Israel's Occupant Status in Gaza and the Protections Provided to Civilians by International Humanitarian Law in the Israel-Hamas War

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 245 - 266

Naim Demirel

https://doi.org/10.56701/shd.1477179

Öz

The application of international humanitarian law in the conflict between Israel and Hamas, which has been ongoing since 2006, has been a subject of debate until today. In the literature, these conflicts are analyzed in the light of the distinction between international and non-international armed conflict. At this point, the state status of Palestine and the status of Hamas as an armed organization play an important role. The international community has not yet reached a consensus on these two controversial issues. Therefore, the categorization of conflicts is complex and depends on many parameters. In addition, Israel's withdrawal from Gaza from 2005 onwards has made the nature of Israel's control over Gaza and the applicability of the law of occupation a matter of debate for years. Israel's control of Gaza's airspace, territorial waters and border crossings for years has fueled this debate. Indeed, the attacks between Hamas and Israel to date have demonstrated that Israel can easily establish effective control over Gaza and deprive the people of Gaza of basic needs as it pleases. In the shadow of all these conflicts, it is the innocent civilian population that is most in need of protection. International humanitarian law contains a set of rules that constitute customary law for the protection of civilians during conflicts. Based on the armed conflict and Israel's status as an occupier, Israel will have to comply with both the provisions of the Hague Convention arising from the law of occupation and the provisions of the Geneva Convention. However, there are also minimum standards protecting the fundamental rights of civilians that Israel must adhere to.

Anahtar Kelimeler

International Armed Conflict, Non-International Armed Conflict, Law of Occupation, Protection of Civil Rights, Customary Law

İsrail’in Gazze’deki İşgalci Statüsü ve İsrail-Hamas Savaşında Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukukun Sivillere Sağladığı Korumalar

Öz

İsrail ve Hamas arasında 2006 yılından itibaren süregelen çatışmalarda uluslararası insancıl hukukun uygulama alanı günümüze kadar tartışma konusu olmuştur. Literatürde bu çatışmalar, özellikle uluslararası olan veya uluslararası olmayan silahlı çatışma ayrımı ışığında incelenmektedir. Bu noktada Filistin’in devlet statüsü ve Hamas’ın silahlı örgüt statüsü önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu iki tartışmalı konuya ilişkin uluslararası toplumda henüz ortak bir fikir oluşmamıştır. Bu sebeple çatışmaların sınıflandırılması karmaşık bir yapıya sahiptir ve birçok parametreye bağlıdır. Bunun yanı sıra; İsrail’in 2005’ten itibaren Gazze’den çekilmiş olması, yıllardır İsrail’in Gazze’deki kontrolünün niteliğini ve işgal hukukunun uygulanabilirliğini tartışma konusu hâline getirmiştir. İsrail’in yıllardır Gazze’nin hava sahasını, karasularını ve sınır kapılarını kontrol etmesi ise bu tartışmayı körüklemektedir. Nitekim, Hamas ile İsrail arasında günümüze kadar gerçekleşen saldırılarda, İsrail’in kolaylıkla Gazze üzerinde etkin kontrol kurabildiği ve Gazze halkını dilediği gibi temel ihtiyaçlardan mahrum bırakabildiği gözler önüne serilmiştir. Tüm bu çatışmalar gölgesinde korunmaya en muhtaç olan kesim ise masum sivil halktır. Uluslararası insancıl hukuk, çatışmalar sırasında sivil halkın korunması için teamül hukuku niteliğinde olan bir dizi kurallar içermektedir. Silahlı çatışmaların türü ve İsrail’in işgalci statüsü esas alındığında, İsrail’den, hem işgal hukukundan kaynaklanan Lahey Sözleşmesi hükümlerine hem de Cenevre Sözleşmesi hükümlerine riayet etmesi beklenecektir. Bunun yanında ayrıca İsrail’in uyması ve gözetmesi gereken ve sivillerin temel insan haklarını koruyan asgari standartlar da mevcuttur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uluslararası Silahlı Çatışma, Uluslararası Olmayan Silahlı Çatışma, İşgal Hukuku, Sivil Hakların Korunması, Teamül Hukuku

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