Role Of Environmental Carcinogens in The Etiology Of Breast Cancer

Yıl 2014, , 109 - 114, 01.09.2014

Selen Şen Dilek Aygin

https://doi.org/10.5505/sakaryamj.2014.06078

Öz

Breast cancer is most frequent cancer type on women which as been seen at worldwide. These days without knowing the reasons which causes the breast cancer properly, some rsik factors has been identified that affects breast cancer progress. These risk factors are; demographic properties, reproductive history, genetic factors, environmental factors and life style. In literature, risk factors like reproductive history and heredity clarify around % 25-47 of breast cancer occurrences and by its own genetic factors clarifies only % 5-10 of breast cancer occurrences. Also experiments on twin and families who is suffering from cancer showed over % 60 of breast cancer occurences caused by environmental factors. Other than these, breast cancer incidences have distinctive geographical variation over the world; developed countries have a higher value of breast cancer than less developed countries. All these results, caused people to focus on specially the role of environmental factors in breast cancer etiology. Environmental carcinogens like chemicals, radiations, electromagnetic fields, some of the most common viral infections and cigarettes have a role at breast cancer etiology. Considering all these, in this summary, evaluation of environmental carcinogens, whose role on breast cancer is proved using epidemiologic and toxicological research is aimed based on data found through literatüre rewiev.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Breast cancer, etiology, environmental carcinogens

Meme Kanserinin Etiyolojisinde Çevresel Karsinojenlerin Rolü

Öz

Meme kanseri, dünya genelinde kadınlarda en sık görülen kanser türüdür. Günümüzde, meme kanserinin hangi nedenlere bağlı olarak ortaya çıktığı tam olarak bilinmemekle birlikte, bazı risk faktörlerinin meme kanseri gelişiminde etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu risk faktörleri; demografik özellikler, reproduktif öykü, genetik faktörler, çevresel faktörler ve yaşam stilidir. Literatürde, reproduktif öykü ve kalıtım gibi risk faktörlerinin meme kanseri vakalarının yaklaşık % 25-47'sini açıklayabildiği ve genetik faktörlerin tek başına meme kanseri vakalarının sadece % 5-10'unu açıklayabildiği bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca, kanserli ikizler ve aileler üzerinde yapılmış bazı çalışmalar, meme kanseri vakalarının % 60'dan fazlasının çevresel nedenli olduğunu göstermiştir. Bunların dışında, dünyada belirgin bir coğrafi varyasyon gösteren meme kanserinin insidansının; gelişmiş ülkelerde, az gelişmiş ülkelere göre daha yüksek olduğu gözlenmektedir. Bütün bu sonuçlar, meme kanserinin etiyolojisinde özellikle çevresel faktörlerin oynadığı rol üzerine odaklanılmasına neden olmuştur. Çevresel karsinojenler olan bazı kimyasalların, radyasyonun, elektromanyetik alanların, toplumda sık görülen bazı viral enfeksiyonların ve sigaranın; meme kanserinin etiyolojisinde rol oynadığı ileri sürülmektedir. Buradan yola çıkarak; bu derlemede, epidemiyolojik ve toksikolojik çalışmalarla meme kanseri oluşumunda rol oynadığı tespit edilmiş çevresel karsinojenler hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Meme kanseri, etiyoloji, çevresel karsinojenler

Kaynakça

• Brody JG, Rudel RA. Environmental Pollutants and Breast Cancer. Environmental Health Perspectives 2003; 111(8): 1007-1019.
• Sasco JA. Epidemiology of Breast Cancer: An Environmetal Disease? APMIS 2001; 109: 321-332.
• Özmen V. Breast Cancer in World and Turkey. The Journal of Breast Health 2008; 4(2): 7-12.
• Özmen V, Özçınar B, Karanlık H, Cabioğlu N, Tükenmez M, Disci R. et al. Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Turkish Women-A University Hospital Based Nested Case Study. World Journal of Surgical Oncology 2009; 7(1): 37-45.
• Somunoğlu S. Meme Kanserinde Risk Faktörleri. Fırat Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi 2007; 2(5)5: 2-12.
• Koçak S, Çelik L, Özbaş S, Sak SD, Tükün A, Yalçın B. Meme Kanserinde Risk Faktörleri, Riskin Değerlendirilmesi ve Prevansiyon: İstanbul 2010 Konsensus Raporu. The Journal of Breast Health 2011; 7(2): 47-67.
• Singletary SE. Rating the risk factors for breast cancer. Ann Surg 2003; 237: 474-482.
• Madian MP, Ziegler RG, Benchou J, Byrne C, Hoover RN. Proportion of breast cancer cases in the United States Explained by Well Established Risk Factors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 1681-1685.
• Verkasalo PK, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Pakkula E. Genetic Predisposition, Environment and Cancer Incidence: A Nationwide Twin Study in Finland 1976-1995. Int J Cancer 1999; 83: 743-749.
• Lichtenstein P, Holm NV, Verkasalo PK, Iliadou A, Kaprio J, Kosenvuo M, Pakulo E, Skytthe A, Hemminki K: Environmental and Heritable Factors in The Causation of Cancer. N Eng J Med 2000; 343:78-85.
• Lacey JV, Devesa SS, Brinton LA. Recent Trends in Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality. Environ Mol Mutagen 2002; 39: 82-88.
• Key TJ, Verkasalo PK, Banks E: Epidemiology of Breast Cancer. Lancet 2001; 2: 133.
• Coyle YM, Hynan SL, Euhus DM, Minhajuddin TMA. An Ecological Study Of Environmental Chemicals On Breast Cancer Incidence In Texas. Breast Cancer Research And Treatment 2005; 92: 107-114.
• Coyle YM. The Effect Of Environment On Breast Cancer Risk. Breast Cancer Research And Treatment 2004; 84: 273-288.
• Brusick D. Principles of Genetic Toxicology. Plenum Press New York, USA, 1987; 284.
• Brody JG, Moysich KB, Humblet O, Attfield KR, Beehler G, Rudel RA. Environmental Pollutants and Braest Cancer. Suplement to Cancer 2007; 2667-2711.
• Cantor KP, Stewart PA, Brinton LA, Döşemeci M. Occupational Exposures and Female Breast Cancer Mortality In The United States. J Occup Env Med 1995; 37: 336-348.
• Hansen J. Breast Cancer Risk Among Relatively Young Women Employed In Solvent Using Industries. Am J Ind Med 1999; 36: 43-47.
• Band PR, Le ND, Fang R, Desschamps M, Yang P. Identification of Occupational Cancer Risks in British Columbia. A Population Based Case- Control Study of 995 Incident Breast Cancer Cases by Menopausal Status, Controlling for Confounding Factors. J Occup Environ Med 2000; 42: 284- 310.
• Jobling S, Reynolds T, White R, Parker MG, Sumpter JP. A Variety of Environmentally Persistent Chemicals, Including Some Phthalate Plasticizers Are Weakly Estrogenic. Environ Health Perspect 1995; 103: 582-587.
• Nishihara T, Nishikawa J, Kanayama T, Dakeyama F, Saito K, Imagawa M, et al. Estrogenic Activities of 517 Chemicals By Yeast Two-Hybrid Assay. J Health Science 2000; 46:282-298.
• Soto AM, Sonnenschein C, Chung KL, Fernandez MF, Olea N, Serrano FO. The E-Screen Assay As A Tool To Identify Estrogens: An Update On Estrogenic Environmental Pollutants. Environ Health Perspect 1995; 103: 113-122.
• Tiwari D., Kamble J., ChilgundeS, Patil P., Maru G., Kawle D., Bhartiya U., Joseph L., VanageG. Clastogenic and mutagenic effects of bisphenol A: An endocrine disruptor, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicologyand Environmental Mutagenesis, 743(1-2), 83-90, 2012
• Safe Stephen. Is There An Association Between Exposure To Environmental Estrogens And Breast Cancer. Environmental Health Perspectives 1997; 105(3): 675-678.
• Darbre PD, Aljarrah A, Miller WR, Coldham NG, Sauer MJ, Pope GS. 2004. Concentrations of parabens in human breast tumours. J. Appl. Toxicol. 24: 5–13.
• Barr L., Metaxas G., Harbach J.A.C., Savoy L.A., Darbre D.P. Measurement of paraben concentrationsions in Human Breast Tissue at serial locations across the breast from axilla Journal of Applied Toxicology, 32(3), 219-232, 2012.
• Richardson A. Is Breast Cancer Caused By Late Exposure To A Common Virus? Med Hypotheses 1997; 48: 491-497.
• Etkind P, Du J, Khan A, Pillitteri J, Wiernik PH. Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Like ENV Gene Sequences In Human Breast Tumors And In Lymphoma Of A Breast Tumors And In A Lymphoma Of A Breast Cancer Patient. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 1273-1278.
• Day NK, Witkin SS, Sarkar NH, Kinne D, Jussawalla DJ, Levin A. et al. Antibodies Reactive Wity Murine Mammary Tumor Virus In Sera of Patients With Breast Cancer: Geographic And Family Studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1981; 78: 2483-2487.
• Di Lonardo A, Venuti A, Marcante LM. Human Papillomavirus In Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer Research And Treatment 1992; 21: 95-100.
• Hennig EM, Suo Z, Thoresen S, Holm R, Kvinnsland S, Nesland IM. Human Papilloma virüs 16 In Breast Cancer of Women Treated For High Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia(CIN III) Breast Cancer Res Treat 1999; 53: 121-135.
• Yu Y, Morimoto T, Sasa M, Okazaki K, Harada Y, Fujiwara T. et al. Human Papillomavirus Type 33 DNA In Breast Cancer In Chinese. Breast Cancer 2000; 7(1): 33-36.
• Bonnet M, Guinebretiere JM, Kremmer E, Grunewald V, Benhamou E, Contesso G. et al. Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus In Invasive Breast Cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999, 91: 1376-1381.
• Yasui Y, Potter JD, Stanford JL, Rossing MA, Winget MD, Bronner M, Daling J. Breast Cancer Risk And Delayed Primary Epstein Barr Virus Infection. Can Epid Bio Mark Prev 2001; 10: 9-16.
• Ronkers CM, Erdmann CA, Land CE. Radiation and Breast Cancer: A Review of Current Evidence. Breast Cancer Research 2005; 7: 21-32.
• Boice Jr JD. Radiation And Breast Carcinogenesis. Medical Pediatric Oncol 2001; 36, 508-513.
• Howe GR, McLaughlin J. Breast cancer mortality between 1950 and 1987 after exposure to fractionated moderate-dose-rate ionizing radiation in the Canadian fluoroscopy cohort study and a comparison with breast cancer mortality in the atomic bomb survivor study. Radiat Res 1996; 145: 694- 707.
• Boice JD, Preston D, Davis FG, Monson RR: Frequent chest Xray fluoroscopy and breast cancer incidence among tuberculosis patients in Massachusetts. Radiat Res 1991; 125: 215-222.
• Doody MM, Lonstein JE, Stovall M, Hacker DG, Luckyanov N, Land CE: Breast cancer mortality after diagnostic radiography. Spine 2000; 25: 2052- 2063.
• Hildreth NG, Shore RE, Dvoretsky PM: The risk of breast cancer after irradiation of the thymus in infancy. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:1281-1284.
• Lundell M, Mattsson A, Karlsson P, Holmberg E, Gustafsson A, Holm LE: Breast cancer risk after radiotherapy in infancy: a pooled analysis of two Swedish cohorts of 17,202 infants. Radiat Res 1999; 151:626-632.
• Modan B, Chetrit A, Aldandary E, Katz L. Increased risk of breast cancer after low-dose irradiation. Lancet 1989; 8639: 629-631.
• Mattson A, Rudén B-I, Hall P, Wilking N, Rutqvist LE: Radiationinduced breast cancer: long-term follow-up of radiation therapy for benign breast disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 1679-1685.
• Shore RE, Hildreth N, Woodard E, Dvoretsky P, Hempelmann L, Pasternack B: Breast cancer among women given x-ray therapy for acute postpartum mastitis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986; 77:689-696.
• Bhatia S, Yasui Y, Robison LL, Birch JM, Bogue MK, Diller L. et al. High risk of subsequent neoplasms continues with extended follow-up of childhood Hodgkin’s disease: report from the Late Effects Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 4386-4394.
• Kenney LB, Yasui Y, Inskip PD, Hammond S, Neglia JP, Mertens AC. et al. Breast cancer after childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141:590-597.
• Metayer C, Lynch CF, Clarke A, Glimelius B, Storm H, Pukkala E. et al. Second cancers among long-term survivors of Hodgkin’s disease diagnosed in childhood and adolescence. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 2435-2443.
• Swerdlow AJ, Barber JA, Hudson GV, Cunningham D, Gupta RK, Hancock BW et al. Risk of second malignancy after Hodgkin’s disease in a collaborative British cohort: the relation to age at treatment. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 498-509.
• Storm HH, Andersson M, Boice JD Jr, Blettner M, Stovall M, Mouridsen HT. Et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy and risk of contralateral breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84:1245-1250.
• Boice JD Jr, Harvey EB, Blettner M, Stovall M, Flannery JT. Cancer in the contralateral breast after radiotherapy for breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:781-785.
• McElroy JA, Egan KM, Titus-Ernstoff L, Anderson HA, Trentham-Dietz A, Hampton JM. Occupational exposures to electromagnetic field and breast cancer risk in a large, population-based, case-control study in the United States. J Occup Environ Med 2007; 49:266-74.
• Tokumaru O, Haruki K, Bascal K, Katagiri T, Yamamoto T, Sakurai Y. Incidence of cancer among female flight attendants: a meta-analysis. J Travel Med 2006; 13:127-32.
• Forssen UM, Rutqvist LE, Ahlbom A, Feychting M. Occupational magnetic fields and female breast cancer: a casecontrol study using Swedish population registers and new exposure data. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161:250-9.
• Bıyık R. MCF7 Meme Kanser Hücre Hattında Nikotinden Etkilenmiş Gen İfade Profilleri ve CHRNA5 ifadesinde Estrojenin Rolü. Bilkent Üniversitesi Moleküler Biyoloji Ve Genetik Bölümü Yüksek Lisans Tezi. 2009.
• Manjer J, Berglund BL, Garne JP, Janzon L, Malina J. 2000 Breast Cancer Incidence in Relation to Smoking Cessation. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2000;61:121-129.
• Remennick LI. Preventive Behavior Among Recent Immigrants: Russian- Speaking Women and Cancer Screening in Israel. Social Science and Medicine 1999; 48:1669-1684.
• Palmer JR, Rosenberg L. Cigarette Smoking and The Risk of Breast Cancer. Epidemiol Rev 1993; 15: 145-156.
• Hoffman D, Hoffman I, El-Bayoumy K. The Less Harmfull Cigarette: A Controversial Issue. Chem Res Toxicol 2001; 14: 767-790.
• Hecht SS. Tabacco Smoke Carcinogens and Breast Cancer. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2002; 39:119–126.
• Li D, Wang M, Firozi PF, Chang P, Zhang W, Baer-Dubowska W. Characterization of A Major Aromatic DNA Adduct Detected In Human Breast Tissues. Environ Mol Mutagen 2002; 39: 193-200.
• Rundle A, Tang D, Hibshoosh H, Schnabel F, Kelly A, Levine R. et al.Molecular Epidemiologic Studies of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon DNA Adducts and Breast Cancer. Environ Mol Mutagen 2002; 39: 201-207.
• Perera FP, Estabrook A, Hewer A, Channing K, Rundle A, Mooney LA. Carcinogen DNA Adducts In Human Breast Tissue. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 1995; 4: 233-238.