İtalya’nın Bitmeyen Siyasal Krizlerinde M5S, Lega ve PD Dönemi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1, 89 - 108, 31.03.2021

Yavuz Yıldırım

Öz

İtalya’da İkinci Cumhuriyet olarak adlandırılan ve siyasal hayata etki eden çeşitli yasal değişikliklerin hayata geçtiği 1993 sonrası süreçte çok sayıda hükümet ve koalisyon kurulup dağıldı. Geçen 25 yılda ülkeyi, değişim ve yenilenme arzusunu kendinde toplamaya çalışan siyasal aktörlerin mücadelesi şekillendirdi. Bu çalışmada İtalya’da 1990’ların ortasından itibaren yaşanan değişimlerin arka planıyla 2010’larda yaşanan bu gelişmelere odaklanılacaktır. İtalyan demokrasisinde yükselen yeni aktörlerin popülizm ve liberal demokrasi krizi bağlamında değerlendirileceği yazı, M5S (Movimento 5 Stelle - 5 Yıldız Hareketi) ile Lega’nın yarattığı etkileri öne çıkarmaktadır. Bununla birlikte İtalya’da sosyal demokrasinin dönüşümü ve toparlanma çabası da ele alınacaktır. Çalışmanın argümanı, İtalya örneğinde demokratik tartışmanın devam ediyor oluşunun demokrasiyi otoriterleşme eğiliminden koruduğudur. Öte yandan bitmeyen krizler ve dalgalanmalar merkez siyasetin korunmasını da gittikçe güçleştirmektedir. M5S ve Lega, Berlusconi sonrası İtalyan siyasetinin yeni merkezi olurken onların yükselişi, merkez-sağ ve solun düşüşüne sahne olmuştur. Popülist söylemin farklı boyutlarını ortaya koysalar da halktaki eski siyasetçilere karşı tepkiyi birleştiren bu iki parti, İtalyan siyasetinin son dönemlerini etkisi altına almıştır. İtalyan siyaseti iç ve dış sorunların ve gelişmelerin etkisinde sürekli dalgalanmakta; istikrarlı bir hükümet oluşturmakta zorlanmaktadır. Tarihsel bir mirası olan, kurumsal ve hukuki dalgalanmaları sürekli yaşayan Avrupa’nın önemli ülkesi İtalya’daki siyasi krizler, ulusal ve uluslararası siyasal krizlerin somutlaşmış halidir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avrupa Siyaseti, Beş Yıldız Hareketi, Lega, Sosyal Demokrasi, Popülizm

M5S, Lega, PD, and Italy’s Never Ending Political Crises

Öz

In Italy, many governments and coalitions have formed and dissolved in the post-1993 era, called the Second Republic. During this period, various legal changes have affected political life. In the past 25 years, political agents have struggled to make good on the wishes for change, and society’s renewal has reshaped the country. This study focuses on these developments since the mid-1990s to understand the recent shifts in Italy. The article emphasizes the effects of Lega and the M5S, the newest political agents rising in Italian democracy, and examines them in the context of the crisis of populism and liberal democracy. The study argues that the continuing democratic debate in Italy protects democracy from the tendency to turn authoritarian. Conversely, the never-ending crises and fluctuations make the stability of central politics more and more challenging. This tension in democracy extends beyond Italy to the whole of European politics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

European politics, 5-Star Movement, Lega, Social Democracy, Populism

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