Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

KİŞİLERARASI İLİŞKİLERDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK, SOSYAL MEDYA VE METAVERSE

Yıl 2022, , 761 - 782, 29.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.30692/sisad.1109592

Öz

Sosyal bir varlık olan insanın diğer insanlarla iletişim, etkileşim ve birtakım ilişkiler içerisinde olma ihtiyacı bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan en önemli iki ilişki biçimi, arkadaşlık ilişkileri ve romantik ilişkilerdir. Birey, sosyal yaşamda başlatılan her ilişkisinin sürmesini istemekte, bunun için de ilişkinin gerektirdiği şekillerde çaba sarf etmektedir. Sosyal medya platformlarıyla birlikte bu iki ilişki biçiminin hem deneyimlenme hem de sürdürülme biçimleri değişmiştir. Kimi ilişkilerin sürdürülebilirliği noktasında fayda sağlayan sosyal medya, kimi ilişkilerin bitmesine sebep olabilmektedir. Sosyal medya platformları da yakın zamanda sanal gerçeklik ortamlarına, meta evrene evrilecek ve sanal ağlarda sosyalleşme biçimi de boyut değiştirecektir. Metaverse, kullanıcılarının üç boyutlu sanal ortamlarda birlikte çalışmasına oyun oynamasına ve sosyalleşmesine olanak tanıyacaktır. Şu an sadece bazı dijital oyun platformları metaverse deneyimini sunsa da Facebook’un sahibi Mark Zuckerberg’in şirketinin adını “Meta” olarak değiştirmesi ve diğer önemli sosyal medya şirketlerinin de platformlarını bu meta evrene adapte edebilmek için yüklü yatırımlar yapmaya başlamış olması, sosyal medyanın kökten bir değişim sergileyeceğinin göstergesidir. Böylece arkadaşlık ilişkileri ve romantik ilişkilerde sürdürülebilirlik ile ilgili yeni biçimler, belki de yeni sürdürülebilirlik davranışları ortaya çıkacaktır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmada, kişilerarası ilişkilerde sürdürülebilirlik kavramı çerçevesinde sosyal medyada yaşanan ve bir adım ötesinde varılacak nokta olan meta evrende yaşanacak olan ilişki biçimleri tartışılacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Allcott, H., Braghieri, L., Eichmeyer, S., & Gentzkow, M. (2020). The welfare effects of social media. The American Economic Review, 110(3), 629–676. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190658
  • Altman, I., & Taylor, D. A. (1973). Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
  • Antheunis, M. L., Schouten, A. P., & Krahmer, E. (2014). The role of Social Networking Sites in early adolescents’ social lives. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 36(3), 348 –371. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0272431614564060
  • Ayres, J. (1983). Strategies to maintain relationships: Their identification and perceived usage. Communication Quarterly, 31, 62–67.
  • Barker, V. (2009). Older adolescents' motivations for social network site use: The influence of gender, group identity, and collective self-esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 12, 209–213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0228.
  • Bazarova, N. N., Taft, J. G., Choi, Y. H., & Cosley, D. (2013). Managing impressions and relationships on Facebook: Self-presentational and relational concerns revealed through the analysis of language style. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 32, 121-141. DOI:10.1177/0261927X12456384
  • Berscheid, E., & Reis, H. T. (1998). Attraction and close relationships. D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Edt.), The handbook of social psychology içinde (s. 193–281). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Billedo, C.J., Kerkhof, P., & Finkenauer, C. (2015). The Use of Social Networking Sites for Relationship Maintenance in Long-Distance and Geographically Close Romantic Relationships. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(3), 152-157. DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2014.0469
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. J. G. Richardson (Edt.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education içinde (s. 241–258). New York: Greenwood.
  • Brody, N., LeFebvre, L. E., & Blackburn, K. G. (2016). Social networking site behaviors across the relational lifespan: Measurement and association with relationship escalation and de- escalation. Social Media+ Society, 2. DOI: 10.1177/2056305116680004
  • Brody, N., & Peña, J. (2015). Equity, relationship maintenance, and linguistic features of text messaging. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 499-506. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.037
  • Bryant, E. M., & Marmo, J. (2009). Relational maintenance strategies on Facebook. Kentucky Journal of Communication, 28, 129–150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29081/gsjesh.2017.18.2.09.
  • Bryant, J. A., Sanders-Jackson, A., & Smallwood, A. M. K. (2006). IMing, text messaging, and adolescent social networks. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(2), Erişim Tarihi 10.04.2022: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00028.x
  • Baym, N. K. (2015). Personal connections in the digital age (İkinci Baskı). Malden, MA: Polity Press.
  • Belus, J.M., Pentel, K.Z., Cohen, M.J., Fischer, M.S., & Baucom, D.H. (2018). Staying Connected: An Examination of Relationship Maintenance Behaviors in Long-Distance Relationships. Marriage & Family Review. DOI: 10.1080/01494929.2018.1458004
  • Burke, M., & Kraut, R. E. (2016). The relationship between Facebook use and well-being depends on communication type and tie strength. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 21, 265-281. DOI:10.1111/jcc4.12162
  • Canary, D., & Stafford, L. (1992). Relationship maintenance strategies and equity in marriage. Communication Monographs, 59, 243–267.
  • Canary, D. J., & Yum, Y. (2015). Relationship maintenance strategies. (Edt.) C. R. Berger & M. E. Roloff, The international encyclopedia of interpersonal communication içinde (s. 1–9). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. DOI:10.1002/9781118540190.wbeic248
  • Caughlin, J.P., Wang, N. (2020). Relationship Maintenance in the Age of Technology. (Edt.) B.G. Ogolsky & J.K. Monk, Relationship Maintenance: Theory, Process and Context içinde. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chang, S. (2003). Communication technologies and long-distance romantic relationships. International Communication Association Conference. San Diego, CA.
  • Chang, P. (2015). The examination of parent-adolescent communication motives, relational maintenance and intimacy in the uses of communication technologies. Journal of Media and Communication Studies, 7(10), 171-181. DOI: 10.5897/JMCS2015. 0457
  • Cizmeci, E. (2017). Both Sides of the Coin: Smartphones in Romantic Relationships of Youth. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 16(63), 1400-1415.
  • Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. The American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95–120.
  • Dainton, M. (2000). Maintenance behaviors, expectations for maintenance, and satisfaction: Linking comparison levels to relational maintenance strategies. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17, 827-842. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407500176007
  • Dainton, M. & Aylor, B. (2002). Patterns of communication channel use in the maintenance of long-distance relationships. Communication Research Reports, 19, 118-129. DOI:10.1080/08824090209384839
  • Dainton, M., & Stafford, L. (1993). Routine maintenance behaviors: A comparison of relationship type, partner similarity and sex differences. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10, 255–271.
  • Dainton, M., & Stokes, A. (2015). College Students’ Romantic Relationships on Facebook: Linking the Gratification for Maintenance to Facebook Maintenance Activity and the Experience of Jealousy. Communication Quarterly, 63(4), 365-383. DOI: 10.1080/01463373.2015.1058283
  • Dietrich, N. S. (2004) From Face-to-Face to Cyberspace: Examining the Impact of Instant-Messaging Within Already- Established Relationships. Eastern Communication Association Conference, 23 Nisan 2004, Boston, MA, USA.
  • Dindia, K., & Canary, D. J. (1993). Definitions and theoretical perspectives on maintaining relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10, 163–173. DOI:10.1177/026540759301000201
  • Du Bois, S. N., Sher, T. G., Grotkowski, K., Aizenman, T., Slesinger, N., & Cohen, M. (2016). Going the distance: Health in long-distance versus proximal relationships. The Family Journal, 24(1), 5–14. DOI:10.1177/1066480715616580
  • Ellison, N.B., Vitak, J., Gray, R., Lampe, C. (2014). Cultivating Social Resources on Social Network Sites: Facebook Relationship Maintenance Behaviors and Their Role in Social Capital Processes. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19, 855-870.
  • Finkel, E. J., Simpson, J. A., & Eastwick, P. W. (2017). The psychology of close relationships: Fourteen core principles. Annual Review of Psychology, 68, 383-411. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044038
  • Fox, J., Osborn, J. L., & Warber, K. M. (2014). Relational dialectics and social networking sites: The role of Facebook in romantic relationship escalation, maintenance, conflict, and dissolution. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 527-534. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.031
  • Gaggioli, A. (2017) Phygital Spaces: When Atoms Meet Bits. In Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(12).
  • Golish, T.D. (2000). Changes in closeness between adult children and their parents: A turning point analysis. J. Couns. Psychol. 31(2), 170- 178.
  • Goodboy, A. K., & Bolkan, S. (2011). Attachment and the use of negative relational maintenance behaviors in romantic relationships. Communication Research Reports, 28, 327–336. DOI:10.1080/08824096.2011.616244
  • Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1360–1480. DOI: 10.1086/225469
  • Hales, K.D. (2009). Information and Communication Technologies and You: Multimedia Relationship Maintenance. AMCIS 2009 Doctoral Consortium. 22. Erişim Tarihi, 15.04.2022: http://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2009_dc/22
  • Haythornthwaite, C. (2005). Social networks and Internet connectivity effects. Information, Communication & Society, 8, 125-147. DOI: 10.1080/13691180500146185
  • Hendrick, S. S. (2004). Close relationships research: A resource for couple and family therapists. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 30(1), 13-27. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.2004.tb01219.x
  • Hian, L. B., Chuan, S. L., & Trevor, T. M. K. (2004) Getting to Know You: Exploring the Development of Relational Intimacy in Computer-Mediated Communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 9(3).
  • Hu, Y., Wood, J. F., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2004) Friendships through IM: Examining the Relationship between Instant Messaging and Intimacy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(1).
  • Jeong, S., Kim, H., Yum, J., & Hwang, Y. (2016). What Type of Content are Smartphone Users Addicted to?: SNS vs. Games. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 10-17.
  • Jin, B., & Peña, J. F. (2010). Mobile communication in romantic relationships: Mobile phone use, relational uncertainty, love, commitment, and attachment styles. Communication Reports, 23, 39-51. DOI: 10.1080/08934211003598742
  • Joinson, A. N. (2008). “Looking at”, “Looking up” or “Keeping up with” people? Motives and uses of Facebook. Proceedings of CHI 2008 (s. 1027–1036). New York: ACM. DOI:10.1145/1357054.1357213
  • Jones, S. A., Aiken, K. D., & Boush, D. M. (2009). Integrating experience, advertising, and electronic word of mouth. Journal of Internet Commerce, 8, 246–267.
  • Kottler, P., Kartajaya, H., & Setiawan, I. (2021). Marketing 5.0. Technology for Humanity. Hoboken: Wiley.
  • Krishnan, A., & Atkin, D. (2014). Individual differences in social networking site users: The interplay between antecedents and consequential effect on level of activity. Computers in Human Behavior, 40, 111–118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.045.
  • Lampe, C., Ellison, N., & Steinfield, C. (2006). A face(book) in the crowd: Social searching vs. social browsing. Proceedings of CSCW 2006, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
  • LaRose, R., Connolly, R., Lee, H., Li, K., & Hales, K. D. (2014). Connection overload? A cross cultural study of the consequences of social media connection. Information Systems Management, 31, 59-73. DOI:10.1080/10580530.2014.854097
  • Leary, M.R. (1983). Social Anxiousness: The Construct and its Measurement. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47(1), 66-75.
  • Lee, S. J. (2009). Online communication and adolescent social ties: Who benefits more from Internet use? Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(3), 509–531. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009 .01451.x
  • Lenhart, A. (2015). Teens, social media and technology overview 2015. Pew Research Center.
  • Li, S., Zhang, Y., & Zhao, D. (2005). A longitudinal study: Does synchronous channel use affect the long-distance relationship? International Communication Association Annual Conference. New York, NY.
  • Lin, N. (2001). Social capital: A theory of social structure and action. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Luo, S. (2014). Effects of texting on satisfaction in romantic relationships: The role of attachment. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 145-152. DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.014
  • Madianou, M., & Miller, D. (2011). Mobile phone parenting: Reconfiguring relationships between Filipina migrant mothers and their left-behind children. New Media & Society, 13, 457-470. DOI:10.1177/1461444810393903
  • Mazer, J. P., Murphy, R. E., & Simonds, C. J. (2007). I’ll see you on ‘‘Facebook’’: The effects of computer-mediated teacher self-disclosure on student motivation, affective learning, and classroom climate. Communication Education, 56(1), 1–17.
  • McEwan, B., Fletcher, J., Eden, J., & Sumner, E. (2014). Development and validation of a Facebook relational maintenance measure. Communication Methods and Measures, 8, 244–263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2014.967844.
  • McEwan, B., Sumner, E., Eden, J., & Fletcher, J. (2018). The effects of Facebook relational maintenance on friendship quality: An investigation of the Facebook relational maintenance measure. Communication Research Reports, 35, 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2017.1361393.
  • Muscanell, N.L., & Guadagno, R.E. (2012). Make New Friends or Keep the Old: Gender and Personality Differences in Social Networking Use. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 107-112. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.016
  • Nesi, J., Choukas-Bradley, S., & Prinstein, M. J. (2018). Transformation of adolescent peer relations in the social media context: Part 1—A theoretical framework and application to dyadic peer relationships. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 21(3), 267–294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-018-0261-x
  • Ning, H., Wang, H., Lin, H.W., Wang, W., Dhelim, S., Farha, F., Ding, J., & Daneshmand, M. (2021). A Survey on Metaverse: the State-of-the-art, Technologies, Applications, and Challenges. Erişim tarihi, 06.03.2022: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356375388_A_Survey_on_Metaverse_the_State-of-the-art_Technologies_Applications_and_Challenges
  • Ogolsky, B.G., & Bowers, J.R. (2012). A meta-analytic review of relationship maintenance and its correlates. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(3), 343-367. DOI: 10.1177/0265407512463338
  • Park, N., & Baek, K. (2019). Adolescents’ Friendship Maintenance via Smartphones: The Interactive Relationship Between Psychological Factors and Friendship Network Size. International Journal of Contents, 15(3), 29-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5392/IJoC.2019.15.2.029
  • Pettegrew, L. S., & Day, C. (2015). Smart phones and mediated relationships: The changing face of relational communication. The Review of Communication, 15, 122-139. DOI: 10.1080/15358593.2015.1044018

  • Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants. On the Horizon, 9(5), 1-6.
  • Ragsdale, J. (1996). Gender, satisfaction level and the use of relational maintenance strategies in marriage. Communication Monographs, 63, 354–369.
  • Ramirez, A., & Broneck, K. (2009). “IM me”: Instant messaging as relationship maintenance and everyday communication. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 291-314.DOI: 10.1177/0265407509106719
  • Reich, S. M., Subrahmanyam, K., & Espinoza, G. (2012). Friending, IMing, and hanging out face-to-face: Overlap in adolescents' online and offline social networks. Developmental Psychology, 48, 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026980.
  • Reid, F. J. M., & Reid, D. J. (2010). The expressive and conversational affordances of mobile messaging. Behaviour & Information Technology, 29, 3-22. DOI: 10.1080/01449290701497079
  • Rideout, V., & Robb, M. B. (2018). Social media, social life: Teens reveal their experiences. Common Sense Media.
  • Rousseau, A., Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2019). The reciprocal relations between facebook relationship maintenance behaviors and adolescents’ closeness to friends. Journal of Adolescence, 76, 173-184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.09.001
  • Rusbult, C. (1980). Commitment and satisfaction in romantic associations: A test of the investment model. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 172–186.
  • Rusbult, C. (1983). A longitudinal test of the investment model: The development (and deteriora- tion) of satisfaction and commitment in heterosexual involvements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 101–117.
  • Rusbult, C. E., Drigotas, S. M., & Verette, J. (1994). The investment model: An interdependence analysis of commitment processes and relationship maintenance phenomena. (Edt.) D. Canary & L. Stafford, Communication and relational maintenance içinde (s. 115–139). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Scott, V. M., Mottarella, K. E., & Lavooy, M. J. (2006) Does Virtual Intimacy Exist? A brief exploration into reported levels of intimacy in online relationships. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9, 759-761.
  • Seo, M., Kim, J., & Prabu, D. (2015). Always connected or always distracted? ADHD symptoms and social assurance explain problematic use of mobile phone and multicommunicating. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20, 667-681. DOI: 10.1111/jcc4.12140
  • Simon, E. P., & Baxter, L. A. (1993). Attachment‐style differences in relationship maintenance strategies. Western Journal of Communication, 57(4), 416-430. DOI: 10.1080/10570319309374465
  • Sosik, V. S., & Bazarova, N. N. (2014). Relationship maintenance on social network sites: How Facebook communication predicts relational escalation. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 124-131. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.044
  • Stafford, L., & Canary, D. J. (1991). Maintenance strategies and romantic relationship type, gender and relational characteristics. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8, 217–242.
  • Stafford, L., & Canary, D. J. (1992). Relational maintenance strategies and equity in marriage. Communications Monographs, 59(3), 243–267.
  • Stafford, L., Dainton, M., & Haas, S. (2000). Measuring routine and strategic relational mainte- nance: Scale revision, sex versus gender roles, and the prediction of relational characteristics. Communication Monographs, 67, 306–323.
  • Stafford, L., Kline, S., & Dimmick, J. (1999). Home e-mail: Relationship maintenance and gratification opportunities. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43, 659–669. DOI: 10.1080/08838159909364515
  • Steinberg, L. (2005). Adolescence. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2009). Connection strategies: Relationship formation and maintenance on social network sites. International Communication Association Annual Convention. Chicago, IL.
  • Stewart, M. C., Dainton, M., & Goodboy, A. (2014). Maintaining relationships on Facebook: Associations with uncertainty, jealousy, and satisfaction. Communication Reports, 27, 13–26. DOI: 10.1080/08934215.2013.845675
  • Su, H. (2016). Constant connection as the media condition of love: Where bonds become bondage. New Media & Society, 38, 232-247. DOI: 10.1177/0163443715594037
  • Takahashi, D. (2017). Game boss interview: Epic’s Tim Sweeney on blockchain, digital humans, and Fortnite. Venturebeat, Erişim Tarihi, 10.04.2022: https://venturebeat.com/2017/08/30/game-boss-interview-epics-tim-sweeney-on-blockchain- digital-humans-and-fortnite/.
  • Tapscott D (2009). Grown up digital. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Tong, S. T., & Walther, J. B. (2011). Relationship maintenance and CMC. (Edt.) K. B. Wright & L. M. Webb, Computer-mediated communication in personal relationships içinde (s. 98-118). New York, NY: Lang.
  • Trepte, S., Masur, P. K., & Scharkow, M. (2018). Mutual friends’ social support and self-disclosure in face-to-face and instant messenger communication. The Journal of Social Psychology, 158(4), 430 – 445. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2017.1398707
  • Tufekci, Z. (2008). Grooming, gossip, Facebook, and MySpace. Information, Communication & Society, 11, 544–564. DOI: 10.1080/13691180801999050
  • Twenge, J. M., Spitzburg, B. H., & Campbell, W. K. (2019). Less in-person social interaction with peers among US adolescents in the 21st century and links to loneliness. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36, 1892–1913. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519836170.
  • Utz, S., & Beukeboom, C. J. (2011). The role of social network sites in romantic relationships: Effects on jealousy and relationship happiness. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 16, 511–527. DOI: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2011.01552.x
  • Uzun, K., & Aydın, C.H. (2012). Kullanıcı Profilinin ve Bireylerarası İlişkilerin Gerçek Yaşamla Karşılaştırılması: Second Life Örneği. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 7(2), 263-290.
  • Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009a). The effects of instant messaging on the quality of adolescents’ existing friendships: A longitudinal study. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 79–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j .1460-2466.2008.01405.x
  • Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009b). Social consequences of the Internet for adolescents: A decade of research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(1), 1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009 .01595.x
  • Valkenburg, P., & Peter, J. (2011). Online communication among adolescents: An integrated model of its attraction, opportunities, and risks. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48, 121–127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.08.020.
  • van der Merwe, D. (2021). The Metaverse as Virtual Heterotopia. 3rd World Conference on Research in Social Sciences, 22-24 Ekim 2021, Vienna, Austria.
  • Van Ouytsel, J., van Gool, E., Walrave, M., Ponnet, K. & Peeters, E. (2016). Exploring the role of social networking sites within adolescent romantic relationships and dating experiences. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 76-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.042
  • Verduyn, P., Schulte-Strathaus, J., Kross, E., & Hülsheger, U. (2021). When do smartphones displace face-to-face interactions and what to do about it? Computers in Human Behavior, 114, 106550. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106550
  • Vitak, J. (2014). Facebook makes the heart grow fonder: Relationship maintenance strategies among geographically dispersed and communication-restricted connections. CSCW’14. DOI: 10.1145/2531602.2531726
  • Wang, J.-L., Jackson, L. A., & Zhang, D.-J. (2011). The mediator role of self-disclosure and moderator roles of gender and social anxiety in the relationship between Chinese adolescents’ online communication and their real-world social relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(6), 2161–2168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.06.010
  • Waterloo, S. F., Baumgartner, S. E., Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2017). Norms of online expressions of emotion: Comparing Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp. New Media & Society, 20(5), 1813–1831. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817707349
  • Wei, R., & Lo, V.-H. (2006). Staying connected while on the move: Cell phone use and social connectedness. New Media & Society, 8, 53-72. DOI: 10.1177/1461444806059870
  • Weiser, D. A., & Weigel, D. J. (2016). Self-efficacy in romantic relationships: direct and indirect effects on relationship maintenance and satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 89, 152-156. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.013
  • Wendorf, J.E., & Yang, F. (2015). Benefits of a Negative Post: effects of Computer-Mediated Venting on Relationship Maintenance. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 271–277. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.040
  • Yau, J. C., & Reich, S. M. (2018). Are the qualities of adolescents’ offline friendships present in digital interactions? Adolescent Research Review, 3(3), 339–355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-017-0059-y
  • Yum, Y., & Canary, D. J. (2003). Maintaining relationships in Korea and the United States: Features of Korean culture that affect relational maintenance beliefs and behaviors. (Edt.) D. J. Canary & M. Dainton, Maintaining relationships through communication: Relational, contextual, and cultural variations içinde (s. 277–296). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Zhang, J.J., Wang, F., Wang, X., Xiong, G., Zhu, F., Lv, Y., Hou, J., Han, S., Yuan, Y., Lu, Q., & Lee, Y. (2018). Cyber-physical-social systems: The state of the art and perspectives. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, 5(3), 829–840.

Sustainibility In Interpersonal Relations, Social Media and Metaverse

Yıl 2022, , 761 - 782, 29.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.30692/sisad.1109592

Öz

As a social being, human beings need to communicate, interact and be in some relationships with other people. The two most important types of relationships are friendship relationships and romantic relationships. The individual wants every relationship started in social life to continue, and for this they make an effort in the ways required by the relationship. Together with social media platforms, the way these two relationship styles are both experienced and maintained has changed. Social media, which is beneficial for the sustainability of some relationships, can cause some relationships to end. Social media platforms will soon evolve into virtual reality environments, metaverse, and the way of socializing in virtual networks will also change dimensions. Metaverse will allow its users to work together, play games and socialize in three-dimensional virtual environments. Although only some digital gaming platforms offer the metaverse experience at the moment, the fact that Mark Zuckerberg, the owner of Facebook, has changed the name of his company to "Meta" and other important social media companies have started to make heavy investments to adapt their platforms to this metaverse, this is an indication of a radical change for social media. Thus, new forms of sustainability in friendships and romantic relationships and perhaps new sustainability behaviors will emerge. In this context, in this study, within the framework of the concept of sustainability in interpersonal relations, the forms of relationships that will be experienced in the metaverse, which are experienced in social media and are the point to be reached one step further, will be discussed.

Kaynakça

  • Allcott, H., Braghieri, L., Eichmeyer, S., & Gentzkow, M. (2020). The welfare effects of social media. The American Economic Review, 110(3), 629–676. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190658
  • Altman, I., & Taylor, D. A. (1973). Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
  • Antheunis, M. L., Schouten, A. P., & Krahmer, E. (2014). The role of Social Networking Sites in early adolescents’ social lives. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 36(3), 348 –371. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0272431614564060
  • Ayres, J. (1983). Strategies to maintain relationships: Their identification and perceived usage. Communication Quarterly, 31, 62–67.
  • Barker, V. (2009). Older adolescents' motivations for social network site use: The influence of gender, group identity, and collective self-esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 12, 209–213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0228.
  • Bazarova, N. N., Taft, J. G., Choi, Y. H., & Cosley, D. (2013). Managing impressions and relationships on Facebook: Self-presentational and relational concerns revealed through the analysis of language style. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 32, 121-141. DOI:10.1177/0261927X12456384
  • Berscheid, E., & Reis, H. T. (1998). Attraction and close relationships. D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Edt.), The handbook of social psychology içinde (s. 193–281). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Billedo, C.J., Kerkhof, P., & Finkenauer, C. (2015). The Use of Social Networking Sites for Relationship Maintenance in Long-Distance and Geographically Close Romantic Relationships. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(3), 152-157. DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2014.0469
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. J. G. Richardson (Edt.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education içinde (s. 241–258). New York: Greenwood.
  • Brody, N., LeFebvre, L. E., & Blackburn, K. G. (2016). Social networking site behaviors across the relational lifespan: Measurement and association with relationship escalation and de- escalation. Social Media+ Society, 2. DOI: 10.1177/2056305116680004
  • Brody, N., & Peña, J. (2015). Equity, relationship maintenance, and linguistic features of text messaging. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 499-506. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.037
  • Bryant, E. M., & Marmo, J. (2009). Relational maintenance strategies on Facebook. Kentucky Journal of Communication, 28, 129–150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29081/gsjesh.2017.18.2.09.
  • Bryant, J. A., Sanders-Jackson, A., & Smallwood, A. M. K. (2006). IMing, text messaging, and adolescent social networks. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(2), Erişim Tarihi 10.04.2022: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00028.x
  • Baym, N. K. (2015). Personal connections in the digital age (İkinci Baskı). Malden, MA: Polity Press.
  • Belus, J.M., Pentel, K.Z., Cohen, M.J., Fischer, M.S., & Baucom, D.H. (2018). Staying Connected: An Examination of Relationship Maintenance Behaviors in Long-Distance Relationships. Marriage & Family Review. DOI: 10.1080/01494929.2018.1458004
  • Burke, M., & Kraut, R. E. (2016). The relationship between Facebook use and well-being depends on communication type and tie strength. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 21, 265-281. DOI:10.1111/jcc4.12162
  • Canary, D., & Stafford, L. (1992). Relationship maintenance strategies and equity in marriage. Communication Monographs, 59, 243–267.
  • Canary, D. J., & Yum, Y. (2015). Relationship maintenance strategies. (Edt.) C. R. Berger & M. E. Roloff, The international encyclopedia of interpersonal communication içinde (s. 1–9). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. DOI:10.1002/9781118540190.wbeic248
  • Caughlin, J.P., Wang, N. (2020). Relationship Maintenance in the Age of Technology. (Edt.) B.G. Ogolsky & J.K. Monk, Relationship Maintenance: Theory, Process and Context içinde. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chang, S. (2003). Communication technologies and long-distance romantic relationships. International Communication Association Conference. San Diego, CA.
  • Chang, P. (2015). The examination of parent-adolescent communication motives, relational maintenance and intimacy in the uses of communication technologies. Journal of Media and Communication Studies, 7(10), 171-181. DOI: 10.5897/JMCS2015. 0457
  • Cizmeci, E. (2017). Both Sides of the Coin: Smartphones in Romantic Relationships of Youth. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 16(63), 1400-1415.
  • Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. The American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95–120.
  • Dainton, M. (2000). Maintenance behaviors, expectations for maintenance, and satisfaction: Linking comparison levels to relational maintenance strategies. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17, 827-842. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407500176007
  • Dainton, M. & Aylor, B. (2002). Patterns of communication channel use in the maintenance of long-distance relationships. Communication Research Reports, 19, 118-129. DOI:10.1080/08824090209384839
  • Dainton, M., & Stafford, L. (1993). Routine maintenance behaviors: A comparison of relationship type, partner similarity and sex differences. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10, 255–271.
  • Dainton, M., & Stokes, A. (2015). College Students’ Romantic Relationships on Facebook: Linking the Gratification for Maintenance to Facebook Maintenance Activity and the Experience of Jealousy. Communication Quarterly, 63(4), 365-383. DOI: 10.1080/01463373.2015.1058283
  • Dietrich, N. S. (2004) From Face-to-Face to Cyberspace: Examining the Impact of Instant-Messaging Within Already- Established Relationships. Eastern Communication Association Conference, 23 Nisan 2004, Boston, MA, USA.
  • Dindia, K., & Canary, D. J. (1993). Definitions and theoretical perspectives on maintaining relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10, 163–173. DOI:10.1177/026540759301000201
  • Du Bois, S. N., Sher, T. G., Grotkowski, K., Aizenman, T., Slesinger, N., & Cohen, M. (2016). Going the distance: Health in long-distance versus proximal relationships. The Family Journal, 24(1), 5–14. DOI:10.1177/1066480715616580
  • Ellison, N.B., Vitak, J., Gray, R., Lampe, C. (2014). Cultivating Social Resources on Social Network Sites: Facebook Relationship Maintenance Behaviors and Their Role in Social Capital Processes. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19, 855-870.
  • Finkel, E. J., Simpson, J. A., & Eastwick, P. W. (2017). The psychology of close relationships: Fourteen core principles. Annual Review of Psychology, 68, 383-411. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044038
  • Fox, J., Osborn, J. L., & Warber, K. M. (2014). Relational dialectics and social networking sites: The role of Facebook in romantic relationship escalation, maintenance, conflict, and dissolution. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 527-534. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.031
  • Gaggioli, A. (2017) Phygital Spaces: When Atoms Meet Bits. In Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(12).
  • Golish, T.D. (2000). Changes in closeness between adult children and their parents: A turning point analysis. J. Couns. Psychol. 31(2), 170- 178.
  • Goodboy, A. K., & Bolkan, S. (2011). Attachment and the use of negative relational maintenance behaviors in romantic relationships. Communication Research Reports, 28, 327–336. DOI:10.1080/08824096.2011.616244
  • Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1360–1480. DOI: 10.1086/225469
  • Hales, K.D. (2009). Information and Communication Technologies and You: Multimedia Relationship Maintenance. AMCIS 2009 Doctoral Consortium. 22. Erişim Tarihi, 15.04.2022: http://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2009_dc/22
  • Haythornthwaite, C. (2005). Social networks and Internet connectivity effects. Information, Communication & Society, 8, 125-147. DOI: 10.1080/13691180500146185
  • Hendrick, S. S. (2004). Close relationships research: A resource for couple and family therapists. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 30(1), 13-27. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.2004.tb01219.x
  • Hian, L. B., Chuan, S. L., & Trevor, T. M. K. (2004) Getting to Know You: Exploring the Development of Relational Intimacy in Computer-Mediated Communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 9(3).
  • Hu, Y., Wood, J. F., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2004) Friendships through IM: Examining the Relationship between Instant Messaging and Intimacy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(1).
  • Jeong, S., Kim, H., Yum, J., & Hwang, Y. (2016). What Type of Content are Smartphone Users Addicted to?: SNS vs. Games. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 10-17.
  • Jin, B., & Peña, J. F. (2010). Mobile communication in romantic relationships: Mobile phone use, relational uncertainty, love, commitment, and attachment styles. Communication Reports, 23, 39-51. DOI: 10.1080/08934211003598742
  • Joinson, A. N. (2008). “Looking at”, “Looking up” or “Keeping up with” people? Motives and uses of Facebook. Proceedings of CHI 2008 (s. 1027–1036). New York: ACM. DOI:10.1145/1357054.1357213
  • Jones, S. A., Aiken, K. D., & Boush, D. M. (2009). Integrating experience, advertising, and electronic word of mouth. Journal of Internet Commerce, 8, 246–267.
  • Kottler, P., Kartajaya, H., & Setiawan, I. (2021). Marketing 5.0. Technology for Humanity. Hoboken: Wiley.
  • Krishnan, A., & Atkin, D. (2014). Individual differences in social networking site users: The interplay between antecedents and consequential effect on level of activity. Computers in Human Behavior, 40, 111–118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.045.
  • Lampe, C., Ellison, N., & Steinfield, C. (2006). A face(book) in the crowd: Social searching vs. social browsing. Proceedings of CSCW 2006, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
  • LaRose, R., Connolly, R., Lee, H., Li, K., & Hales, K. D. (2014). Connection overload? A cross cultural study of the consequences of social media connection. Information Systems Management, 31, 59-73. DOI:10.1080/10580530.2014.854097
  • Leary, M.R. (1983). Social Anxiousness: The Construct and its Measurement. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47(1), 66-75.
  • Lee, S. J. (2009). Online communication and adolescent social ties: Who benefits more from Internet use? Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(3), 509–531. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009 .01451.x
  • Lenhart, A. (2015). Teens, social media and technology overview 2015. Pew Research Center.
  • Li, S., Zhang, Y., & Zhao, D. (2005). A longitudinal study: Does synchronous channel use affect the long-distance relationship? International Communication Association Annual Conference. New York, NY.
  • Lin, N. (2001). Social capital: A theory of social structure and action. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Luo, S. (2014). Effects of texting on satisfaction in romantic relationships: The role of attachment. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 145-152. DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.014
  • Madianou, M., & Miller, D. (2011). Mobile phone parenting: Reconfiguring relationships between Filipina migrant mothers and their left-behind children. New Media & Society, 13, 457-470. DOI:10.1177/1461444810393903
  • Mazer, J. P., Murphy, R. E., & Simonds, C. J. (2007). I’ll see you on ‘‘Facebook’’: The effects of computer-mediated teacher self-disclosure on student motivation, affective learning, and classroom climate. Communication Education, 56(1), 1–17.
  • McEwan, B., Fletcher, J., Eden, J., & Sumner, E. (2014). Development and validation of a Facebook relational maintenance measure. Communication Methods and Measures, 8, 244–263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2014.967844.
  • McEwan, B., Sumner, E., Eden, J., & Fletcher, J. (2018). The effects of Facebook relational maintenance on friendship quality: An investigation of the Facebook relational maintenance measure. Communication Research Reports, 35, 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2017.1361393.
  • Muscanell, N.L., & Guadagno, R.E. (2012). Make New Friends or Keep the Old: Gender and Personality Differences in Social Networking Use. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 107-112. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.016
  • Nesi, J., Choukas-Bradley, S., & Prinstein, M. J. (2018). Transformation of adolescent peer relations in the social media context: Part 1—A theoretical framework and application to dyadic peer relationships. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 21(3), 267–294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-018-0261-x
  • Ning, H., Wang, H., Lin, H.W., Wang, W., Dhelim, S., Farha, F., Ding, J., & Daneshmand, M. (2021). A Survey on Metaverse: the State-of-the-art, Technologies, Applications, and Challenges. Erişim tarihi, 06.03.2022: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356375388_A_Survey_on_Metaverse_the_State-of-the-art_Technologies_Applications_and_Challenges
  • Ogolsky, B.G., & Bowers, J.R. (2012). A meta-analytic review of relationship maintenance and its correlates. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(3), 343-367. DOI: 10.1177/0265407512463338
  • Park, N., & Baek, K. (2019). Adolescents’ Friendship Maintenance via Smartphones: The Interactive Relationship Between Psychological Factors and Friendship Network Size. International Journal of Contents, 15(3), 29-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5392/IJoC.2019.15.2.029
  • Pettegrew, L. S., & Day, C. (2015). Smart phones and mediated relationships: The changing face of relational communication. The Review of Communication, 15, 122-139. DOI: 10.1080/15358593.2015.1044018

  • Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants. On the Horizon, 9(5), 1-6.
  • Ragsdale, J. (1996). Gender, satisfaction level and the use of relational maintenance strategies in marriage. Communication Monographs, 63, 354–369.
  • Ramirez, A., & Broneck, K. (2009). “IM me”: Instant messaging as relationship maintenance and everyday communication. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 291-314.DOI: 10.1177/0265407509106719
  • Reich, S. M., Subrahmanyam, K., & Espinoza, G. (2012). Friending, IMing, and hanging out face-to-face: Overlap in adolescents' online and offline social networks. Developmental Psychology, 48, 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026980.
  • Reid, F. J. M., & Reid, D. J. (2010). The expressive and conversational affordances of mobile messaging. Behaviour & Information Technology, 29, 3-22. DOI: 10.1080/01449290701497079
  • Rideout, V., & Robb, M. B. (2018). Social media, social life: Teens reveal their experiences. Common Sense Media.
  • Rousseau, A., Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2019). The reciprocal relations between facebook relationship maintenance behaviors and adolescents’ closeness to friends. Journal of Adolescence, 76, 173-184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.09.001
  • Rusbult, C. (1980). Commitment and satisfaction in romantic associations: A test of the investment model. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 172–186.
  • Rusbult, C. (1983). A longitudinal test of the investment model: The development (and deteriora- tion) of satisfaction and commitment in heterosexual involvements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 101–117.
  • Rusbult, C. E., Drigotas, S. M., & Verette, J. (1994). The investment model: An interdependence analysis of commitment processes and relationship maintenance phenomena. (Edt.) D. Canary & L. Stafford, Communication and relational maintenance içinde (s. 115–139). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Scott, V. M., Mottarella, K. E., & Lavooy, M. J. (2006) Does Virtual Intimacy Exist? A brief exploration into reported levels of intimacy in online relationships. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9, 759-761.
  • Seo, M., Kim, J., & Prabu, D. (2015). Always connected or always distracted? ADHD symptoms and social assurance explain problematic use of mobile phone and multicommunicating. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20, 667-681. DOI: 10.1111/jcc4.12140
  • Simon, E. P., & Baxter, L. A. (1993). Attachment‐style differences in relationship maintenance strategies. Western Journal of Communication, 57(4), 416-430. DOI: 10.1080/10570319309374465
  • Sosik, V. S., & Bazarova, N. N. (2014). Relationship maintenance on social network sites: How Facebook communication predicts relational escalation. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 124-131. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.044
  • Stafford, L., & Canary, D. J. (1991). Maintenance strategies and romantic relationship type, gender and relational characteristics. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8, 217–242.
  • Stafford, L., & Canary, D. J. (1992). Relational maintenance strategies and equity in marriage. Communications Monographs, 59(3), 243–267.
  • Stafford, L., Dainton, M., & Haas, S. (2000). Measuring routine and strategic relational mainte- nance: Scale revision, sex versus gender roles, and the prediction of relational characteristics. Communication Monographs, 67, 306–323.
  • Stafford, L., Kline, S., & Dimmick, J. (1999). Home e-mail: Relationship maintenance and gratification opportunities. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43, 659–669. DOI: 10.1080/08838159909364515
  • Steinberg, L. (2005). Adolescence. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2009). Connection strategies: Relationship formation and maintenance on social network sites. International Communication Association Annual Convention. Chicago, IL.
  • Stewart, M. C., Dainton, M., & Goodboy, A. (2014). Maintaining relationships on Facebook: Associations with uncertainty, jealousy, and satisfaction. Communication Reports, 27, 13–26. DOI: 10.1080/08934215.2013.845675
  • Su, H. (2016). Constant connection as the media condition of love: Where bonds become bondage. New Media & Society, 38, 232-247. DOI: 10.1177/0163443715594037
  • Takahashi, D. (2017). Game boss interview: Epic’s Tim Sweeney on blockchain, digital humans, and Fortnite. Venturebeat, Erişim Tarihi, 10.04.2022: https://venturebeat.com/2017/08/30/game-boss-interview-epics-tim-sweeney-on-blockchain- digital-humans-and-fortnite/.
  • Tapscott D (2009). Grown up digital. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Tong, S. T., & Walther, J. B. (2011). Relationship maintenance and CMC. (Edt.) K. B. Wright & L. M. Webb, Computer-mediated communication in personal relationships içinde (s. 98-118). New York, NY: Lang.
  • Trepte, S., Masur, P. K., & Scharkow, M. (2018). Mutual friends’ social support and self-disclosure in face-to-face and instant messenger communication. The Journal of Social Psychology, 158(4), 430 – 445. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2017.1398707
  • Tufekci, Z. (2008). Grooming, gossip, Facebook, and MySpace. Information, Communication & Society, 11, 544–564. DOI: 10.1080/13691180801999050
  • Twenge, J. M., Spitzburg, B. H., & Campbell, W. K. (2019). Less in-person social interaction with peers among US adolescents in the 21st century and links to loneliness. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36, 1892–1913. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519836170.
  • Utz, S., & Beukeboom, C. J. (2011). The role of social network sites in romantic relationships: Effects on jealousy and relationship happiness. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 16, 511–527. DOI: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2011.01552.x
  • Uzun, K., & Aydın, C.H. (2012). Kullanıcı Profilinin ve Bireylerarası İlişkilerin Gerçek Yaşamla Karşılaştırılması: Second Life Örneği. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 7(2), 263-290.
  • Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009a). The effects of instant messaging on the quality of adolescents’ existing friendships: A longitudinal study. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 79–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j .1460-2466.2008.01405.x
  • Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009b). Social consequences of the Internet for adolescents: A decade of research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(1), 1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009 .01595.x
  • Valkenburg, P., & Peter, J. (2011). Online communication among adolescents: An integrated model of its attraction, opportunities, and risks. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48, 121–127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.08.020.
  • van der Merwe, D. (2021). The Metaverse as Virtual Heterotopia. 3rd World Conference on Research in Social Sciences, 22-24 Ekim 2021, Vienna, Austria.
  • Van Ouytsel, J., van Gool, E., Walrave, M., Ponnet, K. & Peeters, E. (2016). Exploring the role of social networking sites within adolescent romantic relationships and dating experiences. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 76-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.042
  • Verduyn, P., Schulte-Strathaus, J., Kross, E., & Hülsheger, U. (2021). When do smartphones displace face-to-face interactions and what to do about it? Computers in Human Behavior, 114, 106550. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106550
  • Vitak, J. (2014). Facebook makes the heart grow fonder: Relationship maintenance strategies among geographically dispersed and communication-restricted connections. CSCW’14. DOI: 10.1145/2531602.2531726
  • Wang, J.-L., Jackson, L. A., & Zhang, D.-J. (2011). The mediator role of self-disclosure and moderator roles of gender and social anxiety in the relationship between Chinese adolescents’ online communication and their real-world social relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(6), 2161–2168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.06.010
  • Waterloo, S. F., Baumgartner, S. E., Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2017). Norms of online expressions of emotion: Comparing Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp. New Media & Society, 20(5), 1813–1831. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817707349
  • Wei, R., & Lo, V.-H. (2006). Staying connected while on the move: Cell phone use and social connectedness. New Media & Society, 8, 53-72. DOI: 10.1177/1461444806059870
  • Weiser, D. A., & Weigel, D. J. (2016). Self-efficacy in romantic relationships: direct and indirect effects on relationship maintenance and satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 89, 152-156. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.013
  • Wendorf, J.E., & Yang, F. (2015). Benefits of a Negative Post: effects of Computer-Mediated Venting on Relationship Maintenance. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 271–277. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.040
  • Yau, J. C., & Reich, S. M. (2018). Are the qualities of adolescents’ offline friendships present in digital interactions? Adolescent Research Review, 3(3), 339–355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-017-0059-y
  • Yum, Y., & Canary, D. J. (2003). Maintaining relationships in Korea and the United States: Features of Korean culture that affect relational maintenance beliefs and behaviors. (Edt.) D. J. Canary & M. Dainton, Maintaining relationships through communication: Relational, contextual, and cultural variations içinde (s. 277–296). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Zhang, J.J., Wang, F., Wang, X., Xiong, G., Zhu, F., Lv, Y., Hou, J., Han, S., Yuan, Y., Lu, Q., & Lee, Y. (2018). Cyber-physical-social systems: The state of the art and perspectives. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, 5(3), 829–840.
Toplam 111 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm SOSYAL VE BEŞERİ BİLİMLER
Yazarlar

Esra Cizmeci Ümit 0000-0003-1193-9112

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Kasım 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Cizmeci Ümit, E. (2022). KİŞİLERARASI İLİŞKİLERDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK, SOSYAL MEDYA VE METAVERSE. Stratejik Ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(3), 761-782. https://doi.org/10.30692/sisad.1109592
AMA Cizmeci Ümit E. KİŞİLERARASI İLİŞKİLERDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK, SOSYAL MEDYA VE METAVERSE. SSAD. Kasım 2022;6(3):761-782. doi:10.30692/sisad.1109592
Chicago Cizmeci Ümit, Esra. “KİŞİLERARASI İLİŞKİLERDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK, SOSYAL MEDYA VE METAVERSE”. Stratejik Ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 6, sy. 3 (Kasım 2022): 761-82. https://doi.org/10.30692/sisad.1109592.
EndNote Cizmeci Ümit E (01 Kasım 2022) KİŞİLERARASI İLİŞKİLERDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK, SOSYAL MEDYA VE METAVERSE. Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 6 3 761–782.
IEEE E. Cizmeci Ümit, “KİŞİLERARASI İLİŞKİLERDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK, SOSYAL MEDYA VE METAVERSE”, SSAD, c. 6, sy. 3, ss. 761–782, 2022, doi: 10.30692/sisad.1109592.
ISNAD Cizmeci Ümit, Esra. “KİŞİLERARASI İLİŞKİLERDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK, SOSYAL MEDYA VE METAVERSE”. Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 6/3 (Kasım 2022), 761-782. https://doi.org/10.30692/sisad.1109592.
JAMA Cizmeci Ümit E. KİŞİLERARASI İLİŞKİLERDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK, SOSYAL MEDYA VE METAVERSE. SSAD. 2022;6:761–782.
MLA Cizmeci Ümit, Esra. “KİŞİLERARASI İLİŞKİLERDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK, SOSYAL MEDYA VE METAVERSE”. Stratejik Ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 3, 2022, ss. 761-82, doi:10.30692/sisad.1109592.
Vancouver Cizmeci Ümit E. KİŞİLERARASI İLİŞKİLERDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK, SOSYAL MEDYA VE METAVERSE. SSAD. 2022;6(3):761-82.

22785  15895    15433     15434     15435     17587    18452        18278      18279         18453        19048