut Hasadında Mekanizasyon Olanaklarının Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı. Doktora Tezi, Adana.
- Eren O, Baran MF, Gokdogan O (2019) Determination of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in the production of different fruits in Turkey. Fresenius Environ Bull 28(1): 464-472.
- Fluck RC (1992). Energy in farm production. In Energy in world agriculture (pp. 218-267).
- Gökduman E, Gökdogan O, Yılmaz D (2022) Determination of energy-economic balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) production in Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau 64(4):759-766.
- Göktürk B (1999). Kuru Soğanın Hasada Yönelik Bazı Özelliklerinin Saptanması, Kazıcı Bıçaklı Tip Hasat Makinasının Geliştirilmesi ve Diğer Hasat Yöntemleri ile Karşılaştırılması Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı. Doktora Tezi, Tekirdağ.
- Graefe S, Tapasco J, Gonzalez A (2013). Resource use and greenhouse gas emissions of eight tropical fruits species cultivated in Colombia. Fruits 68(4): 303-314.
- Güceyü Ş (2020). Zeytin Üretiminde Mekanizasyon Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi, Enerji ve Maliyet Analizi: Mersin İli Örneği. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adana.
- Güzel E (1986). Çukurova Bölgesinde Yerfıstığının Söküm ve Harmanlanmasının Mekanizasyonu ve Bitkinin Mekanizasyona Yönelik Özelliklerinin Saptanması Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Türkiye Zirai Donatım Kurumu Mesleki Yayınları. Yayın No: 47, Ankara.
- Houshyar E, Dalgaard T, Tarazgar MH, Jorgensen U (2015). Energy input for tomato production what economy says, and what is good for the environment. Journal of Cleaner Production 89: 99-109.
- Hughes DJ, West JS, Atkins SD, Gladders P, Jeger MJ, Fitt BD (2011). Effects of disease control by fungicides on greenhouse gas emissions by UK arable crop production. Pest Management Science 67: 1082-1092.
- Karaağaç MA, Aykanat S, Cakır B, Eren Ö, Turgut MM, Barut ZB, Öztürk HH (2011). Energy balance of wheat and maize crops production in Hacıali undertaking. 11th International Congress on Mechanization and Energy in Agriculture Congress, 21-23 September, Istanbul, Turkey, 388-391.
- Karaağaç HA, Baran MF, Mart D, Bolat A, Eren Ö (2019). Nohut üretiminde enerji kullanım etkinliği ve sera gazı (GHG) emisyonunun belirlenmesi (Adana ili örneği). Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 16: 41-50.
- Karakaya E, Kızıloğlu S (2021). TRB1 Bölgesinde (Bingöl, Elazığ ve Malatya İlleri) elma yetiştiriciliğinin mevcut durumu. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 8(2): 470-483.
- Khoshnevisan B, Rafiee S, Omid M, Yousefi M, Movahedi M (2013) Modelling of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in wheat production in Esfahan Province of Iran using artificial neural networks. Energy 52:333-338.
- Khoshnevisan B, Shariati HM, Rafiee S, Mousazadeh H (2014) Comparison of energy consumption and GHG emissions of open field and greenhouse strawberry production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 29:316-324.
- Lal R (2004). Carbon Emission From Farm Operations. Environment International 30: 981-990.
- Mandal KG, Saha KP, Ghosh PK, Hati K, Bandyopadhyay KK (2002). Bioenergy and economic analysis of soybean based crop production systems in central India. Biomass and Bioenergy 23: 337-345.
- Mani I, Kumar P, Panwar JS, Kant K (2007). Variation in energy consumption in production of wheat-maize with varying altitudes in hill regions of Hi-machal Prades, India. Energy 32: 2336-2339.
- Maraseni TN, Cockfield G, Maroulis J, Chen G (2010). An assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from the Australian Vegetables Industry. J Environ Sci Health B 45: 578-588.
- Mardani A, Taghavifar H (2016). An overview on energy inputs and environmental emissions of grape production in West Azerbayjan of Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54: 918-924.
- Mohammadi A, Tabatabaeefar A, Shahin S, Rafiee S, Keyhani A (2008). Energy use economical analysis of potato production in İran A case study; Ardabil province. Energy Conversion and Management 49: 3566-3570.
- Mohammadi A, Rafiee S, Mohtasebi SS, Rafiee H (2010). Energy inputs-yield relationship and cost analysis of kiwifruit production in Iran. Renewable Energy 35: 1071-1075.
- Mohammadshirazi A, Akram A, Rafiee S, Avval SHM, Kalhor EB (2012). An analysis of energy use and relation between energy inputs and yield in tangerine production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 4515-4521.
- Mrini M, Senhaji F, Pimentel D (2002). Energy analysis of sugar beet production under traditional and ıntensive farming systems and ımpacts on sustainable agriculture in Morocco. J Sustain Agric 20: 5-28.
- Nagy CN (1999). Energy coefficients for agriculture inputs in western Canada.
- http://www.csale.usask.ca/PDFDocuments/energyCoefficientsAg.pdf (access date: 31.05.1999).
- Oğuz C, Karaçayır HF (2009). Türkiye’de elma üretimi, tüketimi, pazar yapısı ve dış ticareti. Tarım Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi 2(1): 41-49.
- Ozalp A, Yilmaz S, Ertekin C, Yilmaz I (2018). Energy analysis and emissions of greenhouse gases of pomegranate production in Antalya province of Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau 60(4): 321-329.
- Ozkan B. Akcaoz H, Karadeniz F (2004a). Energy requirement and economic analysis of citrus production in Turkey. Energy Convers Manag 45: 1821-1830.
- Ozkan B, Kurklu A, Akcaoz H (2004b). An input-output energy analysis in greenhouse vegetable production: A case study for Antalya region of Turkey. Biomass Bioenergy 26: 89-95.
- Ozkan B, Fert C, Karadeniz CF (2005). Energy and cost analysis for greenhouse and open-field grape production. Energy 32: 1500-1504.
- Özcan MT (1986). Mercimek Hasat ve Harman Yöntemlerinin İş Verimi, Kalitesi, Enerji Tüketimi ve Maliyet Yönünden Karşılaştırılması ve Uygun Bir Hasat Makinası Geliştirilmesi Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Türkiye Zirai Donatım Kurumu Yayınları. Yayın No: 46, Ankara.
- Pan EL (2023). Buğday, Ayçiçeği ve Üzüm Üretiminde Mekanizasyon Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi, Enerji Girdi Çıktı ve Karbon Ayakizi Analizleri: Tekirdağ İli Örneği. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
- Pimentel D (1980). Handbook of Energy Utilization in Agriculture; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA.
- Rafiee S, Avval SHM, Mohammadi A (2010). Modeling and sensitivity analysis of energy inputs for apple production in Iran. Energy 35: 3301-3306.
- Saltuk B, Jagosz B, Gökdoğan O, Rolbiecki R, Atilgan A, Rolbiecki S (2022). An Investigation on the energy balance and greenhouse gas emissions of orange production in Turkey. Energies 15: 8591.
- Singh JM (2002). On farm energy use pattern in different cropping systems in Haryana, India. International Institute of Management University of Flensburg, Sustainable Energy Systems and Management. Master of Science, Germany.
- Sonmete MH (2006). Fasulyenin Hasat-Harman Mekanizasyonu ve Geliştirme Olanakları. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Doktora Tezi, Konya.
- Sonmete MH, Demir F (2007) Fasulyenin Hasat-Harman Mekanizasyonunda Enerji Tüketimleri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 21(41): 109-117.
- Şenyurt M, Kalkışım Ö, Karadeniz T (2015). Gümüşhane Yöresinde yetiştirilen bazı standart ve mahalli elma (Malus communis L.) çeşitlerinin pomolojik özellikleri. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi 4(2): 59-64.
- Şimşek E, Oğuz Hİ, Gökdoğan O (2022). Energy use efficiency of grape production in vineyard areas of Nevşehir province in Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau 64(Suppl 1): 113-118.
- TÜİK. (2024). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr (Erişim Tarihi: 26 May 2024).
- Yaldiz O, Ozturk HH, Zeren Y, Bascetincelik A (1993) Energy usage in production of field crops in Turkey. 5th International Congress on Mechanization and Energy Use in Agriculture, Izmir, pp 527-536.
- Yılmaz İ, Özalp A, Aydoğmuş F (2010). Antalya ili bodur elma üretiminde enerji kullanım etkinliğinin belirlenmesi: Elmalı ilçesi örneği. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 23(2): 93-97.