A Ghost is Disturbing Africa: The Evolution of Black Consciousness from Masks to Ghosts in Contemporary African Cinema
Yıl 2024,
Sayı: 18
Yusuf Ziya Gökçek
,
Muzaffer Musab Yılmaz
Öz
1960'lardan günümüze toplumsal sorunlar ve göç, kolonyal ve postkolonyal, Sahra Altı Afrika sinemasının başat temaları arasında yer aldı. Diasporada yetişen ve ilk filmlerini kendi kıtalarında çeken çağdaş Sahraaltı Afrikalı sinemacılar, filmlerinde mekân ve karakterleri hayalet temasıyla ilişkilendirerek Afrika sinemasının altmış yıllık temalarını kullanmaktadır. Senegal'de doğup Fransa'da yaşayan Mati Diop ve Angola'da doğup profesyonel eğitimini ABD'de alan Mario Bastos, Atlantique (2019) ve Air Conditioner (2020) filmleriyle şehirlerini hayalet olgusu üzerinden distopik bir evrene dönüştürüyor ve bu temalar üzerinden ulusal alegoriler kuruyor. Bu filmlerde zaman ve mekân arasındaki ilişki gerçekçi kodlara uygun olarak düzenlense de anlatıların sıra dışılığı mevcut siyasi ve toplumsal eşitsizliği görünür kılınmaktadır. Ayrıca diasporada yetişen Afrikalı sinemacıların politik eşitsizliği tek bir sinema türüne sokmadıkları gibi türleri melezleştirmeye çalıştıkları görülmektedir. Çalışmada Jacques Derrida'nın hauntology kavramı çerçevesinde betimsel analiz yöntemi kullanılarak filmlerin politik söylemi ile yönetmenlerin başvurduğu melezleştirme stratejileri olan film türleri arasında bir paralellik olup olmadığı analiz edilmiştir. Filmlerin, sömürge sonrası dönemde gelir adaletsizliği ve eşitsizlik gibi durumları bilim kurgu ve korku sinemasından ödünç alınan temel ilkelere dayanarak gösterdiği görülmüştür.
Etik Beyan
Bu çalışmanın, özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; çalışmanın hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz
ve bilgilerin sunumu olmak üzere tüm aşamalarından bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallarına uygun
davrandığımı; bu çalışma kapsamında elde edilmeyen tüm veri ve bilgiler için kaynak
gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynaklara kaynakçada yer verdiğimi; kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir
değişiklik yapmadığımı, çalışmanın Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)' in tüm şartlarını
ve koşullarını kabul ederek etik görev ve sorumluluklara riayet ettiğimi beyan ederim.
Herhangi bir zamanda, çalışmayla ilgili yaptığım bu beyana aykırı bir durumun
saptanması durumunda, ortaya çıkacak tüm ahlaki ve hukuki sonuçlara razı olduğumu
bildiririm.
Kaynakça
- Adesanya, A. (2014). Nigerian Film: Looking Backward and Looking Forward. In F. Ogunleye (Ed.), African Film: Looking Back and Looking Forward (pp. 13-19). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Allyn & Bacon.
- Boluk, S. & Lenz, W. (2011). Introduction: Generation Z, the Age of Apocalypse. In S. Boluk & W. Lenz (Eds.), Generation Zombie: Essays on the Living Dead in Modern Culture (pp.1-17). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.
- Bradshaw, P. (2019). Atlantique Review – African Oppression Meets Supernatural Mystery.
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/may/16/atlantique-review-cannes-mati-diop-senegal-mystery
- Çalış, Ş. (2015). Hayaletbilim ve Hayali Kimlikler: Neo-Osmanlılık, Özal ve Balkanlar. Çizgi Kitabevi.
- Derrida, J. (1994). Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International. Routledge.
- Dima, V. (2017). Sonic Space in Djibril Diop Mambety's Films. Indiana University Press.
- Ergenç, A. (2021, Aug 20). Fradique: Angola, Klimalar ve Travmalar.
https://www.unlimitedrag.com/post/fradique-angola-klimalar-ve-travmalar
- Fanon, F. (2005). Yeryüzünün Lanetlileri. Versus Kitap.
- Hayes, A. (2016). Zombies. Cavendish Square Publishing.
- Hepkon, Z. (2007). Afrika Birliği Mücadelesinden Postkolonyalizme Afrika'da Sinema. In E. Biryıldız & Z. Çetin Erus (Eds.), Üçüncü Sinema ve Üçüncü Dünya Sineması (pp. 172-187). Es Yayınları.
- Iheka, C. & Taylor, J. (2018). Introduction: The Migration Turn in African Cultural Productions. In C. Iheka, J. Taylor (Eds.), African Migration Narratives: Politics, Race, and Space (pp.1-18). University of Rochester Press.
- Jorholt, E. (2007). Burkina Faso. In M. Hjort, D. Petrie (Eds.), The Cinema of Small Nations. Edinburg University Press.
- Kay, G. (2008). Zombie Movies: The Ultimate Guide. Chicago Review Press.
- Larsen, N. (2005). Imperialism, Colonialism, Postcolonialism. In H. Schwarz & S. Ray (Eds.), A Companion to Postcolonial Studies (pp. 23-52). Blackwell Publishing.
- Lysogorova, A. (2019, May 26). Atlantique’: Senegalese Ghost Story About Refugee Crisis. https://nastyalysogorova.medium.com/atlantique-senegalese-ghost-story-about-refugee-crisis-62e4373c9923
- Magalhaes, L. (2019, Dec 5). Atlantics / Atlantique (2019), by Mati Diop. https://medium.com/cinesuffragette/atlantics-atlantique-2019-by-mati-diop-6e06f9af55c9
- Marak, K. (2014). Japanese and American Horror: A Comparative Study of Film, Fiction, Graphic Novels and Video Games. McFarland & Company.
- Moreman, C. & Rushton, C. J. (2011). Introduction – They’re Us: Zombies, Humans/Humans. In C. Moreman, C. J. Rushton (Eds.), Zombies Are Us: Essays on the Humanity of the Walking Dead (pp. 1-10). McFarland.
- Notebook MUBI (2021, Jul 20). Fradique Introduces His Film "Air Conditioner. https://mubi.com/tr/notebook/posts/fradique-introduces-his-film-air-conditioner
- Orlando, V. (2017). New African Cinema. Rutgers University Press.
- Qureshi, B. (2019, Nov 23). Atlantics' Is A Haunting Refugee Story — Of The Women Left Behind In Senegal. https://www.npr.org/2019/11/23/780847003/atlantics-is-a-haunting-refugee-story-of-the-women-left-behind-in-senegal
- Rahim, A. (2021, Apr 22). Ruy Duarte de Carvalho et la Balance du Temps sur la Scène Angolaise. https://www.3continents.com/fr/actu/ruy-duarte-de-carvalho/s
- Reynolds, G. (2015). Colonial Cinema in Africa: Origins, Images, Audiences. McFarland & Company.
- Rumley, C. (2020, Jun 5). African Filmmakers And Nyfa Alumni Present Feature Film, ‘Air Conditioner,’ in New We Are One Film Festival. https://www.nyfa.edu/film-school-blog/african-filmmakers-and-nyfa-alumni-present-first-feature-in-new-we-are-one-film-festival/
- Shaka, F. O. (1994). Colonial and Post-Colonial African Cinema: (A Theoretical and Critical Analysis of Discursive Practises). (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis). University of Warwick, Warwick.
- Sheldon, K. (2016). Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rowman & Littlefield.
- Smith, I. H. (2021). FilmQuake: The Most Disruptive Films in Cinema. Frances Lincoln.
- Swanson, L. (2023). The Zombie in Contemporary French Caribbean Fiction. Liverpool University Press.
- Thackway, M. (2003). Africa Shoots Back: Alternative Perspectives in Sub-Saharan Francophone African Film. Indiana University Press.
- Thomas, D. (2008). Black France: Colonialism, Immigration, and Transnationalism. Indiana University Press.
International Organization for Migration. https://missingmigrants.iom.int/region/africa
- Wallis, E. (2019, Dec 18). Ghosts from Senegal. https://www.infomigrants.net/ar/post/20908/ghosts-from-senegal
- Zeldin, T. (2010). İnsanlığın Mahrem Tarihi. Ayrıntı Yayınları.
- Zizek, S. (2012). İdeolojinin Aile Miti. Encore Yayınları.
- Zizek, S. (2013). Yamuk Bakmak: Popüler Kültürden Jacques Lacan’a Giriş. Metis Yayınları.
A Ghost is Disturbing Africa: The Evolution of Black Consciousness from Masks to Ghosts in Contemporary African Cinema
Yıl 2024,
Sayı: 18
Yusuf Ziya Gökçek
,
Muzaffer Musab Yılmaz
Öz
From 1960s to the present, colonial, postcolonial, social problems and migration have been among the dominant themes of Sub-Saharan African cinema. Today, among the sub-Saharan African filmmakers who grew up in the diaspora and shot their first films in their continent, there are those who use the sixty-year-old theme of African cinema by associating the place and characters with the ghost theme in their films. Mati Diop who was born in Senegal, living in France and Mario Bastos who was born in Angola but professionally trained in USA transform their cities into a dystopian universe through the ghost phenomenon and establish national allegories through their films Atlantique (2019) and Air Conditioner (2020). Although the relationship between time and space in these films is arranged in accordance with realistic codes, the extraordinariness of the narratives makes the current political and social inequality visible. It is also seen that African filmmakers who grew up in the diaspora did not put political inequality into a single cinematic genre, they try to hybridize it. In the study, the descriptive analysis method was used within the notion of Jacques Derrida's hauntology concept to analyse whether there is a parallelism between the political discourse of films and film type, which are hybridization strategies directors apply. It has been seen that the films show situations such as income injustice and inequality in the post-colonial period based on basic principles borrowed from science fiction and horror cinema.
Kaynakça
- Adesanya, A. (2014). Nigerian Film: Looking Backward and Looking Forward. In F. Ogunleye (Ed.), African Film: Looking Back and Looking Forward (pp. 13-19). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Allyn & Bacon.
- Boluk, S. & Lenz, W. (2011). Introduction: Generation Z, the Age of Apocalypse. In S. Boluk & W. Lenz (Eds.), Generation Zombie: Essays on the Living Dead in Modern Culture (pp.1-17). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.
- Bradshaw, P. (2019). Atlantique Review – African Oppression Meets Supernatural Mystery.
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/may/16/atlantique-review-cannes-mati-diop-senegal-mystery
- Çalış, Ş. (2015). Hayaletbilim ve Hayali Kimlikler: Neo-Osmanlılık, Özal ve Balkanlar. Çizgi Kitabevi.
- Derrida, J. (1994). Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International. Routledge.
- Dima, V. (2017). Sonic Space in Djibril Diop Mambety's Films. Indiana University Press.
- Ergenç, A. (2021, Aug 20). Fradique: Angola, Klimalar ve Travmalar.
https://www.unlimitedrag.com/post/fradique-angola-klimalar-ve-travmalar
- Fanon, F. (2005). Yeryüzünün Lanetlileri. Versus Kitap.
- Hayes, A. (2016). Zombies. Cavendish Square Publishing.
- Hepkon, Z. (2007). Afrika Birliği Mücadelesinden Postkolonyalizme Afrika'da Sinema. In E. Biryıldız & Z. Çetin Erus (Eds.), Üçüncü Sinema ve Üçüncü Dünya Sineması (pp. 172-187). Es Yayınları.
- Iheka, C. & Taylor, J. (2018). Introduction: The Migration Turn in African Cultural Productions. In C. Iheka, J. Taylor (Eds.), African Migration Narratives: Politics, Race, and Space (pp.1-18). University of Rochester Press.
- Jorholt, E. (2007). Burkina Faso. In M. Hjort, D. Petrie (Eds.), The Cinema of Small Nations. Edinburg University Press.
- Kay, G. (2008). Zombie Movies: The Ultimate Guide. Chicago Review Press.
- Larsen, N. (2005). Imperialism, Colonialism, Postcolonialism. In H. Schwarz & S. Ray (Eds.), A Companion to Postcolonial Studies (pp. 23-52). Blackwell Publishing.
- Lysogorova, A. (2019, May 26). Atlantique’: Senegalese Ghost Story About Refugee Crisis. https://nastyalysogorova.medium.com/atlantique-senegalese-ghost-story-about-refugee-crisis-62e4373c9923
- Magalhaes, L. (2019, Dec 5). Atlantics / Atlantique (2019), by Mati Diop. https://medium.com/cinesuffragette/atlantics-atlantique-2019-by-mati-diop-6e06f9af55c9
- Marak, K. (2014). Japanese and American Horror: A Comparative Study of Film, Fiction, Graphic Novels and Video Games. McFarland & Company.
- Moreman, C. & Rushton, C. J. (2011). Introduction – They’re Us: Zombies, Humans/Humans. In C. Moreman, C. J. Rushton (Eds.), Zombies Are Us: Essays on the Humanity of the Walking Dead (pp. 1-10). McFarland.
- Notebook MUBI (2021, Jul 20). Fradique Introduces His Film "Air Conditioner. https://mubi.com/tr/notebook/posts/fradique-introduces-his-film-air-conditioner
- Orlando, V. (2017). New African Cinema. Rutgers University Press.
- Qureshi, B. (2019, Nov 23). Atlantics' Is A Haunting Refugee Story — Of The Women Left Behind In Senegal. https://www.npr.org/2019/11/23/780847003/atlantics-is-a-haunting-refugee-story-of-the-women-left-behind-in-senegal
- Rahim, A. (2021, Apr 22). Ruy Duarte de Carvalho et la Balance du Temps sur la Scène Angolaise. https://www.3continents.com/fr/actu/ruy-duarte-de-carvalho/s
- Reynolds, G. (2015). Colonial Cinema in Africa: Origins, Images, Audiences. McFarland & Company.
- Rumley, C. (2020, Jun 5). African Filmmakers And Nyfa Alumni Present Feature Film, ‘Air Conditioner,’ in New We Are One Film Festival. https://www.nyfa.edu/film-school-blog/african-filmmakers-and-nyfa-alumni-present-first-feature-in-new-we-are-one-film-festival/
- Shaka, F. O. (1994). Colonial and Post-Colonial African Cinema: (A Theoretical and Critical Analysis of Discursive Practises). (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis). University of Warwick, Warwick.
- Sheldon, K. (2016). Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rowman & Littlefield.
- Smith, I. H. (2021). FilmQuake: The Most Disruptive Films in Cinema. Frances Lincoln.
- Swanson, L. (2023). The Zombie in Contemporary French Caribbean Fiction. Liverpool University Press.
- Thackway, M. (2003). Africa Shoots Back: Alternative Perspectives in Sub-Saharan Francophone African Film. Indiana University Press.
- Thomas, D. (2008). Black France: Colonialism, Immigration, and Transnationalism. Indiana University Press.
International Organization for Migration. https://missingmigrants.iom.int/region/africa
- Wallis, E. (2019, Dec 18). Ghosts from Senegal. https://www.infomigrants.net/ar/post/20908/ghosts-from-senegal
- Zeldin, T. (2010). İnsanlığın Mahrem Tarihi. Ayrıntı Yayınları.
- Zizek, S. (2012). İdeolojinin Aile Miti. Encore Yayınları.
- Zizek, S. (2013). Yamuk Bakmak: Popüler Kültürden Jacques Lacan’a Giriş. Metis Yayınları.