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Dynamic Interactions Between Regional Unregistered Employment and Macroeconomic Variables in Türkiye: A Panel VAR Analysis

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2 - Cilt 13, Sayı 2, 138 - 158, 28.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.32331/sgd.1408363

Öz

The presence of the informal economy and unregistered employment engenders adverse working conditions and job insecurity and diminishes tax revenues. Post-2000, Türkiye has placed considerable emphasis on fighting the informal economy and unregistered employment. Nevertheless, current data from the Social Security Institution reveals a 29% unregistered employment rate. Numerous factors affect the informal economy, with their impact contingent on the developmental status of economies. In Türkiye, characterized by substantial regional disparities, policymakers must account for regional heterogeneities. Within this context, an examination of the dynamic relationship between unregistered employment and key economic indicators such as growth, unemployment, and inflation in the Turkish economy is conducted using a homogeneous panel VAR model. Moreover, the study delves into gender-specific distinctions in unemployment rates and their relationship with unregistered employment. Utilizing annual data spanning 2009 to 2021 from NUTS 2 of TURKSTAT, the findings underscore the necessity for unregistered employment policies to address regional variations. Significantly, the interdependence between registered and unregistered economies underscores the guiding role of the unregistered sector within the registered economy. Hence, it is suggested that fighting unregistered employment may require a fundamental redesign of the current economic production structure to mitigate its prevalence.

Kaynakça

  • Abrigo, M. R. and Love, I. (2016). Estimation of Panel Vector Autoregression in Stata. The Stata Journal. 16(3). 778-804.
  • Adam, M. C. and Ginsburgh, V. (1985). The Effects of Irregular Markets on Macroeconomic Policy: Some Estimates for Belgium. European Economic Review. 29(1). 15-33.
  • Anderson, T. W. and Hsiao, C. (1982). Formulation and Estimation of Dynamic Models Using Panel Data. Journal of Econometrics. 18(1). 47-82.
  • Andrews, D. W. K. and Lu, B. (2001). Consistent Model and Moment Selection Procedures for GMM Estimation with Application to Dynamic Panel Data Models. Journal of Econometrics. 101(1). 123-164.
  • Arellano, M. and Bond. S. (1991). Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and An Application to Employment Equations. Review of Economic Studies. 58(2). 277-297.
  • Arsić, M., Arandarenko, M., Radulović, B., Ranđelović, S. and Janković, I. (2015). Causes of the Shadow Economy. Formalizing the Shadow Economy in Serbia: Policy Measures and Growth Effects. (Editors: Gorana Krstić and Friedrich Schneider). Springer Cham. 21-46.
  • Bajada, C. and Schneider, F. (2009). Unemployment and the Shadow Economy in the OECD. Revue Èconomique. 60(5). 1033-1067.
  • Baklouti N. and Boujelbene, Y. (2018). The Nexus Between Democracy and Economic Growth: Evidence from Dynamic Simultaneous-Equations Models. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. 9(3). 980-998.
  • Baklouti, N. and Boujelbene, Y. (2019). The Economic Growth–Inflation–Shadow Economy Trilogy: Developed Versus Developing Countries. International Economic Journal. 33(4). 679-695. doi: 10.1080/10168737.2019.1641540
  • Baklouti, N. and Boujelbene, Y. (2020). A Simultaneous Equation Model of Economic Growth and Shadow Economy: Is There a Difference Between the Developed and Developing Countries? Economic Change and Restructuring. 53. 151-170. doi: 10.1007/s10644-018-9235-8
  • Blundell, R. and Bond, S. (1998). Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models. Journal of Econometrics. 87(1). 115-143.
  • Bölükbaş M. (2018). Kayıt Dışı İstihdam ve Genç İşsizlik Ekonomik Büyüme ile İlişkili Olabilir mi? Türkiye İçin Ekonometrik Bir Analiz. Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi (Journal of Social Security). 8(2). 75-90.
  • Bovi, M. and Dell’Anno, R. (2010). The Changing Nature of the OECD Shadow Economy. Journal of Evolutionary Economics. 20(1). 19-48.
  • Canova, F. and Ciccarelli, M. (2013). Panel Vector Autoregressive Models: A Survey. ECB Working Paper. No. 1507. 1-53.
  • Canzoneri, M. B. and Rogers, C. A. (1991). Is the European Community an Optimal Currency Area? Optimal Taxation Versus the Cost of Multiple Currencies. The American Economic Review. 80(3). 419–433.
  • Castillo, P. and Montoro, C. (2012). Inflation Dynamics in the Presence of Informal Labour Markets. BIS Working Papers. No 372. 24.
  • Cooray, A., Dzhumashev, R. and Schneider, F. (2017). How Does Corruption Affect Public Debt? An Empirical Analysis. World Development. 90. 115–127.
  • Dell’Anno, R. and Solomon, O. H. (2008). Shadow Economy and Unemployment Rate in USA: Is There a Structural Relationship? An Empirical Analysis. Applied Economics. 40(19). 2537-2555. doi: 10.1080/00036840600970195
  • Dreher, A. and Schneider, F. (2010). Corruption and the Shadow Economy: An Empirical Analysis. Public Choice. 144(1–2). 215–238.
  • Eilat Y. and Zinnes, C. (2002). The Shadow Economy in Transition Countries: Friend or Foe? A Policy Perspective. World Development. 30(7). 1233–1254.
  • Eralp, A. (2022). Türkiye’de Kayıtlı Ekonomi ile Kayıt Dışı İstihdam Oranı Arasındaki İlişkinin Sektörler İtibariyle İncelenmesi. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi (Third Sector Social Economic Review). 57(2). 1027-1039.
  • Friedman, E., Johnson, S., Kaufmann, D. and Zoido-Lobaton P. (2000). Dodging the Grabbing Hand: The Determinants of Unofficial Activity in 69 Countries. Journal of Public Economic. 76(3). 459–493.
  • Goel, R. K. and Nelson, M. A. (2016). Shining a Light on the Shadows: Identifying Robust Determinants of the Shadow Economy. Economic Modelling. 58. 351–364.
  • Hatipoglu, O. and Ozbek, G. (2011). On the Political Economy of the Informal Sector and Income Redistribution. European Journal of Law Economics. 32(1). 69–87.
  • Holtz-Eakin, D., Newey, W. and Rosen, H. S. (1988). Estimating Vector Autoregressions with Panel Data. Econometrica. 56(6). 1371–1395.
  • Ilgın, Y. (1999). Kayıtdışı Ekonomi ve Türkiye’deki Boyutları. Uzmanlık Tezi. Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, İktisadi Sektörler ve Koordinasyon Genel Müdürlüğü. Ankara.
  • Johnson, S., Kaufmann, D. and Zoido-Lobaton, P. (1998). Regulatory Discretion and the Unofficial Economy. The American Economic Review. 88(2). 387–392.
  • Kayıt Dışı İstihdamla Mücadele (KADİM) Projesi. (2006, 4 October). Resmi Gazete (Sayı: 26309). [https://www. resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2006/10/20061004-13.htm]
  • Koreshkova, T. A. (2006). A Quantitative Analysis of Inflation As a Tax on the Underground Economy. Journal of Monetary Economics. 53(4). 773-796.
  • Loayza, N. (1996). The Economics of the Informal Sector: A Simple Model and Some Empirical Evidence from Latin America. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy. 45. 129-162.
  • Mauleón, I. and Sardà, J. (2017) Unemployment and the Shadow Economy. Applied Economics. 49(37). 3729- 3740. doi: 10.1080/00036846.2016.1267844
  • Mazhar, U. and Méon, P-G. (2017). Taxing the Unobservable: The Impact of the Shadow Economy on Inflation and Taxation. World Development. 90. 89-103.
  • Medina, L. and Schneider, F. (2018). Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years? IMF Working Papers. WP/18/17. 1-76.
  • Önder, M. (2012). Türkiye’de Kayıt Dışı Ekonomi ve Uluslararası Uygulamalar Işığında Çözüm Önerileri. Mesleki Yeterlilik Tezi. T.C. Maliye Bakanlığı Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı.
  • Ouyang, Y. and Li, P. (2018). On the Nexus of Financial Development, Economic Growth and Energy Consumption in China: New Perspective From a GMM Panel VAR Approach. Energy Economics. 71. 238-252.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. IZA Discussion Papers. 1240. 1-39.
  • Peseran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics. 22. 265-312.
  • Poufinas, T., Galanos, G. and Agiropoulos, C. (2021). The Impact of Competitiveness on the Shadow Economy. International Advances in Economic Research. 27(1). 29-46.
  • Roodman, D. (2009). How to do Xtabond2: An Introduction to Difference and System GMM in Stata. The Stata Journal. 9(1). 86-136.
  • Sahnoun, M. and Abdennadher, C. (2019). The Nexus Between Unemployment Rate and Shadow Economy: A Comparative Analysis of Developed and Developing Countries Using a Simultaneous-Equation Model. Economics Discussion Papers. No. 2019-30. 1-27.
  • Saraç, T. (2012). Kayıt Dışı Ekonomi ve İşsizlik İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği (2000/1-2011/2). Sosyoekonomi. 18(18). 81-104.
  • Saunoris, J. W. (2018). Is the Shadow Economy a Bane or Boon for Economic Growth? Review of Development Economics. 22(1). 115-132.
  • Schneider, F. (2005). Shadow Economies Around the World: What Do We Really Know? European Journal of Political Economy. 21(3). 598-642.
  • Schneider, F. (2010). The Influence of Public Institutions on the Shadow Economy: An Empirical Investigation for OECD Countries. Review of Law & Economics. 6(3). 441-468.
  • Schneider, F. and Hametner, B. (2014). The Shadow Economy in Colombia: Size and Effects on Economic Growth. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy. 20(2). 293-325.
  • Sims, C. A. (1980). Macroeconomics and Reality. Econometrica. 48. 1-48.
  • Topçu, Ç. and Koç, S. (2017). İşsizlik İle Kayıtdışı İstihdam Arasındaki İlişkinin Ekonometrik Analizi. Kayıt Dışı İstihdam ve Ekonomi. (Editors: Selçuk Koç, Ayhan Orhan, Mehmet Çağri Gözen). İstanbul: Umuttepe Yayınları. 123-140.
  • Turkish Social Insurances and Universal Health Insurance Law. (2006, 31 May). Resmi Gazete (Sayı: 26200). [https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5510.pdf]
  • Williams, C. C. and Horodnic, I. A. (2018). Extent and Distribution of Unregistered Employment in the Service Industries in Europe. The Service Industries Journal. 38(11-12). 856-874. doi: 10.1080/02642069.2018.1481209
  • Wu, D. F. and Schneider, F. (2019). Nonlinearity Between the Shadow Economy and Level of Development. International Monetary Fund Working Papers. 19/48. 1-28.
  • Yurdakul, F. (2008). Türkiye’de Kayıtdışı Ekonomi: Bir Model Denemesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi. 63(4). 205-221.

Türkiye’de Bölgesel Kayıt Dışı İstihdam ve Makroekonomik Değişkenler Arasındaki Karşılıklı Dinamik İlişkiler: Bir Panel VAR Analizi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2 - Cilt 13, Sayı 2, 138 - 158, 28.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.32331/sgd.1408363

Öz

Kayıt dışı ekonomi ve kayıt dışı istihdam vergi gelirlerinde yarattığı azalmanın yanında çalışanlar için kötü çalışma koşulları ve güvencesiz işler sunması nedeniyle arzu edilen bir durum değildir. Türkiye’de 2000 sonrası dönemde kayıt dışı ekonomi ve kayıt dışı istihdam ile mücadeleye önem verildiği görülmektedir. Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumunun verilerine göre mevcut kayıt dışı istihdam oranı %29’dur. Kayıt dışı ekonomiyi meydana getiren pek çok faktör bulunmaktadır. Bu faktörlerinde ekonomilerin gelişmişlik durumlarına göre etkileri farklılıklar göstermektedir. Ayrıca, Türkiye gibi bölgesel farklılıkların büyük ve anlamlı olduğu ekonomilerde bölgesel heterojenliklerin dikkate alınması politika yapıcılar açısından önemlidir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmada Türkiye ekonomisinde kayıt dışı istihdam ile ekonomik büyüme, işsizlik ve enflasyon arasındaki karşılıklı dinamik ilişkiler homojen bir panel VAR modeli ile incelenmektedir. Kadın ve erkek işsiz oranı ayrımında kayıt dışı istihdam ile olan ilişkisi de ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmada TÜİK İBBS 2 düzeyinde 2009-2021 dönemi yıllık verileri kullanılmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular kayıt dışı istihdam politikalarının bölgesel heterojenlikler dikkate alınmasını işaret etmektedir. En önemli nokta ise kayıtlı ve kayıt dışı ekonomi arasındaki ilişkide kayıt dışı ekonominin kayıtlı ekonominin yönlendirici bir parçası haline geldiğini işaret etmesidir. Sonuç olarak, kayıt dışı istihdam ile mücadelede mevcut ekonomik üretim yapısının kayıt dışı istihdama engel olacak şekilde yeniden dizayn edilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abrigo, M. R. and Love, I. (2016). Estimation of Panel Vector Autoregression in Stata. The Stata Journal. 16(3). 778-804.
  • Adam, M. C. and Ginsburgh, V. (1985). The Effects of Irregular Markets on Macroeconomic Policy: Some Estimates for Belgium. European Economic Review. 29(1). 15-33.
  • Anderson, T. W. and Hsiao, C. (1982). Formulation and Estimation of Dynamic Models Using Panel Data. Journal of Econometrics. 18(1). 47-82.
  • Andrews, D. W. K. and Lu, B. (2001). Consistent Model and Moment Selection Procedures for GMM Estimation with Application to Dynamic Panel Data Models. Journal of Econometrics. 101(1). 123-164.
  • Arellano, M. and Bond. S. (1991). Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and An Application to Employment Equations. Review of Economic Studies. 58(2). 277-297.
  • Arsić, M., Arandarenko, M., Radulović, B., Ranđelović, S. and Janković, I. (2015). Causes of the Shadow Economy. Formalizing the Shadow Economy in Serbia: Policy Measures and Growth Effects. (Editors: Gorana Krstić and Friedrich Schneider). Springer Cham. 21-46.
  • Bajada, C. and Schneider, F. (2009). Unemployment and the Shadow Economy in the OECD. Revue Èconomique. 60(5). 1033-1067.
  • Baklouti N. and Boujelbene, Y. (2018). The Nexus Between Democracy and Economic Growth: Evidence from Dynamic Simultaneous-Equations Models. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. 9(3). 980-998.
  • Baklouti, N. and Boujelbene, Y. (2019). The Economic Growth–Inflation–Shadow Economy Trilogy: Developed Versus Developing Countries. International Economic Journal. 33(4). 679-695. doi: 10.1080/10168737.2019.1641540
  • Baklouti, N. and Boujelbene, Y. (2020). A Simultaneous Equation Model of Economic Growth and Shadow Economy: Is There a Difference Between the Developed and Developing Countries? Economic Change and Restructuring. 53. 151-170. doi: 10.1007/s10644-018-9235-8
  • Blundell, R. and Bond, S. (1998). Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models. Journal of Econometrics. 87(1). 115-143.
  • Bölükbaş M. (2018). Kayıt Dışı İstihdam ve Genç İşsizlik Ekonomik Büyüme ile İlişkili Olabilir mi? Türkiye İçin Ekonometrik Bir Analiz. Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi (Journal of Social Security). 8(2). 75-90.
  • Bovi, M. and Dell’Anno, R. (2010). The Changing Nature of the OECD Shadow Economy. Journal of Evolutionary Economics. 20(1). 19-48.
  • Canova, F. and Ciccarelli, M. (2013). Panel Vector Autoregressive Models: A Survey. ECB Working Paper. No. 1507. 1-53.
  • Canzoneri, M. B. and Rogers, C. A. (1991). Is the European Community an Optimal Currency Area? Optimal Taxation Versus the Cost of Multiple Currencies. The American Economic Review. 80(3). 419–433.
  • Castillo, P. and Montoro, C. (2012). Inflation Dynamics in the Presence of Informal Labour Markets. BIS Working Papers. No 372. 24.
  • Cooray, A., Dzhumashev, R. and Schneider, F. (2017). How Does Corruption Affect Public Debt? An Empirical Analysis. World Development. 90. 115–127.
  • Dell’Anno, R. and Solomon, O. H. (2008). Shadow Economy and Unemployment Rate in USA: Is There a Structural Relationship? An Empirical Analysis. Applied Economics. 40(19). 2537-2555. doi: 10.1080/00036840600970195
  • Dreher, A. and Schneider, F. (2010). Corruption and the Shadow Economy: An Empirical Analysis. Public Choice. 144(1–2). 215–238.
  • Eilat Y. and Zinnes, C. (2002). The Shadow Economy in Transition Countries: Friend or Foe? A Policy Perspective. World Development. 30(7). 1233–1254.
  • Eralp, A. (2022). Türkiye’de Kayıtlı Ekonomi ile Kayıt Dışı İstihdam Oranı Arasındaki İlişkinin Sektörler İtibariyle İncelenmesi. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi (Third Sector Social Economic Review). 57(2). 1027-1039.
  • Friedman, E., Johnson, S., Kaufmann, D. and Zoido-Lobaton P. (2000). Dodging the Grabbing Hand: The Determinants of Unofficial Activity in 69 Countries. Journal of Public Economic. 76(3). 459–493.
  • Goel, R. K. and Nelson, M. A. (2016). Shining a Light on the Shadows: Identifying Robust Determinants of the Shadow Economy. Economic Modelling. 58. 351–364.
  • Hatipoglu, O. and Ozbek, G. (2011). On the Political Economy of the Informal Sector and Income Redistribution. European Journal of Law Economics. 32(1). 69–87.
  • Holtz-Eakin, D., Newey, W. and Rosen, H. S. (1988). Estimating Vector Autoregressions with Panel Data. Econometrica. 56(6). 1371–1395.
  • Ilgın, Y. (1999). Kayıtdışı Ekonomi ve Türkiye’deki Boyutları. Uzmanlık Tezi. Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, İktisadi Sektörler ve Koordinasyon Genel Müdürlüğü. Ankara.
  • Johnson, S., Kaufmann, D. and Zoido-Lobaton, P. (1998). Regulatory Discretion and the Unofficial Economy. The American Economic Review. 88(2). 387–392.
  • Kayıt Dışı İstihdamla Mücadele (KADİM) Projesi. (2006, 4 October). Resmi Gazete (Sayı: 26309). [https://www. resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2006/10/20061004-13.htm]
  • Koreshkova, T. A. (2006). A Quantitative Analysis of Inflation As a Tax on the Underground Economy. Journal of Monetary Economics. 53(4). 773-796.
  • Loayza, N. (1996). The Economics of the Informal Sector: A Simple Model and Some Empirical Evidence from Latin America. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy. 45. 129-162.
  • Mauleón, I. and Sardà, J. (2017) Unemployment and the Shadow Economy. Applied Economics. 49(37). 3729- 3740. doi: 10.1080/00036846.2016.1267844
  • Mazhar, U. and Méon, P-G. (2017). Taxing the Unobservable: The Impact of the Shadow Economy on Inflation and Taxation. World Development. 90. 89-103.
  • Medina, L. and Schneider, F. (2018). Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years? IMF Working Papers. WP/18/17. 1-76.
  • Önder, M. (2012). Türkiye’de Kayıt Dışı Ekonomi ve Uluslararası Uygulamalar Işığında Çözüm Önerileri. Mesleki Yeterlilik Tezi. T.C. Maliye Bakanlığı Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı.
  • Ouyang, Y. and Li, P. (2018). On the Nexus of Financial Development, Economic Growth and Energy Consumption in China: New Perspective From a GMM Panel VAR Approach. Energy Economics. 71. 238-252.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. IZA Discussion Papers. 1240. 1-39.
  • Peseran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics. 22. 265-312.
  • Poufinas, T., Galanos, G. and Agiropoulos, C. (2021). The Impact of Competitiveness on the Shadow Economy. International Advances in Economic Research. 27(1). 29-46.
  • Roodman, D. (2009). How to do Xtabond2: An Introduction to Difference and System GMM in Stata. The Stata Journal. 9(1). 86-136.
  • Sahnoun, M. and Abdennadher, C. (2019). The Nexus Between Unemployment Rate and Shadow Economy: A Comparative Analysis of Developed and Developing Countries Using a Simultaneous-Equation Model. Economics Discussion Papers. No. 2019-30. 1-27.
  • Saraç, T. (2012). Kayıt Dışı Ekonomi ve İşsizlik İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği (2000/1-2011/2). Sosyoekonomi. 18(18). 81-104.
  • Saunoris, J. W. (2018). Is the Shadow Economy a Bane or Boon for Economic Growth? Review of Development Economics. 22(1). 115-132.
  • Schneider, F. (2005). Shadow Economies Around the World: What Do We Really Know? European Journal of Political Economy. 21(3). 598-642.
  • Schneider, F. (2010). The Influence of Public Institutions on the Shadow Economy: An Empirical Investigation for OECD Countries. Review of Law & Economics. 6(3). 441-468.
  • Schneider, F. and Hametner, B. (2014). The Shadow Economy in Colombia: Size and Effects on Economic Growth. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy. 20(2). 293-325.
  • Sims, C. A. (1980). Macroeconomics and Reality. Econometrica. 48. 1-48.
  • Topçu, Ç. and Koç, S. (2017). İşsizlik İle Kayıtdışı İstihdam Arasındaki İlişkinin Ekonometrik Analizi. Kayıt Dışı İstihdam ve Ekonomi. (Editors: Selçuk Koç, Ayhan Orhan, Mehmet Çağri Gözen). İstanbul: Umuttepe Yayınları. 123-140.
  • Turkish Social Insurances and Universal Health Insurance Law. (2006, 31 May). Resmi Gazete (Sayı: 26200). [https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5510.pdf]
  • Williams, C. C. and Horodnic, I. A. (2018). Extent and Distribution of Unregistered Employment in the Service Industries in Europe. The Service Industries Journal. 38(11-12). 856-874. doi: 10.1080/02642069.2018.1481209
  • Wu, D. F. and Schneider, F. (2019). Nonlinearity Between the Shadow Economy and Level of Development. International Monetary Fund Working Papers. 19/48. 1-28.
  • Yurdakul, F. (2008). Türkiye’de Kayıtdışı Ekonomi: Bir Model Denemesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi. 63(4). 205-221.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyal Güvenlik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Anıl Eralp 0000-0002-4630-2114

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 26 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2 - Cilt 13, Sayı 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Eralp, A. (2023). Dynamic Interactions Between Regional Unregistered Employment and Macroeconomic Variables in Türkiye: A Panel VAR Analysis. Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 13(2), 138-158. https://doi.org/10.32331/sgd.1408363