The Examining of Internet Addiction and its Related Factors in Children Aged 6-18 Years

Yıl 2021, , 420 - 433, 29.06.2021

Gamze Çan , Selim Günüç , Murat Topbaş , Nazım Ercüment Beyhun , Kübra Şahin , Büşra Parlak Somuncu

https://doi.org/10.31832/smj.835621

Öz

Objective: Our research classified variables associated with internet addiction and examined their relations with such addiction. Our study aim was to reveal how variables that may have separate effects on internet addiction predict such addiction as an integral whole. The variables that emerge are important in terms of determining the profiles of internet-addicted individuals and of use as additional indicators of addiction.
Materials and Methods: The research was designed as a cross-sectional survey. The research data were collected from students at primary, middle, and high schools in the province center of Trabzon in the Black Sea region of Turkey in the 2018 academic year. The measurement tools were applied to 8651 students attending 122 schools from the three academic stages. Data were collected using a survey and the Internet Addiction Scale.
Results: As a result of the research, children’s current internet addiction status was evaluated and 17% of the children in the sample were determined to be internet-addicted. However, a high level of risk of addiction was also observed (39.8%). Also, variables associated with themes predicting internet addiction, such as ‘ownership of and access to technology,’ ‘the family,’ ‘use control’ ‘activities/hobbies’, ‘peer/friend influence’ and ‘purpose of use’ were established by making particular use of the previous literature, and relations were examined in a holistic manner.
Conclusion: In the fight against internet addiction risk factors, family, student and environmental factors should be addressed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

family, internet addiction, children, adolescent, regression, family

6-18 Yaş Grubu Çocuklarda İnternet Bağımlılığının ve İlişkili Faktörlerin İncelenmesi

Öz

Amaç: Araştırmamız internet bağımlılığı ile ilişkili değişkenleri sınıflandırmak ve bu bağımlılıkla ilişkilerini incelemektedir. Çalışmamızın amacı, internet bağımlılığı üzerinde ayrı etkilere sahip olabilecek değişkenlerin, bu bağımlılığı bütünsel bir bütün olarak nasıl yordadığını ortaya koymaktır. Ortaya çıkan değişkenler, internet bağımlısı bireylerin profillerinin belirlenmesi ve bağımlılığın ek göstergeleri olarak kullanılması açısından önemlidir.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Araştırma, kesitsel bir araştırma olarak tasarlanmıştır. Araştırma verileri 2018 eğitim öğretim yılında Karadeniz bölgesinde Trabzon İl merkezindeki ilkokul, ortaokul ve lise öğrencilerinden toplanmıştır. Ölçme araçları, üç akademik aşamadan 122 okula devam eden 8651 öğrenciye uygulanmıştır. Veriler bir anket ve İnternet Bağımlılığı Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır.
Bulgular: Araştırma sonucunda çocukların mevcut internet bağımlılık durumu değerlendirilmiş ve örneklemdeki çocukların %17'sinin internet bağımlısı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ancak yüksek düzeyde bağımlılık riski de gözlenmiştir (%39.8). Ayrıca, 'teknolojiye sahip olma ve teknolojiye erişim', 'aile' 'kullanım kontrolü' 'aktiviteler / hobiler', 'akran / arkadaş etkisi' ve 'kullanım amacı' gibi internet bağımlılığını öngören temalarla ilişkili değişkenler önceki literatürden özel olarak yararlanılarak kurulmuş ve ilişkiler bütüncül bir şekilde incelenmiştir.
Sonuç: İnternet bağımlılığı ile mücadelede risk faktörleri, aile, öğrenci ve çevresel faktörler ele alınmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnternet Bağımlılığı, Çocuklar, Ergen, Regresyon, Aile

Kaynakça

• Aerschot, L.V., & Rodousakis, N. 2008. The link between socio-economic background and Internet use: barriers faced by low socio-economic status groups and possible solutions, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 21(4), 317-351.
• Bahrainian S, Haji Alizadeh K, Raeisoon M, Hashemi Gorji O, Khazaee A. 2014. Relationship of Internet addiction with self-esteem and depression in university students. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, 55(3): 86–9.
• Bowles, J., & Kington, R. S. 1998. The impact of family function on health of African American elderly. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 29, 34–41.
• BTK. 2019. Information and Communication Technologies Authority 2019 – 4.Q statistics. Accessed May 22, 2020. https://www.btk.gov.tr.
• Cairney, J., Boyle, M., Offord, D. R., & Racine, Y. 2003. Stress, social support and depression in single and married mothers. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38(8), 442–449.
• Castellana M, Sánchez-Carbonell X, Graner C, et al. 2007. El adolescente ante las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación: Internet, móvil y videojuegos [Adolescents and information and communications Technologies: Internet, mobile phone and videogames] Papeles del Psicólogo. 28:196–204.
• Chi, X., Lin, L., & Zhang, P. 2016. Internet addiction among college students in China:Prevalence and psychosocial correlates. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking,19(9), 567–573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0234.
• Dhir, A., Chen, S., & Nieminen, M. 2015. A Repeat Cross-sectional Analysis of the Psychometric Properties of the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) with Adolescents from Public and Private Schools, Computers & Education 86, 172–181.
• Dhir, A., Chen, S., & Nieminen, M. 2016. Psychometric Validation of the Compulsive Internet Use Scale Relationship With Adolescents’ Demographics, ICT Accessibility, and Problematic ICT Use. Social Science Computer Review, 34(2), 197-214
• Gámez-Guadix M, Orue I, Calvete E. 2013. Evaluation of the cognitive- behavioral model of generalized and problematic internet use in spanish adolescents. Psicothema. 25:299–306.
• Gunuc, S. & Kayri, M. 2010. The profile of Internet dependency in Turkey and development of Internet addiction scale: Study of validity & reliability, Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 39.
• Gunuc, S. 2013. Cart and Chaid analyses of some variables that predict internet addiction, Turkish Journal of Psychology, 28(71), 88-101.
• Gunuc, S. 2017. Peer Influence in Internet and Digital Game Addicted Adolescents: Is Internet / Digital Game Addiction Contagious? International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 6(2), 1-20.
• Gunuc, S. 2019. Dijital Dünyada Organik Çocuklar Yetiştirmek. Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitapevi.
• Harma, M. 2008. The impact of parental control and manital conflict on adolescents self regulation and adjustment. Ankara, MS: The Middle East Technical University, The Department of Psychology.
• Holmes, A. M., & Dep, B. 2003. The effect of chronic illness on the psychological health of family members. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 6, 13–22.
• Holtz P, & Appel M. 2011. Internet use and video gaming predict problem behavior in early adolescence. J Adolesc. 34:49–58.
• Internetworldstats. 2019. Accessed 5 December, 2019. https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
• Isik, U. 2019. 3-6 Yaş Arasındaki Çocuklarda Psikiyatrik Problemler ve Dijital Dünya [Psychiatric problems and digital world among 3-6 years old children]. Within Growing Up Organic Children in Digital World (Ed. Selim Gunuc), Ankara: Nobeltıp publishing.
• Jamira, L. Duggal, M., Nehra, R., Singh, P. & Grover, S. 2019. Epidemiology of technology addiction among school students in rural India. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 30–38.
• Jeong, Y. H., Cho, S. C., Ha, J., Yune, S. K. & Kim, S. J. 2004. Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and internet addiction. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 58, 487-494.
• Kayri, M. & Gunuc, S. 2016. Yüksek ve düşük sosyoekonomik koşullara sahip öğrencilerin internet bağımlılığı açısından karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addiction, 3(2).
• Kim, S., Kim, J., & Jee, Y. 2015. Relationship between smartphone addiction and physical activity in Chinese international students in Korea. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4, 200 - 205.
• Kormas G, Critselis E, Janikian M, et al. 2011. Risk factors and psychosocial characteristics of potential problematic and problematic internet use among adolescents: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 11:595–602.
• Larson, R., Richards, M. H., Sims, B., & Dworkin, J. 2001. How urban African American young adolescents spend their time: Time budgets for locations, activities, and companionship. American Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 565–597.
• Lei, H., Li, S., Chiu, M.M., & Lu, M. 2018. Social support and Internet addiction among mainland Chinese teenagers and young adults: A meta-analysis.Computers in Human Behavior, 85, 200-209.
• Matthewson, M., Burton-Smith, R., & Montgomery, I. 2011. Gender differences in children’s and parents’ social support perceptions. Journal of Relationships Research, 2(1), 10–16.
• Miao X, Jiang X, Wang P, Li H, Wang M, & Zeng H. 2018. Online activities, prevalence of Internet addiction and risk factors related to family and school among adolescents in China Addictive Behaviors Reports 7, 14–18.
• Nam, Y.0. 2002. A study on the psychosocial variables of youths' addiction to Internet and cyber and their problematic behavior. Korean Journal of Social Welfare, 50, 173-207.
• Niemz, K., Griffiths, M. & Banyard, P. 2005. Prevalence of pathological internet use among university students and correlations with self-esteem, the general Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and disinhibition. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8 (6), 562-570.
• Ostovar, S., Allahyar, N., Aminpoor, H. et al. 2016. Internet Addiction and its Psychosocial Risks (Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Loneliness) among Iranian Adolescents and Young Adults: A Structural Equation Model in a Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Ment Health Addiction 14, 257–267.
• Park, S.K., Kim, J.Y. & Cho, C.B. 2007. Prevalence of Internet addiction and correlations with family factors among South Korean adolescents. Adolescence. Winner;43(172):895-909.
• Robertson, T.W., Yan, Z., & Rapoza, K.A. 2018. Is resilience a protective factor of internet addiction? Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 255-260.
• Rosen, B. C. 1965. Adolescence and religion: The Jewish teenager in American society. Cambridge, Mass: Schenkman Pub. Co.
• Selnow, G. W. 1984. Playing videogames: The electronic friend. Journal of Communication, 34(2), 148-156.
• Servidio, R. 2014. Exploring the effects of demographic factors, Internet usage and personality traits on Internet addiction in a sample of Italian university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 85-92.
• Steinfield C, Ellison N, Lampe C. 2008. Social capital, self-esteem, and use of online social network sites: a longitudinal analysis. J App Dev Psychol. 29:434–445.
• Sung, J., Lee, J., Noh, H.M., Park, Y.S. & Ahn, E.J. 2013. Associations between the risk of internet addiction and problem behaviors among Korean adolescents. Korean J. Fam. Med. 34, 115–122.
• Tabachnick, G. G., & Fidell, L. S. 2007. Experimental designs using ANOVA. Belmont, CA: Duxbury.
• Ting, J., Chien, K.P., Dhir, A. & Chen, S. 2018. Sports interest mediating exercise and compulsive internet use among undergraduates. Health promotion international, 34(5), 953–960.
• Tonioni F, D'Alessandris L, Lai C, et al. 2012. Internet addiction: hours spent online, behaviors and psychological symptoms. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 34:80–87.
• Tsai, H. F., Cheng, S. H., Yeh, T. L., Shih, C. C., Chen, K. C., Yang, Y. C., et al. 2009. The risk factors of internet addiction—A survey of university freshmen. Psychiatry Research, 167,294–299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.01.015.
• Yen, J. Y., Ko, C. H., Yen, C. F., Wu, H. Y., & Yang, M. J. 2007. The comorbid psychiatric symptoms of internet addiction: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression,social phobia, and hostility. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(1), 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.02.002.
• Yen, J. Y., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. C., Chen, S. H., & Ko, C. H. 2007. Family factors of internet addiction and substance use experience in Taiwanese adolescents. Cyberpsychology &Behavior, 10(3), 323–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9948.
• Yen, J.Y., Yen, C.F., Chen, C.C., Chen, S.H. & Ko, C.H. 2007. Family factors of internet addiction and substance use experience in Taiwanese adolescents. Cyberpsychol Behav. 10(3):323-9.
• Yilmaz S., Hergüner S., Bilgiç A., Işik Ü. 2015. Internet addiction is related to attention deficit but not hyperactivity in a sample of high school students. International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice, 19, 18-23.
• Zhang T, Zhang F, Xiong J.Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2018. Analysis on prevalence and influencing factors of health risk behaviors of Dong and Bai Nationality adolescents in rural of Wuling mountainous area in 2016. Sep;47(5):782-788.
• Zhang, R.-P., Bai, B.-Y., Jiang, S., Yang, S., & Zhou, Q. 2019. Parenting styles and internet addiction in Chinese adolescents: Conscientiousness as a mediator and teacher support as a moderator. Comput. Hum. Behav. 101, 144-150.
• Zhang, Y., Qin, X., & Ren, P. 2018. Adolescents' academic engagement mediates the association between Internet addiction and academic achievement: The moderating effect of classroom achievement norm. Computers in Human Behavior, 89, 299-307.